1. What is rabies vaccine?
Rabies vaccine is a vaccine with a long history. The earliest producer of rabies vaccine was Pasteur Company of France. In 1882, the virus was successfully attenuated by continuous passage, and the vaccine was made by using the adapted virus species. Freeze-dried purified rabies vaccine used in China is to fix adaptive strain 3aG with rabies virus, inoculate primary hamster kidney cells, culture, and harvest virus solution after virus proliferation reaches the peak. The detection of virus antigen by ELISA should be above 0.6IU/ml. Adding formaldehyde solution to inactivate the virus, zinc acetate precipitation and sepharose 4FF column chromatography to purify the virus. Finally, aluminum hydroxide adsorbent is added, which is the vaccine to prevent rabies after comprehensive verification.
2. What is the mechanism of rabies vaccine?
Rabies virus is a serotype, and the antigenic characteristics of rabies virus are the same all over the world. Neutralizing antibody, hemagglutination inhibitory antibody, complement binding antibody and cytolytic antibody can appear in serum after vaccination with rabies vaccine. These antibodies can prevent the virus from spreading directly between cells and reduce the proliferation of the virus. While producing neutralizing antibodies, cellular immunity also participates in the host's defense against central nervous system virus infection. These specific antibodies in serum can also remove the free rabies virus and prevent the virus from reproducing and spreading.
3. What is the target of rabies vaccine?
(1) No bite (before exposure) prevention object.
In rabies epidemic areas, there are high-risk groups and staff who are exposed to the virus. Such as epidemic area veterinarians, animal breeders and managers, butchers, rabies virus experimenters and vaccine producers. Medical staff in infectious diseases department, cave workers, people who have frequent contact with other mammals, children in severe epidemic areas, postmen, tourists in epidemic areas, etc.
(2) After bite (after exposure):
Anyone who is bitten, scratched or licked by rabies or other crazy animals or animals suspected of rabies needs to be vaccinated against rabies, even if the skin or mucous membrane is slightly bitten or scratched.
4. How do healthy people who have not been bitten get rabies vaccine?
Healthy people without bite can be injected with rabies vaccine 1, * * * every 0, 7, 2 1 day for 3 times. After 1 year, intensive injection 1 needle, and then intensive injection 1 needle every 1-3 years. The injection site is the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, and the children are injected into the anterior medial thigh area.
5. How to get rabies vaccine after being bitten?
After normal people are bitten by crazy animals or suspected crazy animals, injecting rabies vaccine is the most important preventive measure. The earlier the injection time, the better, and the whole process should be immunized according to the procedures specified in the instructions.
(1) Injection procedures for general bites:
General bites include minor skin scratches or scratches without bleeding, and damaged skin is licked. For general bites, the 1 rabies vaccine (2ML liquid vaccine, 2ML freeze-dried vaccine 1 ml or 2ml) should be injected on the 10th (4th, and so on), 7th, 4th and 30th respectively. Children use the same amount.
(2) Injection procedures for severe bites:
Severe bites include one or more bites on the head, face, neck and fingers, biting through the skin or licking mucous membranes. Patients with severe bites should be injected with twice the amount and matched with immune serum. Except for injecting 5 needles according to the above method, the dose was doubled on day 0 and day 3. On the 0 th day, while injecting rabies vaccine, the bite was infiltrated with anti-rabies serum (40IU/kg) or antibody rabies immunoglobulin (20IU/kg) and injected into the muscle. Anyone who uses anti-rabies serum or immunoglobulin in combination should be injected with 2-3 shots after the whole course of injection, that is, on the 15, 75th or 10, 20th and 90th day after the whole course of injection.
6. What measures should be taken to be bitten by rabies?
After being bitten by an animal suffering from rabies, the wound should be treated correctly in time, and the bitten part should be thoroughly washed with soapy water, and most of the immersed virus should be washed off repeatedly, and then rabies vaccine should be injected as soon as possible. For severe bites, besides local thorough cleaning and disinfection, rabies serum should be injected around the wound, and then rabies vaccine should be injected. Don't dress and sew the bitten works, try to be naked.
