Junior high school is a period in which middle schools grow physically, acquire knowledge and wisdom, and gradually form moral quality and world outlook. They are faced with sharp changes in physiology and psychology, and with intense study, they are prone to psychological maladjustment. They generally have the following psychological characteristics:
First, good wishes, lack of psychological preparation.
Almost every middle school student has good wishes and is full of longing for the future. They fantasize that they are a learned and respected person, but in fact they often don't study hard and live one day at a time. Although their wishes are beautiful, they all pursue all kinds of honors and enjoyment after realizing their ideals. They need to start from now and strive to realize their ideals, but they don't think much and do enough, forming a contradiction between their good wishes and their psychological preparation. In view of this situation, we should carry out ideal education in a targeted way, so that they can understand that a beautiful ideal needs hard work. The specific method can tell the story of a celebrity and great man's hard mental journey. It takes hard work to organize a film showing the growth process of celebrities and inspire students to realize their ideals.
Second, the disharmony between emotion and reason.
Junior high school students tend to be emotional and attach importance to feelings. On the one hand, they are full of enthusiasm and passion; On the other hand, their emotions are easily influenced by the outside world and impulsive. They have a high degree of enthusiasm for what they like and avoid what they are not interested in. This shows that their emotions and emotions are in a state of ups and downs, and it is difficult to control them with reason in time. To solve this practical problem, teachers should first set an example, and at the same time pay attention to cultivating some students, especially those who are influential in the class, so that they can learn to control their emotions with reason, and then form the core of the class to influence the whole class. In order to guide them to do things rationally, it is necessary to carry out some activities, such as asking students to collect the story material of "people who control their emotions successfully with reason" and the negative story material of "emotional impulse leads to lifelong regret", and educate them from both positive and negative aspects.
Third, the contradiction between strong ambition and weak self-control
Most junior high school students are aggressive, which is inseparable from their thirst for knowledge, self-esteem and competitiveness. But they are not careful in thinking, and often look at people and things around them with strong feelings. So, sometimes they will stick to what they see and do what the teacher asks. Refuse or fight back if you don't want to do it, can't control yourself, act impulsively, and regret it very much after the incident. All these show that their will quality is immature and their self-control and control are not strong. In view of this psychological contradiction of students. First of all, we should affirm students' enterprising spirit, on the other hand, we should exercise students' willpower. To achieve this goal, we should pay attention to small things, guide them to consciously abide by the rules and regulations of the school, and at the same time carry out the activities of "never accommodating themselves". Once you realize that something or an action is wrong, no matter how strongly you are tempted, you should bravely say "no". In order to solve the problem that some students have poor self-control and affect classroom discipline, we try to establish a tracking record of students' daily behavior, record their classroom performance in each period, and conduct targeted guidance, education and correction. Make students gradually consciously check and form the habit of observing classroom discipline. Personality characteristics of junior high school students
Strictly speaking, the personality psychology of junior high school students is far from mature, and the personality signs revealed by children in junior high school may only be a special reflection of a special stage. We must combine the special problems of this special era and face all kinds of personality phenomena with a developmental perspective. Generally speaking, the personality development of junior high school students presents the characteristics of temporary imbalance and extreme, especially in the following two aspects:
(A) the development characteristics of self-awareness
In the second leap period of teenagers' self-awareness, students' self-awareness activities are unprecedented in this period, but their self-concept is often turbulent and one-sided. On the one hand, high self-awareness makes junior high school students start to look at themselves, others, interpersonal relationships and values in a brand-new way. Their inner world is rapidly enriched-questions surrounding "me" emerge one after another, so the exploration and experience surrounding "me" are also rapidly launched, which provides them with the possibility of cultivating self-knowledge and self-control, and also provides them with a strong desire to accept social behavior norms and learn to communicate and get along with others. On the other hand, after repeated thinking, they may not be able to draw any clear and objective conclusions about their various problems. Sometimes, due to the lack of cognitive ability and social experience, they fall into constant confusion and confusion, even have some sensitive and extreme understanding of people and things, and overemphasize their own views, so that their self-concept is accompanied by many exaggerated and negative emotional experiences.
