Poor and backward words
Often use uncommon idioms.
Ancient idioms in the 1930s
G not gōng sound after Joan's ear
Construction of some formal idioms
Commentator: Exquisite and wonderful.
Idioms unrelated to words
French abbreviation; As predicate and object; Include praise
one
This proposition is not sudden, but has a deep foundation, and its direct source is Han Yu's theory of "injustice makes a sound". Han Yu said in "Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye", "When everything is uneven, the sound: the vegetation is silent and the wind is blowing; The silence of water is the sound of the wind. It jumps or is excited; Its potential is also, or do it; It boils, or barbecues. The silence of the stone is still the sound of a blow. The same is true of human words. People who want to speak before speaking, their songs are also thoughtful, … "[2] He believes that literary works are mainly produced by unfair thoughts and feelings, and this" inevitable "or" unfair "thoughts and feelings come from the reality of the material world, or unfair life experience. This has become the real motive force of literary creation. Only when there is more "injustice" will the voice "sound" more beautiful and moving. Han Yu further elaborated in another article, A Pure Talk on Singing and Poetry Preface: "The voice of husband and peace is weak, the voice of sorrow is wonderful, the words of joy are hard to work, and the words of poverty are easy to be good. It is an article, always in the wilderness; If the princes and nobles are full of ambition and poor in performance, they will be overwhelmed. " [3] So this
Is it the source of the theory of "being poor before working"? We say no, there are many theories close to the theory of "work first and then be poor". At the same time as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan drew his own conclusions from the deeds and theories of Qu Yuan and Sima Qian. "Sages can't aspire to the present, but must take something more expensive than the future. Ancient writers are also." [4] Tessa is frustrated in the contemporary era and cannot live in the world. Then he vented this frustrated poverty and pain into his literary works. His works will also be frustrated in the contemporary era and it is difficult to walk in the world. But the development of history will never bury real gold forever. Looking at the excellent works in the history of ancient and modern literature, most of them aroused their interest in creation because of frustration, and eventually became masterpieces through the ages.
Even from Du Li, the twin star of the Tang Dynasty, we can see the shadow of "poverty and backwardness". If both Li Bai and Du Fu are politically smooth and prosperous, then there are probably two great writers missing in the history of literature. The well-known "poets should beware of prosperity" and "poets' sadness" are incisive summaries of their understanding of this complex life. In fact, this is very similar to Ouyang Xiu's theory of "thinking about change when you are poor".
Zhong Rong said in the preface to poetry: "Jiahui will send poems to relatives and leave poems to blame." As for Chen Chu's defection to the country, Han Yu resigned and entered the palace; Or the bones are horizontal, and the soul is chasing the canopy; Or negative Ge Waishu, killing the public side, stuffing the guest's clothes list, widowed tears; Or a scholar goes out to the DPRK and never returns; Women have young moths in favor, and then look forward to dumping the country; How can all kinds of responses, the soul of feeling, and non-Chen poems show their meaning? Why not Long song? Therefore, it is said that' poetry can be resentful'. It is nothing more than poetry to let the poor and disabled live a comfortable and secluded life. [5] Here Zhong Rong explains the causes of poetry from two aspects: scenery, climate and personal experience, but still emphasizes personal injustice, personal "resentment", "poverty" and "feeling the soul" of injustice, which actually still belongs to the category of "injustice makes sound" and "poverty makes workers lag behind". But this is still not the source of this theory.
Many scholars point out that the source of this theory is Sima Qian's theory of "writing books with anger", "Wang Wen was arrested and performed Zhouyi; Zhong You wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and has "Mandarin"; The ruler of the revised version of Sun Tzu's Art of War; It's not Shu, but Lu Lan. Han Fei imprisoned Qin, Difficult and Lonely Anger; There are 300 poems, which are generally attributed to the angry actions of sages. This man has a sense of stagnation, so he can't understand his way. So, he tells the past and thinks about new people. For example, Zuo Qiu has no eyes, and his grandson has a broken foot, so he can't use it. He retired to discuss the book strategy to relieve his anger and think empty words to see himself. " [6] Some people think that there should be a difference between the theory of "writing books with indignation" and the theory of "working after poverty". [7] But the author thinks that there are many similarities between "chasing after" and "writing in anger". The premise of "anger" lies in the harsh living environment and painful life experience. Isn't this "poverty"? The difference between the two is that "writing a book with anger" is intentional; The creation of "injustice will sound" and "poverty and backwardness" is unintentional and natural, but it is undeniable that there are also "intentional" elements here.