222, what should be paid attention to during the injection of rabies vaccine?
During the injection of rabies vaccine, do not do strenuous exercise, do not drink alcohol, strong tea, coffee and other drinks that excite the central nervous system, so as not to aggravate the reaction. In the meantime, try not to use immunosuppressive drugs such as hormones, so as not to affect the production of antibodies.
7. What is the immune effect after rabies vaccine injection?
Vaccination of rabies vaccine has played a significant role in reducing the incidence rate. The immune effect of rabies vaccine injection is directly related to the injection time. After being bitten, the earlier the injection, the better the immune effect, the better the antibody titer and the better the protection effect.
8. What are the taboos of rabies vaccine?
(1) As rabies is a pathogenic disease, anyone who is bitten by an animal suffering from rabies should be injected with rabies vaccine immediately without any contraindications.
(2) During the preventive injection before biting, pregnant women, acute febrile diseases, allergic constitution, steroid users and immunosuppressants may consider postponing the injection as appropriate.
9. What's the reaction after injecting rabies vaccine?
Rabies vaccine is safe and reliable, generally without adverse reactions, and only a few people may have local redness, induration and urticaria. But it can be recovered in a short time without special treatment. A very small number of people may have a severe reaction, with a wide range of redness and swelling, accompanied by symptoms such as high fever and burnout. At this time, you can treat the symptoms or go to the hospital for treatment.
10, why can't I drink coffee during rabies vaccination?
Because coffee contains nerve stimulants, it can enhance nerve reactivity after drinking and cause adverse reactions after inoculation. Therefore, during rabies vaccination, coffee and its products containing coffee should not be drunk.
1 1. Can I use other drugs during rabies vaccine injection?
Injection of rabies vaccine can use other drugs, such as antipyretics, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and so on. But hormonal drugs, such as hydrocortisone, can't be used. These drugs are immunosuppressants, which will inhibit the immune response after use, which is not conducive to the production of antibodies and cannot prevent rabies.
12. Can rabies be prevented if rabies vaccine is not fully vaccinated?
If rabies vaccine is not injected according to the immunization procedure, enough neutralizing antibodies cannot be produced, and the effect of rabies prevention cannot be guaranteed. If the delay is only 1-2 months, the number of injections can be supplemented, and those delayed for 6 months should be re-injected.
13, how to reduce rabies vaccination reaction?
After rabies vaccination, you should not drink alcohol, strong tea, coffee or chocolate. These substances can stimulate the body to improve its response ability.
14, how to enhance the immunity to rabies?
According to the principle of rabies virus infection and immunization, exposure immunization must be carried out actively and passively, that is, vaccine and antiserum should be used at the same time. Supplemented by strict treatment of bites. Interferon preparation can be injected at the same time during the injection process, which can improve the immunity of rabies and obtain more reliable immune prevention effect.
15. What is the strategy to control rabies?
The application of rabies vaccine to prevent rabies is a very successful preventive measure. Rabies is a zoonotic disease. Therefore, immunization against human beings also involves immunization against rabies in animals and control of the spread of rabies.
16. Do people who have been immunized before exposure need rabies vaccine if they are bitten by rabies?
For people who have been immunized before exposure, if they are bitten by crazy animals within 6 months, they don't need to inject anti-rabies serum again. They only need to inject 2 doses of rabies vaccine, and the immune protection can be achieved at intervals of 3 days.
17, why do you want to inject anti-rabies serum after injecting rabies vaccine?
After the first immunization with rabies vaccine, neutralizing antibodies are usually produced 7- 10 days after vaccination, and sometimes viruses in axonal nerves can reproduce in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, it is necessary to use antiserum as passive immune prevention after bite, especially for people with serious injuries.
18, will rabies occur after a wild animal bites without rabies vaccine?