(B) the development characteristics of personality
A prominent personality characteristic of junior high school students is the consciousness and behavior of rejecting or rejecting all external forces.
1, the reason for the resistance.
There are two main reasons for junior high school students' obvious resistance: First, high self-awareness leads junior high school students to be eager to establish and maintain their independent and self-respecting self-image. Once this demand for self-independence is not recognized by the other party, they will think that the other party is obstructing them and have a rebellious mentality; Secondly, the hyperactivity of the nervous system and the immaturity of gonads in sexual physiological activities are not coordinated, which leads to behavioral and attitudinal allergies, and tends to overreact to a small amount of stimulation, which will be understood as resistance in some specific situations.
2, the typical situation of resistance
Generally speaking, junior high school students are prone to rebellious psychology in the following situations: first, their sense of independence is blocked, which is typically manifested in their strong rejection and boredom with their parents' careful care and concern; Second, autonomy is ignored. When junior high school students' views are denied by their parents or teachers, they will challenge their parents' authority in order to stick to their own views and positions. If their proposal is rejected, or when they accept a certain point of view or behavior, they often disagree. In order to show that they are not blindly obedient, they will show a tendency to resist.
3. Performance of resistance
There are two common ways for junior middle school students to show resistance. One is the head-on type. Generally appear in extroverted and unassuming students. When these students meet people and things that they don't want to obey, they will openly refuse, and it is easy to have a fierce quarrel with each other. This confrontation often breaks out suddenly, and any kind of persuasion will be useless, but he will soon calm down after the incident. The second is indifference. This situation often appears in introverted students, especially girls, who express their opposition with silence and noncommittality. This tepid attitude is stubborn and difficult to calm down, transfer and disperse.
4, the characteristics of resistance
The resistance of junior high school students is easy to transfer and generalize. When they are dissatisfied with a certain aspect or a certain kind of words and deeds, they will completely deny this person and make them feel resistant to the other party's collective or similar people. Therefore, it is easy for junior high school students to have such a situation: a teacher accidentally "hurt" him once, and this teacher was wiped out by him; His mother's words aroused his disgust, and his father's words soon failed. This can easily worsen their rebellious psychology and behavior, resulting in isolated subjective feelings and extremely depressed emotional experiences. This is of course very unfavorable to the physical and mental health of junior high school students.
(A) the characteristics of emotional levels and emotional differentiation
After entering junior high school, the level of emotional and emotional differentiation is obviously improved, and students' emotional experience will be obviously enriched and refined. Self-esteem, pride, self-love, self-esteem, self-reliance and other self-related emotions and feelings have developed rapidly. They can experience many profound and subtle emotions and emotional changes; Be able to understand the emotional development process of the characters in the story, especially the mood and feelings of the parties; Have deeper feelings for important people in life, such as close friends, parents, teachers you like and dislike, and learn to understand each other's feelings and moods. Therefore, on the one hand, many junior high school students are easy to be kind to their parents and teachers, and they can also feel their hard work, love and expectation, so they often regret and blame themselves for a period of time after the conflict.
(B) the characteristics of emotional expression
Junior high school students' emotional performance has two characteristics: one is obvious duality, and the other is the emergence of a large number of negative emotions.
1, both sides
(1) The intensity of emotional experience and emotional expression is often inconsistent. They may show strong anger or disappointment, but this emotional experience may not be deep, and they will soon change their mood because of a happy thing. Because they are very concerned about their emotional experience, they often have very strong emotions, but this strong emotion often contains self-exaggeration. Junior high school students' emotions often waver between storm and gentleness, which makes them show obvious instability in their emotional response.
(2) The concealment and expressiveness of emotional expression exist. The emotional expression of junior high school students has been able to take into account their own image and the situation at that time, and consciously conceal, trim and control their emotions. At the same time, in order to hide the true emotions that are inconsistent with the ideal image, they often ask themselves to show them to others according to the emotions that the ideal self thinks should be expressed most. Then this kind of nervous and serious emotional expression will often become unnatural because of lack of experience and over-emphasis. Therefore, we often find that the behavior of junior high school students sometimes seems too excited and sometimes too indifferent, as if it is difficult to be appropriate and enough is enough.
