Hongkong is located in the south of China, in the east of the Pearl River Estuary, near the South China Sea. It consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories (including Lantau Island and more than 230 islands). North across Shenzhen River and Shenzhen, Guangdong; The west faces Macao across the sea, only about 60 kilometers apart.
Before 1840, Hong Kong was a small fishing village. From 1842 to 1997, Hong Kong became a British colony. After the Second World War, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, becoming not only one of the four little dragons in Asia, but also one of the richest, most developed and highest living standards in the world. Hong Kong is an important financial, service and shipping center in Asia, which is famous for its clean government, good public order, free economic system and perfect legal system. On July 1997, People's Republic of China (PRC) officially resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong.
Hong Kong maintains a capitalist system and enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense. Hong Kong is a place where Chinese and Western cultures blend, an important shipping hub and one of the most competitive cities in the international and Asia-Pacific regions, and its economic freedom index ranks first in the world. It has the reputation of "Pearl of the Orient", "Gourmet Paradise" and "Shopping Paradise".
In the Neolithic Age, there were already human activities in Hong Kong.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, in 2 14 BC (the 23rd year of Qin Shihuang), the Qin Dynasty in China sent troops to pacify Baiyue, established Nanhai County, and incorporated Hong Kong into the territory, belonging to Panyu County. From then on, Hong Kong was placed under the jurisdiction of the central government and clearly became the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty at that time. The central plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River). From this time until the Qing Dynasty, with the spread of Central Plains civilization to the south, Hong Kong gradually developed. [ 1]
In the Han Dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Boluo County, Nanhai County.
In the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 33 1 year), Hong Kong belonged to Baoan County, Dongguan County. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was set aside, and another Dongguan County was set up, which governed six counties including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Shenzhen Nantou City.
The Sui Dynasty also abolished Dongguan County and merged its jurisdiction into Nanhai County, guangzhou fu. Bao 'an County has also been changed to Nanhai County, and Hong Kong is still a treasure.
Hong Kong (12)
Anxian county management.
In the second year of Tang Zhide (AD 757), Baoan County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong still belonged to Dongguan County.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of mainland people moved to Hong Kong, which promoted the great development of Hong Kong's economy and culture. In the Yuan Dynasty, China was a province of Jiangxi Province. The Yuan Dynasty set up inspection departments in Tuen Mun in the southwest of Hong Kong and Tuen Mun in the outer port of Guangzhou, and stationed troops to prevent pirates from invading and defend the Guangzhou area.
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, some places were set aside from Dongguan County to establish Xin 'an County, which was later Hong Kong. Hong Kong Island became a British colony from Wanli (A.D. 1573) to Daoguang 2 1 year of Qing Xuanzong (A.D. 184 1 year) and has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County, guangzhou fu.
1662 The Qing Dynasty sent troops to the New Territories and ordered villagers to braid their hair. During the Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong has always occupied an important position in foreign trade, because Hong Kong and Guangzhou are as close as lips and teeth, and Guangzhou is the only commercial port open to the outside world in the Qing Dynasty. [2]
Before the British occupation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong was basically a desert island. Some fishermen live in Stanley, Datandu and Shipai Bay in the south of the island, and Agongyan and Shuijing Bay in the east. In other places, such as Huangniyong, Dengdizhou and Seven Sisters, there are some small village bays. At that time, there were about 3000 residents on the island. [2] In the early years, the British took a fancy to Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong, which has the potential to become an excellent port in East Asia. Until the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the late19th century, the territory was ceded to Britain in batches and became a British colony.
In the 22nd year of Daoguang reign of Qing Dynasty (1842), the Opium War between China and Britain, the defeat of the Qing court, and the cession of Hong Kong Island to Britain. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the New Territories were also forcibly leased by the British, and the whole territory of Hong Kong was under the British administration. The three parts of Hong Kong (Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories) come from three unequal treaties in different periods.
184 1 year 65438+1October 26th: After the First Opium War, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island. Later, the Qing government tried to recover lost territory by force, and Daoguang issued many orders for this. However, the Qing Dynasty could never defend its territorial integrity.
1August 29th, 842: The Qing government and Britain signed the unequal treaty "treaty of nanking".
The Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking on a British warship.
(Formerly known as Jiangning Treaty), Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain.
1860 65438+1October 24th: China and Britain signed the unequal Beijing Treaty, ceding the area south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.
1June 9, 898: Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Regulation on Expanding Hong Kong's Boundary, and leased 262 islands north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula for 99 years (ending at1June 30, 997).
194 1 year 65438+February 25th: During World War II, Japanese troops invaded incense.
China and British officials erected a monument at the border.
In Hong Kong, the British troops stationed in Hong Kong were unable to resist, and then Hong Kong Governor Yang had no choice but to declare surrender. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan.
1945 September 15: Japan signed a surrender in Hong Kong after its defeat and withdrew from Hong Kong.
After World War II, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, becoming the third largest financial center in the world after new york and London. It has not only become one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia", but also the financial, service and shipping center of Asia.
1982 to 1984, China and Britain hold talks on the implementation of Hong Kong's future. 1984, 12 and 19 signed the Joint Statement of the People of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the question of Hong Kong, and decided 1997.
Hong Kong (4)
* * * People's Republic of China (PRC) resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hongkong. China promised to implement one country, two systems in Hongkong. Hong Kong will maintain its capitalist system and its original way of life, and enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense, that is, "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy".
1 July 19971day, China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and Hong Kong became a special administrative region of People's Republic of China (PRC). According to the Basic Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong's previous economic model, laws and social systems will remain unchanged for 50 years, and "one country, two systems" will be implemented. Except for national defense and foreign affairs, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enjoys a high degree of autonomy.
