First, Cubans living in the south of Shaanxi are the earliest people who planted and used tea in China.
The historical position of Bashu tea culture in China tea culture has been decided, and "Ba precedes Shu" has also been recognized by academic circles. Not later than the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ba people in southern Shaanxi began to cultivate tea artificially in the garden. Therefore, it is an indisputable fact that the history of Pakistani tea can be traced back to 3000 years ago.
Second, during the Han and Tang Dynasties, Shaanxi was ahead of the trend of drinking tea because of the historical opportunity of large-scale immigration.
Gu, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, concluded: "After Qin people took Shu, they only had tea.". The first time Qin people took Shu was in 3 16 BC, that is, in the ninth year of Yuan Geng, king of Qin Hui, "Sima Cuo cut Shu and destroyed it". After the demise of Shu, 10000 people moved to Shu. In 3 16 BC, Shu people began to plant and drink tea, and taught this skill to Qin people who moved to Shu.
Thirdly, Shaanxi tea industry has a long history, which has written a brilliant page in the history of China tea industry.
Only Shaanxi produces tea in the five northwestern provinces, and the main producing areas of Shaanxi tea are in Hanzhong and other places in southern Shaanxi. Tea was not only an important source of food and clothing for farmers in southern Shaanxi during the Tang and Song Dynasties, but also used by the court to open up financial resources and expand armaments. In Ming Dynasty, Hanzhong was the distribution center and trade center of tea and Shu tea in southern Shaanxi. The output of tea in Hanzhong reached 5 million Jin * * *1557 * *, which was 2,500 tons.
Fourthly, Shaanxi was the implementation place and important market of the national policy of "tea-horse exchange" in feudal dynasty.
As early as the end of Tang Zhenyuan, the imperial court urgently needed a large number of horses to equip cavalry and transport grain, while the northwest ethnic minorities urgently needed a large number of tea. In view of the complementary needs of both sides, the court set up a border trade market in time to exchange tea for horses with the northwest ethnic minorities, which opened a precedent for tea and horses to exchange markets.
Fifth, the court tea culture in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty radiated the whole country, and established the status of tea as a national drink.
After the middle Tang Dynasty, tea ceremony became popular in the world. Generally speaking, the center of imperial power in China has been the center of all social phenomena for thousands of years. The emperor has always controlled the imperial court, and Kyoto leads the whole country. As the capital of the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province, became the birthplace and focus of all cultural phenomena, and radiated the whole country, and tea culture was no exception.
Sixth, the discovery of the palace tea set in Famen Temple in Tang Dynasty was an epoch-making event in the history of Chinese tea.
The cultural point of the tea set in the underground palace is the integration of the three religions, which clearly reflects the mutual exchange between Buddhist tea culture and court tea culture. It marks the historical source and the highest level of the profound tea culture in the Tang Dynasty, fills the gap in the study of tea culture history and opens up new ideas for the study of tea culture in the Tang Dynasty.
Seventh, the tribute tea system, which appeared because of Chang 'an court tea culture, had a far-reaching impact on the development of tea industry in China.
In the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany, Shannan Tea was selected as a tribute, which virtually cultivated its "vigor" and also * * * stimulated the enthusiasm of tea farmers to cultivate famous products. In terms of science and technology, the continuous improvement of tea planting technology, tea making technology, tea storage technical school, tea set manufacturing technology and product packaging in the Tang Dynasty are all related to the tribute tea system.
Eighth, China tea culture spread at home and abroad. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was the most important center.
In the Tang Dynasty, tea was exported in large quantities, and it was exported to Central Asia, Southeast Europe, North Africa and other places along the Silk Road, accounting for a considerable proportion, and it was one of the main commodities of foreign trade. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the early years of the Republic of China, Shaanxi tea occupied a large share in the northwest market, and it is still sold along the Silk Road to Iran, Turkey, * * *, Iraq, Egypt, Tripoli, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria and other countries in West Asia.
