In agricultural GDP, food crops account for 66%, cash crops account for 1 1%, animal husbandry accounts for 13%, fishery accounts for 6% and forestry accounts for 4%. Cereals and cash crops are the main sources of income for farmers in Uzbekistan, followed by animal husbandry. Uzbekistan's export products are mainly agricultural products. In 2005, exports increased by 24%, reaching $8 1 billion.
(1) The main food crops in Ukraine include rice, bananas, corn, chestnuts, sorghum and soybeans. Among food crops, corn, sorghum, rice, beans, soybeans and potatoes are the main crops in two seasons a year. Crops harvested throughout the year include bananas, sweet potatoes and cassava. Other crops include chestnuts, peanuts, sorghum, sesame, sweet potatoes, potatoes, cowpeas, cassava and millet.
Output of agricultural products in 2006: 2.657 million tons of grain, 767,000 tons of beans, 8.05 million tons of potatoes and 9.39 tons of rice and bananas110,000 tons. (See Annex I)
(2) Cash crops in Ukraine include coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco and sucrose, among which coffee, cotton and tea are mainly produced in plantations.
20% of Uzbekistan's population lives by growing and selling coffee. About 500,000 farmers in 38 districts of China are engaged in coffee cultivation, with an area of 306,000 hectares, mainly planting Robusta coffee (west) and Arabica coffee (around Mount Elgon).
In 2005, the total output of cotton in Ukraine was 250,000 bales, which decreased to 654.38 million bales in 2006. The total export revenue of cotton decreased from 6.5% of the total export in 2004 to 3.6% in 2005, because the world market price of raw cotton fell, and the export revenue correspondingly decreased from 43 million US dollars to 28.8 million US dollars. Ukraine's cotton production is 287kg/ha (the world average is 638kg/ha).
Tea is widely planted in western Ukraine, accounting for 55% of the national planting area and 97% of the national export volume. Since 1999, the output has increased steadily, and the export has increased by about 49%. In 2003 and 2004, the export income was $38 million and $37 million respectively. In 2005, tea was listed as the third largest category of agricultural products in Uzbekistan.
Tobacco was the fourth largest commodity exported by Uzbekistan in 2005, accounting for about 4% of the total export volume. In 2003 and 2004, it accounted for 8% and 6% respectively. In 2004, the export of tobacco was 28,000 tons, and in 2005 it dropped to about 24,000 tons.
(3) Non-traditional export cash crops (NTEC) mainly include fruits, flowers and vegetables. The fruit varieties produced in Uzbekistan are banana, pineapple basket, rice banana, avocado, passion fruit (love fruit), mango, papaya and sugarcane.
Vegetable varieties include okra, onion, string beans, eggplant, tomato, asparagus and Asian vegetables. Seasoning: red pepper, vanilla and ginger. Citronella, eucalyptus, peppermint oil, geranium.
Fruit accounts for 65,438+00% of Ukraine's agricultural GDP. The total output of fruits and vegetables in Ukraine is188,500 tons and 204,750 tons respectively, and the average output is 1 1.780 kg/ha and 69 10 kg/ha respectively. At present, the Ukrainian government attaches great importance to the development of fruit production and processing. Ukraine has set the fruit planting area at 4,000 hectares (1 10,000 mu), and the goal of earning foreign exchange through export is 90 million US dollars. Ukraine has great potential to develop fruit production. The climatic conditions suitable for fruit growth are unique (the annual average temperature is 265,438+0 degrees), and the land is fertile, especially suitable for pineapples, mangoes, oranges and bananas. About 654.38+065.438+06 million hectares of land are suitable for growing fruits, but now only one third of the area is used. (See Schedule 2)
Horticulture accounts for 20% of the national agricultural GDP. In 2004, horticultural exports reached 565,438+300,000 US dollars, an increase of 20%. Ukraine plans to increase horticultural exports to 90 million US dollars per year, with a long-term target of 300 million US dollars. In the past five years, flowers have developed into an export industry, with an investment of 275 million US dollars in Kampala, Kinga and Entebbe. In recent years, this industry is considered as one of the most dynamic industries to promote Ukrainian exports.
(4) Animal husbandry is distributed in most parts of Ukraine, mainly in some specialized farms. In 2005, the total number of livestock was 654.38+02.8 million, of which cattle accounted for 42%, goats for 53% and pigs for 5%. By-products of animal husbandry are: milk, butter, ice cream, fermented dairy products, gallstones and horns. The processing of these products is in the primary stage, and the production scale is not large.
There are 700,000 cattle farmers in Ukraine, most of whom are engaged in animal husbandry. At present, the output can only meet half of the domestic market demand. Animal husbandry and aquaculture have great investment space, including related leather processing and various canned products such as meat and milk.