1 July 19971day, the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and established the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has 65,438+08 districts. According to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, only non-political district organizations are established in these 18 districts: Central and Western District, Eastern District, Kowloon City District, Kwun Tong District, Southern District, Sham Shui Po District, Wong Tai Sin District, Wan Chai District, Yau Tsim Mong District, Islands District, Kwai Tsing District, North District, Sai Kung District and Sha Tin.
Hong Kong implements an executive-led governance model and has established a governance system consisting of the Chief Executive and the executive authorities.
Hong Kong Scenery (7 photos)
Governance system and representative government structure under the leadership of the conference.
The head of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the Chief Executive, who is elected by a broadly representative Election Committee in accordance with the Basic Law and appointed by the Central People's Government. The Chief Executive is responsible for implementing the Basic Law, signing bills and budgets, promulgating laws, deciding government policies and issuing executive orders, while the Executive Council assists in formulating policies. The first Chief Executive of Hong Kong was Tung Chee-hwa. 20 1 July1day, Leung Chun-ying officially took office as the chief executive of Hong Kong.
The upper house of the British Parliament
The main function of the Legislative Council is to enact, amend and repeal laws; Examining and approving budgets, taxes and public expenditures; And ask questions about the government's work. The Legislative Council also has the power to approve the appointment and removal of judges of the Court of Final Appeal and the Chief Justice of the High Court, and to impeach the Chief Executive. The fifth Legislative Council of Hong Kong consists of 70 members, 35 of whom are directly elected by geographical constituencies and the remaining 35 by functional constituencies. The fifth Legislative Council election was held on September 9, 20 12. According to the Basic Law and the Legislative Council Ordinance (Chapter 106, Laws of Hong Kong). 542), the term of office of the fifth Legislative Council starts from 20 12 10 1, and the term of office is four years. The President of the Legislative Council 1 is elected by members of the Legislative Council. [ 15]
ICAC [Hong Kong]
The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was formally established in February, 1974, to combat corruption in a three-pronged way of law enforcement, prevention and education. Before its establishment, the Anti-Corruption Department of the Hong Kong Police Force was responsible for related matters. Initially, the investigation object of ICAC was civil servants, and later it was extended to public institutions, including all private institutions. The first important task after the establishment of ICAC is to arrest Peter Peter Godber and return to Hong Kong. 1975 At the beginning of this year, ICAC successfully extradited Peter Peter Godber from Britain to Hong Kong for trial. As a result, Peter Godber was accused of conspiracy to corrupt and accept bribes, and was convicted and sentenced to four years in prison. The Gerber case fully embodies the determination of ICAC to fight corruption and set off a silent revolution in Hong Kong. [ 16]
external affairs
According to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, all foreign affairs shall be handled by China.
Regional Flag of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region [17]
The central people's government is responsible. The Central People's Government authorizes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to handle relevant foreign affairs on its own. In the name of "China Hong Kong", Hong Kong can independently maintain and develop relations with countries and regions around the world and relevant international organizations in the fields of economy, trade, finance, shipping, communications, tourism, culture and sports, and sign and implement relevant agreements. Hong Kong participates in 14 international organizations, including World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Asian Development Bank, Bank for International Settlements and International Olympic Committee. [4]
Political strategy
One Country, Two Systems
One country, two systems is the basic policy of the people of China and the Central People's Government in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has its own regional flag and emblem. At the same time, it has a different social form and economic model from Chinese mainland. Hong Kong issues its own currency and stamps. In international sports competitions, Hong Kong participates in the name of "China Hong Kong". [4]
Universal suffrage for the Chief Executive
On July 6th, 20 14, Leung Chun-ying, Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, submitted the Report on Amending the Method for the Formation of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 20 17 and the Legislative Council in 20 16 to the NPC Standing Committee (the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress), which marked the first step of the "five steps" in Hong Kong's political development, and also marked Hong Kong's step towards universal suffrage for the Chief Executive in 2005. There is no need to amend the method for forming the Legislative Council in 20 16 in Annex II to the Basic Law. The Chief Executive asked the NPC Standing Committee to make a decision. At the same time, the Chief Executive submitted to the NPC Standing Committee (the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) a public consultation report on the methods for forming the Chief Executive in 20 17 and the Legislative Council in 20 16, and all its annexes. [ 18]
2065438+On August 3, 20041,the 10th session of the 12th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) closed in the Great Hall of the People. The meeting adopted the NPC Standing Committee's decision on the method of universal suffrage for the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the formation of the Legislative Council in 20 170. [ 19]
Warn Britain not to interfere in Hong Kong
The Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress of China sent a "strongly worded" letter to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British House of Commons in early September, 20 14, urging the British side to cancel the investigation and warning that it would disrupt Hong Kong's political reform. The letter sternly pointed out that the British investigation was "interference in China's internal affairs" and "extremely inappropriate", and such an investigation "sent a wrong signal to the outside world", and China "will not tolerate direct or indirect interference from Britain and any other external forces". And warned that such an investigation would have a negative impact on the relations between the two countries. China's ambassador to Britain, Liu Xiaoming, also put pressure on British parliamentarians to give up the investigation. [20]
Regional flag and regional emblem
regional flag of the hong kong special administrative region of the peoples republic of china
The regional flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has a red background, red and white colors symbolize one country, two systems, and a white bauhinia pattern with five-star stamens in the center. The blooming bauhinia symbolizes the prosperity of Hong Kong, and the red background symbolizes Hong Kong.
Regional emblem of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region [17]
Always return to the motherland. [2 1]
Regional emblem of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
The emblem of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is circular, with the standard words "People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" written around it, and the stamen pattern of five-star bauhinia on a red background in the middle, which has the same meaning as the regional flag.