In fact, after the expansion of Chinese mainland University in 1999, there was no such thing as a first degree. The "first degree" is the product of the planned economy era, but the name of the first degree is still in use today.
The professional education degree marked as "graduation certificate of ordinary colleges and universities (ordinary secondary specialized schools)" in the graduation certificate is the first degree. Non-directional graduates with the first degree (that is, non-directional unified enrollment) hold the Employment Agreement for Graduates and Postgraduates of Ordinary Colleges and Universities (secondary specialized schools) (hereinafter referred to as the tripartite agreement) and the Employment Registration Certificate for Graduates of National Ordinary Colleges and Universities, the Employment Registration Certificate for Graduates of National Secondary Specialized Schools and the Employment Registration Certificate for Graduates of National Ordinary Colleges and Universities. (short for registration card).
According to the provisions of the Employment Promotion Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), employers should provide equal employment opportunities and fair employment conditions for workers when recruiting personnel and employment agencies engage in employment intermediary activities, and there should be no employment discrimination.
Basic Introduction Chinese Name: First Degree Definition: General Full-time Education Certificate Description: The essence of ordinary colleges and secondary specialized schools: The history, present situation and roots of the highest degree of general full-time education can only be used as reference, harm, elimination of discrimination, degree category, and the distinction between the first degree and the second degree in history was originally the product of the planned economy era. In the past (under the background of planned economy), the superiors of ordinary junior high schools, ordinary senior high schools and ordinary colleges and universities (including ordinary secondary specialized schools) were the first education bureaus of all provinces and cities, and the academic qualifications awarded upon graduation were called the first education bureaus; Other forms of continuing education, such as adult high schools, higher education self-study exams, adult college entrance examinations, etc. The second education bureaus of all provinces and cities are responsible for the granting of academic qualifications called second academic qualifications, which refers to the academic qualifications obtained through this part-time learning form. The first education and the second education are two kinds of education at the same level. The first degree can be said to be the product of the planned economy. At this time, the educational background can be clearly distinguished. For example, a person with higher education must have the status of a cadre. However, in the current social environment, especially since the gradual reform of the appointment system in enterprises and institutions, this cadre identity has become less and less important. Under the condition of market economy, private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises all emphasize the professional ability of graduates, while some state-owned enterprises and institutions all emphasize the first degree, which is caused by their different institutional backgrounds. At present, the so-called "first degree" originally refers to the degree awarded by the first education bureau, and now it usually refers to the degree of general full-time education in the national education series. All the employment recruitment activities of college graduates organized by the education administrative departments and colleges and universities must be "three prohibitions": it is forbidden to publish recruitment information with the words limited to 985 colleges and universities, 2 1 1 colleges and universities, it is forbidden to publish demand information that violates discriminatory provisions such as gender, household registration and academic qualifications stipulated by the state, it is forbidden to publish illegal employment information such as falsehood and fraud, and it is resolutely opposed to any form of employment discrimination. In case of employment discrimination, the laborer may bring a lawsuit to the people's court. At present, there are many problems in the education system, universities and students themselves, which still lead to the plot of "first degree" and many misunderstandings. Some employers take the "first degree" as the standard when selecting talents, which also leads to many wrong ideas, inequality and even discrimination, which violates the basic concept of national education. In the period of planned economy, the "first degree", as a product of planned economy, is to distinguish class origin (for example, people with higher education must be cadres) or to some extent, it is a symbol of status, which provides soil for the growth of the plot of "first degree". Now that the era of planned economy has long passed, why does the plot of "first degree" still exist, and more often it is beyond? The reason must be related to the current situation of education in China. Due to the influence of enrollment expansion in colleges and universities in successive years, as well as lax supervision by higher authorities, resulting in excessive issuance of certificates and many other reasons, academic qualifications are constantly depreciating. Objectively speaking, there are still quite a few problems in undergraduate education in China. Many students passed the college entrance examination and entered the ideal university, and began to show inertia. After entering school, I lack self-control ability and can't