2. A lot of negative emotions appear.
The negative emotions of junior middle school students mainly include worry, depression and loneliness. Worry: After entering junior high school, all kinds of new problems come one after another, among which the most puzzling problems are: First, I don't know how to get along with my parents, and parent-child relationship has become a major event that annoys junior high school students; Second, to get along with classmates and enhance self-awareness, they need to maintain a good image and status in front of their peers, and the competition between classmates will also bring troubles; Third, in the face of their own troubles, I don't know what kind of image I should appear in the reluctance of others. This is not to say that a young age is an age that lacks a stable role, but that children of this age are very sensitive to their public image and the evaluation of others, so their troubles will multiply. Depression and loneliness: junior high school students have a strong sense of independence, but they often fail because of lack of ability and experience; Faced with setbacks and failures repeatedly, they obviously feel the existence of depression. This kind of depression can't open up to parents and teachers because of psychological atresia, thus producing a strong sense of loneliness and helplessness. Many junior high school students will have more or less naive illusions about getting rid of this annoying life and looking for a free and unfettered place. Some students even run away from home on impulse.
Of course, not all junior high school students live in the shadow of negative emotions, but they also have some positive emotions, such as looking forward to a better tomorrow, looking forward to the day when they really grow up, being happy for the sincere friendship and help between classmates, and being proud of their growth and progress. However, compared with primary school and high school, they experienced more negative emotions during this period.
Children's rebellious psychology
Nowadays, students in their teens are prone to rebellious psychology. First, it is the inevitable psychological process in this period; Secondly, society pays more and more attention to individuality and self-realization, which leads to more rebellious psychology.
Teenagers gradually have the mentality of avoiding the contradiction between modern people and society and not compromising with display, and are full of discussions on the value of life, the meaning of happiness, the world outlook and values. In the contradiction of growing up, they asked: What's wrong with running away from what they hate and pursuing what can bring happiness? There is nothing wrong, but only by facing the reality and constantly telling yourself what to do is meaningful, can we maintain our existence, otherwise we can't survive. Which do you choose, reality or dream? The frustration of choosing dreams leads to the continuous expansion of wishes, and the conflict with the surrounding things, parents and schools deepens the rebellious psychology.
This has developed how many people want to do the opposite with others. There is a gap between people, and one person can never fully understand another person. But at the same time, everyone must confirm their existence through others. When we think that the person we know for sure is not who we really are, "Maybe I've been laughing, but I've been crying …", if so, we will have great fear in our hearts, and this fear will be reflected in an act of disobedience.
Everyone has independent thoughts, personal hobbies, and areas that they don't want others to see (such as privacy) or want me to know, that is, the way people look at things and measure things. We may want to live in a world where there is no misunderstanding and no obstacles between hearts. The hope of teenagers is recognized and fully understood, but "the diversity of information is the source of happiness".
Maybe we need to find a solution to rebellion, but not everything can be solved. No one has his own world outlook and values, and at the same time, it inevitably has certain limitations and narrowness. Only by observing, measuring and understanding the world with one's own limited scale, no one can truly fully and completely understand the present and others. This is an illusory side of human wisdom, which can be said to be a dark place in human mind. Teenagers grow up without understanding, and they don't understand others and are not understood. Maybe rebellious psychology is the breakthrough. But if people can observe the world from another angle and treat others objectively and comprehensively, fear, anxiety and escape will be reduced. If they can do this, they can get out of the closed and narrow world and find a brand-new environment. But this is only a "possibility".
Rebellion is the only way for teenagers to mature, and it is a process of spiritual completion. No matter society, education, family and teenagers themselves, they should have a correct understanding.
Second, the contradictory characteristics of psychological development
People's physical development and psychological development are closely related. In most of people's lives, the speed of physical development and psychological development is coordinated with each other, so that the individual's body and mind are in a state of balance and harmony. However, junior high school is a very special stage in human life. Junior high school students' physical development is very rapid, and they can complete all tasks of physical growth and development in 2 ~ 3 years and reach a mature level. However, their psychological development speed is relatively slow, and their psychological level is still in the transition period from naive to mature. In this way, junior middle school students are in an unbalanced state of body and mind, which causes various contradictions in psychological development.