(5) Ukrainian fishery accounts for 65,438+02% of agricultural GDP. At present, the fishery output is 440,000 tons and the aquatic products are 25,000 tons. Mainly distributed in Lake Victoria, Lake Kiyuga, Lake Albert, Lake George and Nile. There are 6,543,800+2,000 people living by fishing in China, among whom 300,000 people are directly engaged in fishing, fish breeding and fish product processing. Fishery export earned 654.38 billion US dollars+500 million US dollars, and the regional trade volume was 40-60 million US dollars.
There are currently 20 fish processing and export companies in Ukraine. Due to the shortage of fish products, the processing of fish products has not reached the production capacity, and the average processing capacity is only 40%.
Two. Problems in agricultural development in Ukraine
The current Ukrainian government attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and is constantly strengthening its basic position. However, because the fundamental problem of agricultural development mechanism has not been solved, Ukraine's agricultural development is still full of difficulties and there are various difficulties.
(1) Cognition: First of all, Ukrainian farmers lack basic agricultural knowledge and production technology and fail to realize the importance of using improved technology for agricultural production. How to ensure that farmers are willing to use new technologies, improve their knowledge of quality management and pest control, carry out relevant training, establish mechanisms for agricultural data collection, recording, application and market information research, and provide financing support are important issues facing the Ukrainian government.
(2) Environmental deterioration: The rainstorm and storm weather changes caused by tropical airflow (El Nino) in June 5438+065438+ 10 and June 5438+February in 2006 seriously affected Uzbekistan's agricultural production and reduced agricultural exports. Rural economic activities have caused great damage to forests. Rural households and rural industries use wood as fuel, resulting in a large number of forest resources being cut down. Forests disappear at the rate of 1 ~ 2% every year. In the 1990s, the forest coverage rate in Ukraine was 0.3 hectares per person. It is estimated that by 2025, the forest coverage rate in Ukraine will be only 0.05 ~ 0.08 hectares per person.
(3) Quality management: Ukrainian farmers lack excellent varieties when planting crops. The quality of seed supply is poor and the water content is high, and most of the exported agricultural products have no quality grading. Pesticides are increasingly used in cash crops. Crop diseases, such as coffee wilt (CWD) and banana biological wilt, are very common. Due to the backward harvesting methods of agricultural products, the losses are great. High-quality products entering the international market are very limited. In 2000, the European Union imposed a one-year embargo on fish products exported by Ukraine and Kenya, precisely because these two countries lacked central monitoring and quality control means.
(4) Absence of market management: The management department of the Ukrainian government is inefficient, and the work between departments is delayed, which affects the inspection and delivery of agricultural products, and lacks authoritative coordination and supervision departments in quality management, supervision and export procedures. In terms of financing, general commercial banks do not support the export of agricultural products. High interest rates are not conducive to farmers' financing. Agricultural products lack formal market and price risk mechanism.
At present, the export of agricultural products in Uzbekistan is mainly controlled by a few companies, scattered among Ukrainian private companies, cooperatives, foreign-funded enterprises and joint ventures. There is no systematic organizational connection between farmers and agricultural products processing plants, and the market price of products is unstable, which correspondingly causes high business risks.
(5) Competition of illegally imported agricultural products: The import of cheap agricultural products in surrounding areas, the WTO agricultural agreement and the trade arrangement of gradually reducing import tariffs between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries have all impacted Uzbekistan's already fragile agricultural products.
Although the EU has opened its market to African countries through the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and other initiatives, it is still difficult for Ukrainian products to enter the EU market due to various forms of non-tariff barriers such as quality, packaging and technology. In regional trade, member countries delay and refuse to import products for various reasons, and unilaterally understand the provisions of COMSEA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) treaty, which restricts the export of Ukrainian agricultural products.
(six) backward processing of agricultural products: backward processing of agricultural products, lack of basic conditions for production, processing, packaging and sales and expert guidance; The cleaning and preservation technology is not perfect, and there is a lack of modern mechanical equipment to improve the quantity and quality of products. Problems such as soil erosion, biodiversity, breeding improvement/productivity improvement and pest control need to be solved urgently. The lack of farmers' organizations promotes agricultural products to compete in the market.
Three. Ukrainian agricultural policy
In order to develop agriculture and eliminate poverty, Ukraine formulated the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) in 1997, and then revised it in 1999/2000, making improving agricultural production, competitiveness and income a priority in developing agriculture. This is a comprehensive policy plan to guide agricultural development. The overall goal of PEAP is to reduce the population in extreme poverty to 65,438+00% of the total population by 2065,438+07. Uzbekistan's per capita income is only $330, and its purchasing power is low. 38% of the population earn less than US$ 65,438 per day (Statistics Ukraine, 2005). From 2000 to 2003, the real income increased by only 6%. The strategic plan consists of four interrelated parts: sustainable economic development and structural reform; Quality management and safety; Increase the income of the poor; Improve the quality of life of the poor. In 2004, the plan was revised again to achieve the goal of poverty eradication by successfully developing some key areas, namely, economic management, improving competitiveness, production and income, safety and disaster management, government management and human resource development.