I have set foot on the Silk Road, led the new trend of tea drinking, paid tribute to the imperial court, exchanged the glory of the war horse for the imperial court, and firmly occupied the northwest market ... It is the earliest tea planting area and tea planting center in China, and the peak area and communication center of China tea culture. The historical position of Shaanxi tea industry and tea culture has an irreplaceable role and a decisive historical position in the history of Chinese tea.
The Origin of Shaanxi Tea Culture
As for the origin of China people drinking tea, scholars used to associate Shennong with tea according to the record of "Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and encountered 72 poisons every day" in Shennong Herbal Classic from Warring States to Han Dynasty. However, according to the research of scholars such as Chen Wenhua, there is no record about Shennong's detoxification "getting tea" or "getting tea" in this edition of Shennong's Herbal Classic, and similar records did not appear until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Therefore, most of the previous studies were based on misinformation. In addition, the book Huainanzi, which was often cited by scholars in the past to prove that "Shennong enjoys tea", only records that Shennong tasted a hundred herbs every day and encountered seventy poisons. At present, it seems that Lu Yu, who is called "Cha Sheng" in the Tang Dynasty, is the first person to clearly connect Shennong with the origin of tea drinking in China. Lu Yu pointed out that "tea is a drink, which originated from Shennong" in "Six Drinks of Tea Classics", and quoted "tea is served for a long time, and people are strong and happy" as evidence in "Seven Things", clearly stating that Shennong was the first person to "drink tea".
Shennong was first seen in the Book of Changes in the Spring and Autumn Period. Under the copula: "The Bao family doesn't write, Shennong writes." Wood is a shovel, and wood is a shovel, which is beneficial to teach the world. "The tribe known as Shennong originated from the ancient Qiang people and lived in the Jiang Shui River basin, a tributary of the Weihe River. The period of tribal activities should be Yangshao culture in the middle and late Neolithic period. About 5000-7000 years ago. According to "Zhuangzi Stole Feet", in Shennong era, "when you lie down, you will live in a house, and when you get up, you will know your father", which shows that you were in a matriarchal society at that time. Archaeology has proved that there are rich Yangshao cultural relics in Baoji area, and more than 700 cultural sites have been discovered. Among them, Beishouling culture is the most typical. Judging from the more than 5,000 cultural relics unearthed in Beishouling and the system of co-burial of men and women, the matriarchal society is in a relatively prosperous stage. In terms of time and region, Beishouling culture is probably created by Shennong tribe. The fish noodle patterns found by archaeologists in the local area can be mutually confirmed with the myths in Shan Hai Jing. The cultural form of Beishouling lasted for more than 1000 years, and the later Yan Di culture was developed on this basis. In the primitive era of "only knowing his mother, but not his father", Shennong, as a respected leader of the tribe, should be more reasonably explained by women.
In addition, there is a record of "Yan Di Shen Nong" in China ancient books. The works before Qin Dynasty always separated Shennong from Shennong in Yan Di. The World Classic, written in 1 century BC, combined Shennong and Yan Di Shennong, but regarded Shennong and Yan Di as one person. Since then, ancient books often refer to these two people as "Yan Di Shennong". However, after textual research, the author found that Shennong and Yan Di Shennong were the first two primitive cultures with both connections and differences before and after the migration in Weihe River Basin, Shaanxi Province.
"Mandarin Yu Jin Si" contains: "In the past, I married a villain and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor was made by Jishui, and Emperor Yan was made by Jiang Shui. " This is the earliest record about the place where Emperor Yan grew up. In addition, Zhu Weishui and Lu Ming also recorded that Emperor Yan was longer than Baoji. "Imperial Century" also contains: "Shennong, whose mother is Ren Si, has Joe's daughter named Deng and is a young princess. Traveling in Huayang, there is a feeling that Shennong is the first woman to climb to Shangyang, and she was born as Emperor Yan, a cow head and grew up in Jiang Shui because she is a surname. " "Huayang" and "Shangyang" refer to Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi today, namely the southern foot of Qinling Mountain and Changyang Mountain in Shennong Township in the south of Baoji City. Mr. Guo Moruo pointed out: "The earliest legend is Emperor Yan, and his name is Shennong. According to legend, Emperor Yan was born in Jiang Shui, and Jiang Shui is now in Shandong, Shaanxi. " According to this speculation, about 4700 years ago, the first Yan Di Shennong was born in Shaodian and Youwei's home. When Yan Di Shennong Emperor was born, he belonged to the patriarchal society, that is, the Longshan culture period in the late Neolithic period. Because this Shennong and his heirs created brilliant farming culture, economic culture and outstanding achievements, they were honored as Yan Di by the clan and collectively called Yan Di Shennong.