Mencius Gao Zi Xia is the reason why heaven came to Sri Lanka. We must first suffer their minds, their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies and confuse their actions. Therefore, we should be patient and have the ability to help them. "[8] Mencius said that in a very broad sense, the reason why people achieve great things is that they must go through some hardships first, which basically belongs to the truth that" adversity makes talents ". But it also makes sense in literature. Tracing back to the ancestor of the theory of "working in poverty", some people think it should be traced back to the Book of Changes. Mr. Huang Lixing pointed out that a few words in the Book of Changes, such as "those who write the Book of Changes are worried" and "its name also ... means evil in the decline of the world", all proved that the Book of Changes is a book of worries. "Worry about Yi" and "Worry about Books" are the views held by Yi-ology scholars since the Han Dynasty. These words were quoted by Ouyang Xiu in Ten Books, Jing Zhiyi or Wen, and clearly pointed out that they were "the words of saints". From this, it can be concluded that Ouyang Xiu naturally agrees with the saying that "it is easy to worry about books" since he is sure that this is a sage's statement. Of course, it can be recognized that Yi is the originator of the theory of "injustice makes a sound" and "poverty and backwardness". [9]
Since Ouyang Xiu clearly put forward the viewpoint of "poverty first, then work later", many scholars and literati repeatedly expounded it in the Song Dynasty. Chen Shidao, Lu You, Fang Yue, Chen Yu, etc. Are discussed in detail. After the Song Dynasty, many literati enjoyed it even more. The Collected Works of Jue Fei Zhai by Ming Ren Jin is a very detailed and profound collection.
"Poor poetry is a work. I trust my friend Liang Zi Sun Jun. Zi Liangxi became the first scholar in imperial academy, and he traveled.
You've never been at odds. At that time, among the generations living in the industry, the name of the poem was not mentioned. Thirty years later, I have no depression.
Chat, stay angry, start with poetry, and then start with poetry. ..... In the meantime, I climbed to the ancient times, dumbfounded, and I don't remember anything.
Not in the form of irony. Sadness, no resentment at work, admirable reading. However, Liang Zi's poetry, believe it or not,
Because of poverty. It is natural that my husband is poor and knows the world. "[ 10]
This emotional exposition is really a confidant talk. It is because of poverty that the creator has a brand-new and profound experience of life and society. After being poor, literati first experience their own experiences, then put themselves in their own shoes and experience life, and finally realize the sincerity of heaven and earth, so as to understand the essence of life. Then, all new spiritual experiences that have never been experienced are naturally revealed, and become "starting with poetry and then starting with poetry" and "reading is amazing". Zhao Yi's famous sentence "The unfortunate poet of the country is fortunate, and it is convenient to give it to the vicissitudes of life". [1 1] Chen Tingzhuo also said in "White Jade Zhai Thorn": "Poetry is poor and backward, so is the sound. Therefore, fairy words are not as good as ghost words, sadness is melancholy, and joy is simple. " [ 12]
two
As can be seen from the above discussion, many writers and scholars in the history of China's literary criticism have made a profound and detailed study on this topic from many angles. The understanding of "poverty" includes Ouyang Xiu, Han Yu and Sima Qian. Up to now, the views are basically the same, generally biased towards objective environment, especially material factors, such as poor living environment, hard living conditions, bumpy career path and so on. The author believes that the understanding of "poverty" should be broader, not limited to a single level of material.
It can be said that the literature of "hard struggle", the literature that can be passed down from generation to generation, the literary works with strong ideological and artistic qualities, and the literary works that can deeply impress people are almost all "poor and backward", and almost all their creators have experienced an extremely poor process. It can be said that without the experience of poverty, people will not create good literary works, or that good literary works all come from poverty. Borrowing the lyrics of a popular song is "How can I see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain?" However, "poverty" means more than material things. "Poverty" in Poor and Backward Workers refers to "poverty", but this "poverty" is not limited to the material level, but also includes the spiritual level.
As far as the material level is concerned, it can be mainly divided into two situations: First, the creator is originally poor, and it can be said that he has been down and out all his life, and he has never been and will never be faithful. But no matter how hard life is, the creator's love for literary creation is always the same. They integrate their understanding of life into their works, thus creating good literature and "works" literature. Typical representatives are Meng Jiao and Jia Dao.