Most of Uzbekistan's population lives in rural areas and lives on agriculture. The success of poverty eradication depends on improving agricultural development, diversifying agricultural production and expanding non-agricultural employment. Therefore, in February 2000, Ukraine formulated the Agricultural Modernization Plan (PMA), which is a comprehensive policy to eliminate poverty through agricultural reform. The overall goal is to increase the income of Ukrainian farmers, improve the quality of life and family food safety of poor farmers, provide employment and promote the sustainable utilization and management of natural resources. PMA listed seven key areas to encourage domestic and foreign investment: (1) agricultural research and technology development; (2) agricultural consulting services; (3) Agricultural financial services; (4) agricultural education; (5) Agricultural extension and agricultural product processing; (6) sustainable natural resource management and (7) agricultural infrastructure.
In February 2005, the Ukrainian government adopted the rural development budget and medium-term plan for fiscal year 2005/06, and put forward the following measures to develop agriculture: (1) Speeding up agricultural consulting services and expanding the scope of services (from 29 districts to 37 districts); (2) Strengthen agricultural research, implement and popularize the national agricultural research system; (3) Strengthen pest control of crops and livestock; (4) Strengthen the management service and quality supervision of crops, livestock and fisheries; (5) Restore and develop a number of infrastructure, focusing on restoring the existing irrigation system, building fishing grounds, taking water from dams and farmers, and building quarantine stations. (6) Research on food storage system; (7) Establish and implement agricultural statistical system: (8) Ensure agricultural input and farmers' access to technology.
(2) Relevant suggestions
Ukraine is a landlocked country with agriculture as its main industry, and the rural population accounts for 87% of the total population. The unique natural conditions and abundant agricultural resources are rich in various cash crops, food crops, animal husbandry and fishery products, including coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, corn, fish, wood, fruits and flowers. But mainly depends on the weather, agricultural infrastructure, production technology and management are very backward. To this end, China can consider developing agricultural cooperation with Uzbekistan in the following aspects:
(1) fruit processing. At present, the processing of black fruit is limited to extracting fresh juice and selling it in the local market, including pineapple juice, mango juice, orange juice and banana juice. Most of these juices have a short shelf life, usually two months, which is not conducive to sales. The main reasons are backward processing technology and insufficient funds of the owners. Therefore, the establishment of multi-purpose and multi-variety fruit processing plants to produce concentrated and canned fruits and juices for local and foreign markets has broad commercial prospects.
(2) Dairy farming and dairy processing and preservation. Although there are some livestock farms with a certain scale in Ukraine, the common problems are: low level of breeding and management, malnutrition of livestock, few improved varieties, and lack or even no veterinarians. Therefore, China-Ukraine cooperation in introducing advanced technology and management to produce dairy cows and dairy products, especially cheese, has broad market prospects.
(3) Ukraine's rivers and lakes cover an area of 42,000 square kilometers and are rich in water resources and fishery resources. Fish products are one of the main export products of Ukraine, and the European Union is one of the main export regions of mullet products. Due to primitive fishing methods and lack of planning and management, the fishery ecological environment in Ukraine has deteriorated year by year and fishery resources have been shrinking. Therefore, the sustainable development of fishery has attracted great attention of the Ukrainian government, and it is urgent for Ukraine to speed up the scientific utilization and rational development of fishery resources. China and Ukraine can cooperate in the fishery field, adopt advanced breeding, fishing and processing technologies, increase the added value of fish products and develop the export of fish products. Table 1 Statistics of Uganda's agricultural product output in 2004-2006 (unit:) Agricultural product area (10,000 hectares) Total area (10,000 hectares) Output (10,000 kilograms/hectares) Total area (10,000 tons) Output (10,000 kilograms/hectares) Grain1 54.9277.4654438+060.524245 Sorghum+06067.242.96438+061.369.2.3038+04039.2/kloc.50089.0008000866
Table 2 Output of agricultural products (unit: ton) Total output of agricultural products in 2006 1 tobacco and beverage tobacco 3 1.4 1.3 million coffee1.581.10 million tea 37.734 million juice drinks 65.438+. 870 metric tons of pork 18000 metric tons of poultry 18540 metric tons of eggs, 200000 metric tons of fish products, 43480036000 sorghum, 493000 chestnuts, 692000 corn 1285000 rice 170. 5 1 1000 Potato 6 12000 Cassava 49270003 Fresh fruits (pineapple, banana, mango, papaya) 3000004 Vegetables 2047505 Sugar 1880006.