(A) the impact of physiological changes on psychological activities
With the advent of adolescence, great changes have taken place in junior high school students' physiology, which will inevitably have a great impact on their psychological activities.
This influence mainly comes from two aspects.
First of all, because of the changes in the physical appearance of junior high school students, they have a sense of adulthood. So psychologically, they also hope to enter the adult world as soon as possible, and hope to get rid of everything in childhood as soon as possible, find a brand-new code of conduct, play a brand-new social role, get a brand-new social evaluation, and re-experience the meaning of life. In this new pursuit, they feel all kinds of confusion.
Secondly, due to the maturity of sex, junior high school students have developed curiosity and interest in the opposite sex, sprouted some new emotional experiences related to sex, and bred the desire for sex, but they can't publicly express this desire and emotion, so they feel strong impact and depression.
(B) the psychological contradiction between the sense of adulthood and childlike innocence
The psychological activities of junior high school students are often in a contradictory state, and their psychological level is in a semi-mature and semi-naive state.
Their maturity is mainly manifested in their strong pursuit and feeling of maturity, which comes from the rapid development of the body and sexual maturity. Under the influence of this feeling, their attitude towards people and things, emotional expression and the content and direction of their behavior have changed obviously, and they are also eager for the trust and respect from society, schools and parents.
Its naivety is mainly manifested in cognitive ability, way of thinking, personality characteristics and social experience. Although the thinking of junior high school students is mainly abstract logical thinking, its level is still low, and it is in the transitional period from experience to theory. Because dialectical thinking has just begun to sprout, its thinking method is still one-sided and superficial. In terms of personality characteristics, there is still a lack of deep and stable emotional experience of adults and a lack of willpower to bear pressure and overcome difficulties; Social experience is also lacking.
Because junior high school students' psychological sense of adulthood and childishness coexist, they show various psychological conflicts and contradictions, which are obviously unbalanced.
1. Resistance and dependence
Because junior high school students have a strong sense of adulthood, and then have a strong sense of independence, they are unwilling to obey everything and listen to the opinions of parents, teachers and other adults. In life, from wearing clothes and hats to their views on people and things, they are often in an emotional state of conflict with adults. But in the minds of junior high school students, they have not completely got rid of their dependence on their parents, but the way of dependence has changed compared with the past. Childhood dependence on parents is more emotional and life, while junior high school students rely on their parents in the hope of spiritual understanding, support and protection from their parents.
The resistance existing in teenagers is also more complicated. Sometimes I want to show outsiders that he has an independent personality in this way; Sometimes it is to hold up a look for yourself to cover up your weakness. In fact, in many aspects of life, they still need the help of adults, especially when they are frustrated. 2. Locking and unlocking
Junior high school students who enter adolescence gradually close their hearts. Their psychological life is rich, but they show little. In addition, their distrust and dissatisfaction with the outside world also increased the degree of this atresia.
But at the same time, I feel very lonely. I hope someone can care and understand them. They are constantly looking for friends, and once they find them, they will have no reservations. Therefore, junior high school students show obvious openness while locked up. Courage and timidity
In some cases, it seems that junior high school students can show a strong spirit of being brave, but at this time, being brave is reckless and rash, with the characteristics of "newborn calves are not afraid of tigers". This is because, first of all, they are rarely restricted and bound by rules and regulations in their thoughts. In their subjective consciousness, there are not too many concerns, and they can often take certain actions decisively. Secondly, due to the limitation of cognitive ability, they often can't immediately distinguish dangerous situations.
But in other cases, junior high school students often show cowardice. For example, in public, they are often shy and not calm enough. It is common for boys and girls to blush before speaking. This behavioral constraint is inseparable from their lack of life experience and their unique psychological state at this age. 4. Pride and inferiority
Because junior high school students can't exactly evaluate and understand their intellectual potential and personality characteristics, it is difficult to make a comprehensive and appropriate evaluation of themselves, but rely on temporary feelings to make an understatement conclusion about themselves. This leads to their improper confidence in themselves. A few or even an accidental success can make them think they are a very good talent and be complacent; A few accidental failures will make them feel completely incompetent and extremely inferior. These two emotions often appear alternately in the same junior high school student. 5. Deny childhood and cling to it.