Life in Meng Jiao is terrible. He tried many times in his early years and became a scholar at the age of forty-six. However, he sank into the next life, poor to death. In Meng Jiao's life, "poverty is chaos, and poverty is skinny." . Autumn is tired and hanging, and the eyebrows are always poor. " [13] So many of his poems are a true portrayal of the poor life situation, such as Autumn: "The autumn moon is ice-colored, and the old customers are single-minded. Coody Leng's dream was shattered, and the cold wind combed his bones. The sick line is printed on the seat, and the intestines turn to worry. Doubt is unfounded, and empty listening is groundless. The phoenix tree is withered and towering, and the sound is like a funeral bomb. When you are old and sick, you worry about it. " [14] These poems not only describe his bleak evening scene of poverty and illness, but also describe the ruthlessness of the world. Others, such as "eating intestines is bitter, but singing is bitter." "If going out is an obstacle, who says the world is wide?" (For Cui Chunliang) [15] "Borrow furniture, but the furniture is not as good as the car" ("Borrow the car"), [16] "Blowing clouds makes the sun uncertain, and it is too warm to stand up straight" ("Give charcoal to friends"), [17] can all use simple words. His poems are a true record of his poor life.
Jia Dao's experience is similar to that of Meng Jiao. He became a monk in his early years. Later, he came to Luo Jing to meet Han Yu, so he returned to the secular world and was promoted to Jinshi. However, his career was bumpy all his life, and he only worked as a small official in the Yangtze River. In Jia Dao's poems, there is the anguish of seeking an official position. "How can I live in the emperor's hometown without the first empty bag?" (Xia Di) [18] But most of them are content with their bleak and lonely life situation. He replaced life with poetry. "If you don't write a poem for a day, your heart is like an abandoned well" (playing for friends). [19] For a person who lives at the bottom of society, life itself is already a very difficult thing, but in the minds of literati, it is natural to look for sustenance or relief. Although Jia Dao's achievements in poetry creation are not great, he regards it as the first priority in life, which is really commendable. Meng Jiao and Jia Dao have similar life circumstances and creative styles, and their predecessors rated them as "skinny in the suburbs". Isn't their writing style based on and closely related to poor life, the most typical example of "working after poverty"? It can be said that if the life of Meng Jiao and Jia Dao is smooth sailing, will there still be such poems in the history of literature, which describe the life of the poor in such a true and meticulous way and reflect their life psychology?
Ouyang Xiu said in "Poems on June 1st": "Meng Jiao and Jia Dao both died of poor poetry, and they were especially proud of their poor poems all their lives. There is a poem in Meng's "Migration":' Borrowing car furniture is not as good as car furniture.' But there's nothing in it. "Xie Ren Tan Hui" goes:' Warm up and bend straight. People can't say that unless they are ready to taste it. Jia Yun: "Although there is silk in the sideburns, it is difficult to knit cold clothes." Just knitting, can you get geometric figures? There is another poem in "Chao Hunger":' If you sit in the Qin Dynasty, you will freeze two or three strings.' People say that they are not only hungry but also cold. [20] yue: "Meng Jiao yashan plows water, and Jia Dao is extremely poor without pay and rice. His poems are lofty and touching. " "People who write poems and compositions will never enter the holy land without years of poverty and sorrow. "[2 1]) This really hits the nail on the head.
In the second case, the original life of the creator is extremely comfortable, and some of them can even be said to enjoy the prosperity of the world. However, due to external and internal reasons, it is like a skyscraper falling apart in an instant. Originally wealthy families became poor and homeless overnight. This situation is also very common in the history of literature. Typical examples are Li Yu and Cao Xueqin. They used to be children of kings and nobles, and they also created literature in the past, but most of their works at that time were temporary works. However, once they fall to the bottom of society, all kinds of human suffering will be exhausted. In such a huge contrast, their inherent creative potential is stimulated, thus creating excellent literary works.