After being bitten by a wild animal, rabies may not occur without rabies vaccine. Whether rabies occurs or not is directly related to the species of biting animals, the virulence of the virus, the amount of virus entering the body, the age, physical condition, bite site, severity of the injury and the treatment of the wound after the bite.
19. How to store and transport rabies vaccine?
The effective components of rabies vaccine are calculated by titer, and the titer is often affected by temperature. 1 box vaccine immunization needs 1 month. Therefore, the vaccine must be stored at 2- 10℃ to ensure that the titer will not decrease during the validity period. Too high or too low temperature will affect the titer and lose immune function.
20. Can pregnant women be vaccinated against rabies?
Generally speaking, anyone bitten by crazy animals, including pregnant women, will have the possibility of rabies, and the mortality rate after onset is almost 100%. Therefore, it is particularly important to inject rabies vaccine. Even if a few people have abnormal reactions after injection, rabies vaccine should be the first. Of course, pregnant women bitten by crazy animals should also be vaccinated against rabies in time.
2 1. Is it necessary to replant rabies vaccine after delayed vaccination?
Those who fail to inject rabies vaccine in time for some reason should be replanted, because the incubation period of rabies can be very long, as long as they are injected within the incubation period, they will be effective. For people with short incubation period, it has no effect, but for people with long incubation period, it has the function of preventing diseases.
22. I've been getting vaccinated since I was bitten by a crazy animal. Do I need to get vaccinated if I get bitten again?
After being bitten or scratched by a crazy animal, the whole process is injected with rabies vaccine. At this time, the body will produce neutralizing antibodies against rabies, but this effective body will last for a short time. If the bite occurs within 3-4 months from the last vaccination, 2 injections are enough. If it has been more than 6 months, it should be re-immunized.
23. Why do individuals get sick after injecting rabies vaccine and serum?
After being bitten or scratched by a crazy animal, you will not get rabies if you inject 5 rabies vaccines combined with anti-rabies serum. If you have rabies, there may be the following reasons:
(1) The wound cleaning is not timely and thorough, which makes rabies virus multiply in the wound and quickly invade the nervous system. In this way, even if the injured person is injected with rabies vaccine and combined with anti-rabies serum, it is inevitable to get sick.
(2) It is too late to inject rabies vaccine and serum, so that the rabies virus invading the body has been combined with the central nerve cells, and there is nothing the anti-rabies virus antibody can do.
(3) Failure to adhere to the whole course of immunization or insufficient dose of each injection.
(4) The product may be improperly stored or expired, resulting in immune failure.
(5) After being infected with rabies virus, the immune function will be reduced.
24. Is it necessary to inject rabies vaccine besides tooth marks after a wild animal bites?
After being bitten by a wild animal, as long as the skin is not bitten, it is difficult for the virus in the saliva of the wild animal to invade the body through the intact skin, but if there are traces of tooth marks on the skin, it cannot be numb. Sometimes you can't see any skin damage. In this case, rabies virus may invade the human body along the tooth marks. Therefore, the bitten clothes should be removed and disinfected immediately, the skin should be thoroughly cleaned with soapy water, wiped with alcohol, and rabies vaccine should be injected throughout.
25. Why can't people vaccinated against rabies control the epidemic of rabies?
Injection of rabies vaccine can only prevent individuals from getting sick, which is passive, because rabies is mainly prevalent in dogs, cats and other animals. Vaccinating people can't change the prevalence of rabies in animals. As long as there are crazy animals, people are bound to get rabies, and the circulation of rabies virus in nature is still very complicated. In addition, the immune maintenance time produced by injecting rabies vaccine is still very limited, usually only 6-8 months, and there is no guarantee that 100% will not get sick after injecting rabies vaccine. Therefore, it is impossible to control the rabies epidemic only by injecting vaccines into humans.
26. How long is the immune validity period of rabies vaccine?
The preventive effect of rabies mainly depends on the level of neutralizing antibody and the protection rate. After 5 injections, the antibody titer should be ≥0.5IU/ml to be effective, and the antibody level can be maintained for 6 months.