In the ancient clan era, after the death of tribal leaders, their tribal heirs all used the same name, which led to the saying of "Eight Dynasties Emperor Yan". According to tradition, Emperor Yan VIII lived from 240 to 300 years old. He Guangyue further judged that Baoji Jiang Shui was the birthplace of the earliest of the eight Yan Di, and was officially honored as Yan Di in the name of Shennong. Yan Di, who was born in other places, is undoubtedly his descendant. The hometown of the first generation Yi and the second generation Zhu is in Baoji, and the hometown of Zhu's descendants is in Hubei. Yu Wang, the last generation of Yan Di, fought Chiyou in Zhuolu and retreated to Hunan after Hanquan was defeated by the Yellow Emperor. Therefore, the author agrees with the research conclusions of scholars such as Zhang Huijie and Lu Di, and thinks that Yan Di and Shennong are in the same strain rather than one person. Yan Di's ancestor should be Shennong, which is a general term for the early leaders of Yan Di. The development course of Shennong clan should be: Shennong matriarchal society * * *-Shaodian paternal society * * *-Yan Di clan-Yan Di Shennong.
Through the above comprehensive analysis, we can know that the people who "taste herbs" and "get tea" should be Shennong in matriarchal society, not Shennong in Yan Di after Shaodian. From this perspective, Shaanxi has formed an indissoluble bond with China tea culture through Shennong, who lives in Baoji, Shaanxi.
For the origin of China tea culture, scholars used to focus on Bashu or Yunnan. Scholars ignore Shennong's record of "growing tea" in Huainanzi and Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, mostly because they think that modern Guanzhong does not produce tea and does not have the climatic conditions for the growth of tea trees. However, Shaanxi had the climatic and geographical conditions for the growth of tea trees in ancient times. First of all, it can be analyzed according to historical records. The foothills of Qinling Mountains, as a suitable area for tea, have a long history. In the Book of Songs, "Who said that tea is bitter? It is as sweet as a cup of tea, and it is like a farmer who picks tea to pay for it and eats me. It is like a cup of tea in Joo Won? and a cup of pansy, all of which describe the ancient Joo Won? area. The word "tea", which appears many times in these poems, is clearly pointed out in many ancient dictionaries and classics: "tea" is evergreen tea, not grass like bitter herbs. The record of "tea" in ancient Joo Won? in The Book of Songs should be the earliest record of tea. Secondly, it can be analyzed from the perspective of climate change. Archaeological findings show that there are skeletal remains of bamboo rats in Xi 'an Banpo site, which belongs to Yangshao culture, indicating that the climate in Guanzhong during Yangshao culture was warm and had the conditions for tea tree growth. At present, dozens of tea trees half a meter high have been found at the foot of Zhong Nanshan Mountain at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains. Third, we can analyze the rich species in Qinling Mountains. When Mr. Chen Zongmao's China Tea Classic demonstrates that "Shenlongjia" is Shennongjia's "tea land", he thinks that "Shennongjia has 130 kinds of medicinal materials, including tea, which is consistent with the legend that Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and encountered 72 poisons every day, but it was dissolved by tea". However, the number of species in Shennongjia is obviously different from that in Qinling Mountains. 329 1 species of herbaceous plants have been found in Qinling Mountains, and there are 640 species in Taibai Mountain alone. Moreover, there are 29 1 families of angiosperms belonging to Camellia in China, and 188 families including Theaceae in Qinling, accounting for 64.6% of the whole country. Shaanxi is more qualified than Shennongjia to let Shennong create a precedent for human tea culture. Therefore, Shennong's "tasting herbs" and "getting tea" in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province are consistent with historical records and are the most convincing conclusions. Second, Shaanxi tea culture in the Western Zhou Dynasty
According to the Zhou Li, the establishment of the official position of "holding tea" in the Western Zhou Dynasty showed that the Zhou royal family had listed tea as a national gift, which represented the highest level of "drinking tea" at that time. With the development of the times, "drinking tea" gradually turned from royal etiquette to decline, and the princes and doctors in Guanzhong area and even ordinary people's homes all formed the eating habits of drinking tea.