When Li Yu ascended the throne in 96 1 year, Zhou Jianguo had been replaced by Song Dynasty, and the situation in Southern Tang Dynasty was even more precarious. He lived a quiet life for more than ten years in the process of seeking perfection from Song, and he also indulged in debauchery. Many of his early writings are devoted to the luxurious life in his palace, which is fascinating, such as "Huanxisha": "The red sun is three feet high, the golden stove adds fragrance to the beast, and the red brocade lichen wrinkles with each step. Beauty dances with golden hairpin, wine is not good for smelling flowers, and flute and drum in other halls. " [22] After the Southern Tang Dynasty was destroyed by the Song Dynasty, it was captured to Bianjing and was labeled as "disobedient". In fact, he was treated as a prisoner and has been depressed. Finally, in Chinese Valentine's Day in 978, he was poisoned by Song Taizong. Li Yu's great transformation from a ruler in the Southern Tang Dynasty to a prisoner obviously influenced his creation. In a short period of two years, Li Yu created the words that best represented his achievements and established his position in the field of ci. "The sunset is infinitely beautiful and buried by the coming night" is even more precious because of its brevity. In the last two years, he watered it with his own blood, tears and even life, so it was the most beautiful. As we all know, Yu Meiren, Langtaosha, etc. Are popular works written in this period. Therefore, the author believes that although Li Yu became a prisoner after the national subjugation in the Southern Tang Dynasty, his creation in this period made him re-enter the throne of the emperor-"the emperor in the word". If the Southern Tang Dynasty did not perish, it can be said with certainty that Li Yu's creation can only be a continuation of the late Tang Dynasty's ci style, not to mention any creation and development at all.
Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions, which was "read for ten years and added and deleted five times". In his own words, "full of absurd words, a bitter tear." Dou Yun's author is stupid, who knows the taste? "Isn't this short poem a profound sigh from the author after experiencing great wealth, great wealth and great poverty? If he has been living in a warm country and rich fields, and has no poor life experience, how can he create such a world-famous super masterpiece-A Dream of Red Mansions? Strictly speaking, it's only most, but it's already great, and it's really a miracle in the history of world literature. Dialectically, they can achieve so much, and if they only have poor experiences, they can't create good literary works. The previous life was a performance of a character, and most of it was a kind of confusion and confusion. Later life made the creators look back, mostly sober and sharp. Mr. Lu Xun once said that pain is not a dream, but there is no way to go after waking up. Only these two extreme life experiences and earth-shattering contrast can the creators have a deep understanding of life and society and produce earth-shattering and extremely beautiful works.
Generally speaking, the first situation is more, but as far as the achievements of literary creation are concerned, there are few real masterpieces. The second situation is less, but there are often earth-shattering and tear-jerking legendary works. One of them is simple and direct, and the other is complex and profound. Because the writer in the second case has more experience than the writer in the first case, and has a more painful and profound understanding of social life under the great contrast. It is difficult for a writer in the first case to reach this depth, because a simple or monotonous life can't edify that terrible profundity.
three
In addition to the theoretical analysis of "poverty" in the material level, let's talk about the understanding of "poverty" in the spiritual level. The living environment of some creators has changed greatly. But there is no material influence, and the living standard has not decreased, but has improved. After some changes, it can be said that it has changed from "poor" to "up". Mentally, there is no joy, only all kinds of unpredictable and unspeakable pain. This kind of pain is due to the disappearance or partial disappearance of individual subjectivity, independence and freedom. Independent personality is severely restricted by external forces. The reason for this situation is that the fierce competition between two opposing political parties or two major power groups has changed the nationality, identity, status or normal physical condition of individuals. At the beginning, with the continuous development of society, the national strength was stronger than that of Shu and Wu. But at this time, people's spiritual environment is not free, especially those intellectuals who have their own ideas. Under the pressure of external forces, people must bow to one side, give up their original position or change their original attitude. It's hard to stay out of it. This is the reason for the appearance of Wei and Jin demeanor, not because of internal desire but because of external strong suppression. People who live in a relaxed environment are happy. They are free to express their feelings and personality. Writers living in this era are relatively free and energetic. The style of literature is also colorful. For example, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. However, in the fierce competition between the two power groups, people in the Zhengshi period changed their normal lives, which was a period of "poverty" in the spirit of the whole era. Spiritual poverty has led to the emergence of distinctive "work" literature. People's evaluation of literature in this period is introverted, hazy, obscure and tortuous. This is aimed at the whole period, and as far as writers are concerned, the typical representatives of this situation are Sima Qian, Cai Yan, Yu Xin and so on.