learn professional knowledge well. There are also problems in the educational direction of the school, which still stays in the initial academic field, making graduates lack practical ability, so that it is difficult to find suitable jobs in society at the beginning of graduation. This problem is common in many universities in China. In addition, the current postgraduate education also lacks certain training system and target requirements, overemphasizes academic research, and the research direction is out of touch with social needs. Once it cannot play a role in the system, it is difficult for other enterprises in society to recognize it. Can only be used as a reference. People should be encouraged to participate in continuing education through various forms and channels. If we overemphasize the "first degree" in the promotion conditions and kill the part-time diploma, it will seriously dampen the enthusiasm of cadres to receive continuing education. Education is different, which is reflected by supporting it and its corresponding ability and quality. Encourage people to improve their ability and quality, and abandon "only diplomas can't see ability". Many outstanding talents have not received full-time (first degree) higher education, but their scientific research quality and working ability are outstanding. For example, the famous Mr. Hua, who has never been to a university, can become a university professor. Self-study does not prevent him from becoming a world-class mathematician. What we have to question is whether the students who get the "first degree" will gain more knowledge and have a higher level than those who don't receive full-time education. It doesn't have to be like this. Some schools have "shepherd-style" teaching, full-time education is loosely managed, and the real knowledge may be much less than that of a diligent self-taught student. Emphasizing the "first degree", it is better to truly "clean up the roots" of part-time education, make great efforts to clean up various problems in part-time education, standardize part-time education, and improve the credibility of part-time education diploma. At the same time, even if it is reasonable to emphasize the "first degree" at this stage, it is not appropriate to exclude the diploma of part-time education too much. For example, if the "first degree" is not an absolute requirement for promotion, but only as a reference, or if the "first degree" is a requirement for promotion, if you get a diploma in part-time education, then people with fair procedures and excellent ability can also be included in the promotion candidates, and so on. Discrimination against the first academic qualifications refers to the unscientific evaluation and unreasonable screening of candidates by employers according to the so-called first academic qualifications obtained by candidates after the college entrance examination, rather than according to their abilities and job requirements. "First-degree" discrimination will cause a vicious circle. China's higher education itself is underdeveloped, and the problem of educational homogenization is prominent. Higher education institutions are converging in personnel training, specialty setting, course content and evaluation methods. Discrimination in academic qualifications will become the weather vane for candidates to choose schools, resulting in the "Matthew effect" in the ranking of colleges and universities, which is not conducive to the development of higher education and to broadening the access of talents. The state has repeatedly stressed the importance of broadening the talent path, taking talent as a strategic resource to promote economic and social development, and proposed to broaden the talent path by discerning talents, sincerely loving talents, being brave in using talents, being generous and accommodating talents, and gathering good prescriptions. Zhang Binchi's experience seems to be a case, but if this unfair and discriminatory weed is allowed to grow wantonly in society, it will surely be a fertile ground for national talent training and hinder the progress of the country and society. Experts believe that both the previous emphasis on academic qualifications and the current emphasis on "first academic qualifications" are essentially the worship of academic qualifications, which has affected the emergence of real talents to some extent. "First-class" discrimination is a replica of today's "family background" shackles. Both "family background" and "initial (first) education" mean "past tense" in a sense, which cannot be changed in the past, but can be changed in the future. Xu Zhenchao, a bridge crane expert in Qingdao Port, has only a junior high school diploma. He studied hard and set new world container loading and unloading records twice in one year. Bill Gates became the boss of a world-famous software company without even graduating from college. Many people who have not received full-time higher education (the first degree) have become the "number one" in various national examinations. A handyman in Shenzhen became the "number one" in the civil service examination; A person who received correspondence education in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, became the "No.1 scholar" in the national judicial examination in Huizhou City through self-study, and so on. A person's comprehensive ability, education is not the most important factor, but the acquired diligence and hard work are the important factors. Setting too many restrictions on the selection of talents (first degree) is not real competition, but a kind of self-enclosure, which blocks the road of talent growth and its harm cannot be underestimated. To break the discrimination in talent status and education, as long as talents and abilities are available, they should be