Junior high school students who enter adolescence, with the maturity of their bodies, the consciousness of adults becomes more and more obvious. They think that all their actions should be distinguished from the performance of children, and try to deny their childhood from all aspects, from hobbies to interpersonal communication to their views on problems. They all want to erase the traces of the past and expect to appear in all aspects of life with a brand-new attitude.
However, while denying childhood, junior high school students have a little attachment to childhood. They are attached to the carefree mentality of childhood, the simple and clear behavior and the way to vent their emotions, especially when faced with various new life and study tasks, and especially hope to be taken care of by their parents as they were children.
These contradictory characteristics of psychological development listed above can be traced back to the fundamental characteristics of junior high school students, which are both mature and naive.
Complete works of psychological education for junior middle school students
What should I do if my child has psychological problems? ! Many parents want expert help and solutions. It is best to treat the disease with a definite diagnosis by a doctor, and then cure it, just like taking medicine. However, the result is often counterproductive. Therefore, consulting clinics often see many parents come with confidence, but the results are disappointing. In fact, it takes time and energy for anyone to solve children's psychological problems. There is no panacea here, but there are many principles and skills of psychological education.
Trick 1: example is more important than words.
Learning object: parents who are lenient with others and strict with themselves; Children who need to establish habits: When consulting, parents often complain that "children don't like learning" or "they don't have good habits". However, when discussing the causes of these problems with parents, we often find that parents often have no good habits. Especially the parents of some anxious children, they often feel anxious themselves. Therefore, educating children does not mean educating with the mouth, or just treating them severely, but "teaching by example is more important than words." Imagine if parents play mahjong all day, telling their children the importance of learning and asking them to study hard. As a child, how can you combine these two points?
Trick 2: "reprimand" should be targeted.
Target audience: Parents who often criticize their children. Education target: reprimanding is the most commonly used method for our parents to educate their children who refuse to change after repeated education. However, in order for criticism to be effective, the important principle is to understand why children have this problem and what problems criticism should solve. Criticize what you don't like, and even punish several crimes. Children are often criticized. I don't know why. To this end, before criticizing children, we must be targeted.
During a consultation, a mother was worried that her daughter would lie. She usually pays great attention to educating her children, but she has been lying to her parents since she was a child, which really makes her mother very angry. To this end, the mother severely criticized her daughter and severely pointed out that she should not lie in the future, but the severe criticism did not really solve the problem. Why on earth did her education fail? My mother is puzzled. In fact, through consultation, we found that girls lie because they didn't do well in the exam and didn't meet their mother's requirements. They had to lie to escape their mother's "severe" criticism. It can be seen that criticism, as a way of education, is understandable, but if it is not to the point, it will become the "root" of the problem.
Trick 3: Pay attention to the results and process.
Student: Parents who have high expectations for their children: Tips for children who lack self-confidence: In consultation, the most frequently asked question by parents is "What should I do if my children are under great pressure to study and are too nervous about exams?" "What if the child has no confidence?" When looking for the root of such problems, most of us will find that these parents often have high expectations for their children and usually value the results more than their children. They don't care whether the children's learning methods are scientific, whether they study efficiently or not, and whether they are suitable for children, only care about the results. Some even remind children that there are shortcomings when their grades are good. This mistake should not be made, and neither should that mistake. Causes children to lose confidence in themselves, and even internalizes their parents' expectations into their own learning motivation. Facing the exam, they are more worried about how to improve the review efficiency, but they can't meet their parents' expectations and have good prospects. The result can be imagined. To this end, for those parents who have high expectations for their children, please pay more attention to their children's learning ability, not their academic performance!
Tip 4: Be consistent, be consistent.