The Historical Records written by Sima Qian can be said to be an unprecedented masterpiece. Sima Qian's creation has three advantages: he was born in a historian's family and wandered for three times in his youth, which was troubled by Li Ling. If the third condition is removed, he can certainly write Historical Records, but he will never write the Historical Records we see today. Sima Qian suffered the misfortune of Li Ling and was severely punished by castration. After he was released from prison, Sima Qian was promoted to secretariat. Although his official position is higher than that of a surname, he is just a "dismissed official" and a "famous prostitute", just like an official, so it is easier to arouse his memory of being humiliated. He "sweats every time he thinks of shame." [23] For such a great shame, Sima Qian has been filled with indignation, swallowed his anger and poured his anger into this history book. There is a passage in Inferiority and Transcendence: "Inferiority caused by physical defects or other reasons can not only destroy a person, but also make people degenerate or suffer from mental illness. On the other hand, it can also make people work hard to make up for their weaknesses. " The book also says, "People who try to overcome physical or external environmental difficulties have made many new contributions and progress. Struggle makes them strong and makes them brave. " [24] It was because of this great change that he had a new understanding of the supreme ruler and a deep understanding of the bleak world at that time. The greatest motivation to support his life is to complete a masterpiece of "studying the relationship between man and nature, linking the changes of ancient and modern times, and starting a family." He poured his life experience, views on life and society, and unspeakable emotions into this book, so Historical Records became a lyrical book. So Mr. Lu Xun called it "Li Sao without rhyme"
In the Three Kingdoms, Cai Yan was kidnapped by Huns, forced to marry Zuo, and gave birth to two sons. It should be said that her life is superior. If she is not a scholarly family, but an ordinary peasant woman, life should be very happy. But she is a noble family and a talented woman. She has her own value pursuit and cultural choice. At the same time, she has an ordinary mother's side, so she has blood and tears. Yu Xin was demoted to the north, with extremely short position and extremely short power. However, his heart is very painful and tormented. This kind of suffering includes "loyalty" and "disloyalty", living habits and customs, and missing relatives in hometown and country. These complicated and tangled things can make people lose sleep. Although living conditions are much better now than in the past, life in the past was not really fun. It can be said that there is a standard of living, but no quality of life. "Quality" refers to the repressed spirit. They all turned this complicated and painful life experience into literary and touching "love stories" and "love poems". The "poverty" here is not material poverty in the general sense, but spiritual poverty. Mr. Tong Qingbing said that "poverty" refers to the poet's bumpy life experience and the emotional experience of life such as pain and anxiety associated with this experience. [25] Obviously, "poverty" includes both material and spiritual aspects.
Poverty is a writer's misfortune, but it is also a literary blessing. From the psychology of literary creation, it is precisely because of the "poverty" in material spirit that people's hearts can often be stimulated and their hidden potential can be activated, thus erupting into passionate and sad creative power, making it a strange article that will be told through the ages. Because of the "poverty" in material spirit, the creator experiences all kinds of unspeakable pain, which is very important for the writer. Sun Shaozhen said: "As one of the most active internal information, pain can awaken or activate emotional memory and unconsciousness, because the pain center is dominant and consumes a lot of information. When it is released again through the intermediary of energy conversion, it is easier to reach the threshold of activating emotional memory and unconsciousness. " Therefore, it "prepares favorable conditions for the optimal construction of writers' psychological quality". [26] Mr. Tong Qingbing also made a detailed analysis from the perspective of creative psychology. He divided people's experience into two types. One is rich experience, which mainly refers to the emotional experience of happiness and satisfaction brought by the smooth and happy career, love and family. One is the lack of experience, that is, the emotional experience of pain and anxiety caused by the failure of career, the loss of love, the misfortune of life and the failure to realize potential. He believes that the poet's lack of experience is a unique lifestyle and lifestyle, which reflects people's real lifestyle and lifestyle. In a sense, the poet's "poverty" is the poet's "wealth". It is in poverty that the poet has accumulated the deepest, most substantial and most unique emotion. It is this tearful emotion that pushes the poet to the road of creation with strong power. "[27] Whether they are poor all their lives, or they get rich first and then become poor, their life experiences all lead to the same goal. The first kind is simple and full of resentment. The second is the creator's profound understanding and understanding of life and society under the strong and earth-shattering contrast before and after. From the material point of view, many of the "poor" in the spiritual level are still poor first, and the "spirit" has been baptized with pain first. No matter what the circumstances, writers are thoroughly remoulded by the "poverty" environment of material and spirit, so that writers can deeply understand the cold world and warm human feelings, and further understand nature, the world and the true self. The touching point of literary works lies in human existence, feelings and the writer's personality. It is precisely because of their profound understanding that the literary works created by the creators after "poverty" are often more touching, thus making the works more "creative". The life of the "poor" is very unfortunate for the writer personally, but it is literary luck for the reader. It can be said that their works are flowers, flower of life watered with sweat and painstaking efforts, and flower of life's brilliance is the result of the writers' hard work in the muddy and embarrassing material or spiritual life.