boldly used and brought into play to benefit the society. Elimination of Discrimination At present, China's higher education is divided into undergraduate and junior colleges, with three grades: "2 1 1" and "985", with emphasis and non-emphasis. At present, all kinds of hidden academic discrimination are common. Compared with the "zero elimination rate" of undergraduates, it is much more difficult to take the self-taught exam in one subject. Those who can get a self-taught undergraduate diploma are no worse than ordinary undergraduates. The education department emphasizes that there are many ways to become a talent, and the world does not have to stare at the college entrance examination, but discrimination in "first degree", "original degree", "lifelong college entrance examination" and three generations of inspection still occurs from time to time. The state recognizes the "College Entrance Examination", the self-study examination and the adult college entrance examination, and should treat these academic qualifications equally, regardless of the "junior college starting point" or "senior high school starting point" or full-time or part-time according to China's Employment Promotion Law, employers should provide equal employment opportunities and fair employment conditions for workers, and must not discriminate in employment. A few employers have insufficient awareness of law-abiding and low infringement cost; The applicant's awareness of rights protection is not strong, and the cost of rights protection is high, which further condones the discriminatory behavior of the employer. * * * Rowling, the talent pillar project of the Communist Youth League in China, believes that even if the undergraduate course is not a key institution, if you get a postgraduate degree through your own efforts, it shows that there is no difference with other students in the professional level of learning ability and should not be treated differently. And the "first degree" of many successful people in society is not very advantageous. Morality, knowledge, ability and performance are the main criteria for measuring talents, not only academic qualifications, professional titles, qualifications and identity, but also eclectic selection of talents. Encourage everyone to make contributions, and everyone can become a talent. Party and government talents should pay attention to public recognition; Enterprise management talents should pay attention to the recognition of the market and investors; Professional and technical personnel should pay attention to the recognition of society and industry. The core of talents lies in "mastering knowledge and skills to do creative work and make contributions", which is the "starting point" for fair competition between part-time graduates and full-time graduates (first degree). Whether they can win depends on their specific abilities. The real fairness is whether a mule is a horse or not, and you will know when you run away. As far as China's education system is concerned, China's education categories can be divided into: primary school, junior high school, which belongs to compulsory education and basic education, and high school (with the improvement of China's development level, it is expected that by 2020, high school education will be basically popularized); Technical schools, vocational high schools and higher vocational schools belong to vocational education; Educate the educated in professional knowledge, skills and professional ethics necessary for engaging in a certain occupation or productive labor. Secondary specialized schools, secondary normal schools, junior colleges and undergraduate courses belong to professional education. The education he received was mainly based on the professional knowledge he taught. Admission requires unified recruitment, and graduation requires a dispatch card (registration card). Postgraduates, including: master students and doctoral students. Among them, higher education can be roughly divided into two levels: the first level: junior college and undergraduate; The second level: master students and doctoral students, with scientific research as the main direction. Among them, higher education is divided into ordinary higher education and adult higher education (full-time, part-time, correspondence), higher education self-study examination, open education of TV University, distance network education and so on. The professional education degree marked as "graduation certificate of ordinary colleges and universities (ordinary secondary specialized schools)" in the graduation certificate is the first degree. Graduates with the first degree (i.e. unified enrollment) hold the Employment Agreement for Graduates and Postgraduates of Ordinary Colleges and Universities (secondary specialized schools) (hereinafter referred to as tripartite agreement), the Employment Registration Card for Graduates of National Ordinary Colleges and Universities, the Employment Registration Card for Graduates of National Ordinary Secondary Specialized Schools. (short for registration card). Enter the undergraduate, junior college and secondary specialized schools of ordinary colleges and universities through the college entrance examination or independent college entrance examination, and obtain the first degree of undergraduate, junior college and secondary specialized schools (or pass the senior high school entrance examination). Other ways to get it are: gifted children enter the juvenile class of the Chinese University of Science and Technology, and some outstanding high school graduates are sent to universities and ordinary colleges and universities every year (unified undergraduate enrollment is planned by the state). Regarding the "first degree" of undergraduate course, undergraduate course was included in the national