In The Book of Songs, Elegance, Poetry, Gu Fengfeng and July in Qi Feng are ancient folk songs that spread in ancient Joo Won? in the west of Guanzhong. In Daya Mian, there is a poem, "Joo Won? is in full swing, violets are in full swing". Among them, "pansy tea" is a kind of tea food cooked with mallow and tea. Poem Li Feng Gu Feng also records the saying that "whoever says tea is bitter is as sweet as water". "Tea" here refers to tea, not bitter. Because only tea parties are bitter and sweet because of different production methods or the depth of tea soup, the taste of bitter vegetables will not be sweet. Moreover, the plants, climate, customs and rivers recorded in these two poems are all about Shaanxi. For example, pickles and dried vegetables stored in Turbid Essence, I Have a Purpose, and Noisy North Wind. There is a saying in July in Qi Feng that tea is also used as raw material and boiled into soup. It can be seen that as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shaanxi people had already used tea as their daily necessities.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in addition to the tea produced in Shaanxi itself, Ba people who were closely related to Zhou people also paid tribute to Zhou Tianzi, enriching the connotation of Shaanxi tea culture.
"Ba" is the name of an ancient nation. The Eastern Jin Dynasty often wrote "Eight Records of Huayang Country", saying: "The King of Wu is the Yin master, and he was sealed by his ancestors in Pakistan and respected by his sons. Although the ancients were far away from the country, they did not respect sons, so Wu, Chu and Ba all called sons. " In addition, ancient records, such as Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing, Zhu, Han Shu Geography, Lu Ming Ji Jia, etc., all contain information about the founding of ancient Ba people in Jianghan Basin. As for the territory of Pakistan, Huayang National Records records that "there are jade houses in the east, burning roads in the west, Hanzhong in the north and thousands of houses in the south", and its activities cover the vast areas of eastern Sichuan, northern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi and western Hubei. According to the archaeological findings since the founding of New China, many Pakistani cultural relics such as Smith's hairpin, tiger head, bronze musical instrument, Bashijian, Ge and spear have been unearthed in Chenggu, Mianxian and Ankang in the upper reaches of Hanshui River. This shows that the Hanshui river basin in southern Shaanxi was one of the main active areas of Ba people in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to "Eight Records of Huayang National Records", special products such as mulberry, silkworm, hemp, fish, salt, copper, iron, Dan, lacquer, tea, honey, ghost, giant rhinoceros, pheasant and pheasant produced in Pakistan all need to pay tribute to the Zhou Emperor. As for the "fruit treasure" produced in Pakistan and paid tribute to the Zhou Dynasty, it includes "plum in the tree, pungent stem in the vine, fragrant tea in the garden, and orange and sunflower for guests". This passage describes a historical fact: As a vassal state of Zhou Zong, Pakistan paid tribute to the imperial court for tea and other specialties. This record in Huayang Guozhi should be the earliest record of tribute tea in ancient China, which traces the history of tribute tea back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. The record of "fragrant flowers and fragrant tea in the garden" in the book proves that tea tribute from Pakistan belongs to garden cultivation, not natural growth in the wild, indicating that Ba people have entered the era of artificial cultivation of tea at the latest in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Pakistani, as Zongji, is the earliest place in China to produce tribute tea and artificial tea. Through tribute, the content of Shaanxi tea culture has been further enriched and developed.