Object of study: Parents who spend three days fishing and two days surfing the net: Tactics of children with unsatisfactory educational effect: They found their children's problems and knew how to educate them, but the educational effect was not satisfactory. The reason is that it is not difficult to find that parents "fish for three days and dry the net for two days" in education. Specifically, when parents are energetic, they can pay attention to their children's problems, when they are working hard or in a bad mood. This situation often makes children feel that education is only to meet the needs of adults. In addition, at present, many children's education is still influenced by their ancestors, and their parents' views on education are inconsistent with their predecessors, which often gives children an opportunity and ultimately affects the educational effect.
Trick 5: break down the goal and implement it step by step.
Learning object: Parents with unsatisfactory educational effect: For children who are at a loss, the measures: whether it is to cultivate habits, correct shortcomings, or achieve goals, it must be operable. The so-called "operation" means that children know what to do in the first step and what to do in the second step. If the requirements for children are only a theoretical plan, then you can't expect children to do as you wish.
For example, for a child who is trying to reduce the use of computers, when he is told not to be too addicted to computers, he should not just "quit" computers, but should first set an achievable goal, such as learning to communicate with children first, so that children are willing to cooperate with their parents to control the use of computers. Tolerate children's repetition. We can imagine that it is still difficult for adults to change some habits, such as "quitting smoking and drinking". How can we ask children to keep their word? The second step is to help children control their play time, teach them to arrange their play time reasonably, make reasonable agreements with them in advance, and urge them to strictly implement them. Those who do not abide by the agreement should be punished according to the prior agreement, such as reducing the number of times of playing or reducing the time of playing. The third step is to cooperate with school teachers to arrange children to participate in recreational activities and improve interpersonal communication. Children's education should be gradual, and the methods should not be ignored.
Creating new family education courses and appreciating educational cases have benefited parents a lot.
Every parent is eager for his child to be admitted to a famous university, but if the child doesn't study hard, parents can't enter the child's inner world. They can only be anxious. They have heard that "good children are praised, bad children are scolded" and "there is no education without appreciation". Teacher Sun, an education expert from Peking University Psychological Research Center, combined with the successful family education case of 179, in which the top student in the college entrance examination was admitted to Peking University and Tsinghua, expounded the family education of parents. Teacher Sun vividly compares children's education to a tree. He thinks that family education is the root of this tree. If the roots are not given enough nutrients, it is difficult for trees to grow healthily. Parents, as children's first teachers, play an irreplaceable role in children's growth. Teacher Sun said that parents usually scold their children for their poor test scores, and one of the top candidates in the college entrance examination won the last place in the whole grade in a final exam of senior one. When I got home, I thought my father would beat him up. Unexpectedly, my father said, congratulations, he won't do worse in the exam. It is precisely because of this father's appreciation education that this once "poor student" became the champion of the college entrance examination and was admitted to Peking University. Teacher Sun believes that there are still many parents who always think that everything they do is for the good of their children, and children should "accept everything according to the order". In fact, every child has his own personality, and parents should give their children an independent space. Transferred from: China AK Education official website
Attribution analysis and countermeasures of junior high school students' psychological abnormality
Abstract: Middle school students are in adolescence, and there will be many psychological problems during this period. In this regard, this paper analyzes the causes and manifestations of middle school students' abnormal psychology in order to cultivate students' correct view of attribution; Use rational emotional therapy to guide students to vent unreasonable emotions; This paper discusses and analyzes how to cultivate healthy interest and eliminate bad psychological state, trying to find a good way to cure students' psychological trauma and guide them to grow up healthily.
Keywords: psychological abnormality is correctly attributed to healthy growth emotional therapy
A few years ago, at the entrance of the beautiful Three Gorges, a 13-year-old girl jumped off the nearly 100-meter Longmen Bridge. A year later, a boy of 14 years old, facing a thousand miles of Pinghu, walked into the embrace of death with his head held high step by step. What is even more thought-provoking is that not long after, a junior high school student in a certain district of our county, in the face of these tragedies, took an axe and brutally hacked his father to death. Let's take a look at this kind of tragedy that happens from time to time all over the country. We wonder: What happened to the students now? What's wrong with students' psychology now? What makes the life of boys and girls in the flower season so fragile and cruel? This paper discusses and analyzes the psychological factors of junior high school students, trying to find a good medicine to treat students' psychological trauma.