enrollment plan of ordinary colleges and universities of the Ministry of Education that year. The admitted students enjoy the same treatment as the four-year undergraduate students admitted to the national unified entrance examination (college entrance examination) in ordinary colleges and universities. When students complete their studies and pass all subjects, undergraduate institutions will issue undergraduate diplomas according to the requirements of the Ministry of Education [2002] 15 (that is, graduation certificates indicate the professional starting point and are two-year undergraduate courses). Ordinary colleges and universities are still treated as full-time undergraduate courses according to the first degree or initial degree. Generally, there are the following situations: passing the college entrance examination of ordinary colleges and universities in various provinces (unified recruitment in the national plan): among the third-year college students, outstanding college graduates who meet certain conditions are selected to join undergraduate education by taking the selection examination of ordinary colleges and universities in the province where the graduation school is located that year. The college entrance examination in ordinary colleges and universities is equivalent to a form of changing classes (generally, it is inserted into junior college or arranged separately), and the first degree obtained in this way is undergraduate. In order to solve the problem of lack of legal talents in the western region, the orientation examination for political and legal police officers is basically that retired high school students take junior college, junior college graduates take undergraduate courses, and undergraduate graduates take master of law. College students participate in grassroots volunteer programs (village officials, three supports and one support, rural teachers, western volunteers, etc.). ), after the expiration of service, take the college entrance examination organized by the education department of the place where the registered permanent residence is located or the place of service, but now the opportunity is basically only given to retired soldiers (who joined the army as college students), and the policy says that they are listed separately, but now many places do not list separately and only give priority to admission. The national unified undergraduate course is to select outstanding junior college students to study and take exams in undergraduate courses. This kind of undergraduate course is a unified undergraduate course in the national plan, and the first degree is undergraduate course. . What's the difference between "junior college starting point" undergraduate and "senior high school starting point" undergraduate? As long as you get the diploma, it proves that you have mastered the professional knowledge of the undergraduate stage. In fact, there is no exact concept of "first degree" now, because in many places, the first degree is a full-time undergraduate course. If the "first degree" is understood as "full-time", it is undoubtedly a conceptual repetition, and "first degree" seems to be biased towards the first non-basic education degree on many occasions. Of course, we are all guessing here, and it is naturally inaccurate and misleading for the education authorities not to make a clear definition. The so-called "highest education" refers to a person's last and highest level of learning experience in the national education system. It is based on the academic certificates issued by schools and other educational institutions that are approved by the administrative department of education and have the power to issue diplomas recognized by the state. The highest education is a doctorate. Q: I worked for two years after graduation and studied for a master's degree on the job. Is the first degree a full-time undergraduate in an ordinary university? What is the highest education? A: On-the-job master's degree, your first degree is a full-time undergraduate course in an ordinary university, and your highest degree is a full-time undergraduate course in an ordinary university. Full-time master's degree, your first degree is full-time master's degree in colleges and universities, and your highest degree is full-time master's degree in colleges and universities. Q: What about my future doctor? A: There are two kinds of doctoral studies: those with academic qualifications and those without academic qualifications, so the situation is the same as above. Q: If someone works in a junior college for two years and then takes the adult college entrance examination, is his first degree a full-time junior college? What is the highest education? A: Then his first degree is a full-time college in an ordinary university, and his highest degree is an adult education undergraduate. Q: What are the master's degrees from Stanford, Yale and the University of Pennsylvania? A: First of all, this is not only your highest education, but also your first education. Misunderstanding of "the highest degree": Many people in society mistakenly think that the highest degree should be "postdoctoral". In fact, postdoctoral is not an education. The so-called "postdoctoral" refers to the teaching system of continuing to engage in scientific research activities for a certain period of time with the purpose of gaining scientific research experience and improving scientific research ability after obtaining a doctorate. Strictly speaking, postdoctoral is a system. In China, "postdoctoral" refers to the doctoral degree winner who is allowed to enter the postdoctoral research mobile station to engage in scientific research. After reaching the exit conditions, you are allowed to leave the station and issue a "postdoctoral certificate", which is not a degree.