The basic methods described in this paper are all for one purpose, that is, to look less (to reduce the time of turning over the picture, looking at the picture and looking over other budget materials) and to calculate less (to avoid repeated calculation) in order to achieve the purpose of calculating the engineering quantity quickly.
A, the calculation method of engineering quantity
1. Learn to read pictures-read pictures program.
(1) Familiarize yourself with the functions of the proposed project: after you get the drawings, you should first understand what the functions of the project are, then associate some basic dimensions and decoration, and finally read the architectural description to familiarize yourself with the decoration of the project.
(2) Be familiar with and review the plane dimensions of the project: Generally, the construction drawing of a construction project has three dimensions, the first dimension is the detail dimension, the second dimension is the inter-axis dimension, and the third dimension is the general dimension. Check whether the sum of the first dimension is equal to the second dimension, and whether the sum of the second dimension is equal to the third dimension. Read the dimensions of the engineering plan, first understand the construction scheme, then understand the construction scheme of this floor, and finally understand the construction drawings of water, electricity and air conditioning installation, equipment technology and secondary decoration, and check whether they are consistent.
(3) Familiar with and review the project elevation dimensions: General construction drawings include elevation drawings, sectional elevation drawings and stair section drawings, all of which have information on the project elevation dimensions; The elevation of this floor is generally marked on the building plan and construction plan; In the beam table, there is generally beam surface elevation; The details of foundation and other details are also marked with elevation.
(4) Check the error-prone areas in the construction drawing for errors: After getting familiar with the dimensions of the construction project, check the error-prone areas in the construction drawing for errors.
(5) Review whether the original construction drawing has been improved: mainly from three aspects: it is beneficial to the project construction, to ensure the quality of the building and to make the project beautiful.
2. Learn to read pictures-the skills of reading pictures
(1) Revise the drawings: First, according to the contents of the joint review of drawings and the notice of design change, modify and revise the whole set of construction drawings. Continuing to modify the construction drawing can avoid many repetitive tasks, such as changing the drawings afterwards and changing the calculated data of the calculated quantities.
(2) Rough drawing: This drawing method can also be called "browsing" the whole set of construction drawings to achieve the following purposes:
A. understand the basic situation of the project;
B. general knowledge of engineering materials and practices;
C. Understand whether there is a steel bar list, a concrete member list and a door and window list in the drawing;
D. understand the representation method of construction drawing.
(3) Key points of drawings: The scope of drawings is mainly the "three major drawings" and "design description" of buildings;
A. The height difference between indoor and outdoor buildings, so as to use this data when calculating the quantities of foundation and indoor excavation and filling;
B whether the corresponding engineering contents such as building height, wall, floor, doors and windows change due to different floors or paragraphs.
Second, the engineering quantity calculation skills
1. Calculation basis and compilation of civil engineering quantity
Don't rush to calculate the engineering quantity before you see the drawings. First, classify the construction drawings, divide the architectural drawings and structural drawings into two parts, read the construction drawings carefully, and take notes when necessary.
2. The doors and windows hole statistics first.
The materials, specifications and positions of doors and windows are clearly counted, and the area of each door and window and the area of its position are calculated in the form of available tables, laying a good foundation for future work. It can be said that the quantities of doors and windows have also come out. When calculating masonry and painting, if it is necessary to buckle the openings of doors and windows, it can be found in the door and window table, so that it will not be found separately, which reduces the trouble and improves the calculation speed.
3. Statistics of concrete members in engineering projects
Quantity, specification, concrete grade, number of floors and whether beams, plates and columns are embedded in the wall, etc. The purpose of this is to reduce the number of times to look at the drawings, and the other is to facilitate later search and verification. If it is a concrete member embedded in the wall, the embedded position should be clearly marked, which can be deducted directly when calculating the wall.
4. Reinforcement calculation tips
When calculating a reinforced concrete member or concrete part, the reinforcement of this part should be calculated at the same time as the engineering quantity, but the engineering quantity and reinforcement must be separated, and there should be two calculation grass bottoms, one is the calculation grass bottom of reinforcement, and the other is the grass bottom of engineering quantity, and the component number, reinforcement quantity and stirrup spacing where reinforcement is located should be clearly marked.
Three, the use of various base calculation skills of quantities
When calculating the engineering quantity, we must first calculate several basic cardinality. If the cardinality calculation is accurate, it will facilitate the application in the calculation of engineering quantity in the future, and also improve the speed of calculating engineering quantity. The cardinal number mainly has "three lines and two sides".
(1) Two sides: one side is the building area of each unit project, including the building area above the ground floor and the ancillary building area, and the other side is the horizontal area of the wall, including the inner wall and the outer wall. Their calculation is mainly based on the construction drawings and the calculation rules of budget quota of construction projects. This data can be used for the calculation of floor and ceiling paint.
(2) Three lines: the outer line, the middle line and the inner line of the outer wall. When calculating the third line, it must be calculated accurately according to the construction drawing, otherwise the calculated quantities will be incorrect. Exterior wall outer line is used to calculate the cardinal number of exterior wall decoration and exterior wall shelf. The center line of the exterior wall is the basis for calculating the masonry and foundation of the exterior wall, and the interior line of the exterior wall is the basis for calculating the interior painting.
1. Clear the long lines of the interior wall.
Mainly calculate the foundation of interior wall masonry, interior wall painting and interior wall shelf. It mainly includes the net long line of the interior wall above the foundation and the net long line of the foundation, which should be calculated separately.
2. Outside the balcony line
The outer line of the balcony can be calculated according to the construction drawings and different specifications, and can be used to calculate the quantities of masonry, painting and balcony handrails in the future.
3. Height calculation
According to the construction drawings, the height of each floor should be calculated separately, and different heights should be listed, such as the first floor, standard floor and top floor. In addition, it is necessary to calculate the indoor and outdoor height difference and the buried depth of the foundation.
Fourth, reasonable arrangement of calculation sequence is also a skill to calculate engineering quantity quickly.
Reasonable arrangement of engineering quantity calculation sequence is one of the keys to calculate engineering quantity quickly and accurately. When calculating the engineering quantity, some projects are interrelated. If the calculation sequence is not properly arranged, some data will be calculated repeatedly, which will increase the calculation workload and slow down the calculation speed.
The principle of arranging the calculation order of engineering quantity is to look at drawings and materials as little as possible in order to be quick and convenient. For general projects, the calculation order of divisional quantities should be underground first, above ground first, main body first, decoration first, internal first and external first. When calculating the construction and decoration parts, the calculation order should also be arranged reasonably.
1. When calculating the building part, it should be calculated in the order of foundation engineering, earthwork engineering, concrete engineering, wooden doors and windows engineering and masonry engineering, but not in the order of fixed chapters, otherwise some projects will be calculated repeatedly, thus wasting a lot of time.
For example, we first calculated the volume of beams and columns and the area of doors and windows in concrete engineering. Then, when it is necessary to deduct the volume of concrete members and the volume of doors and windows in the wall in the calculation of masonry engineering, we can use the previously calculated volume of beams, columns and doors and windows. When using these figures, we should pay attention to two problems. First, it depends on whether concrete members such as beams and columns are in the calculated wall. If they are in the wall, they will be deducted. Otherwise, it will not be deducted. Second, when the width of beams and columns is different from the thickness of the wall, that is, when the beams and columns are not completely in the wall, they can only be partially deducted, but not the volume of the whole concrete member. Similarly, when calculating backfill and earthwork transportation, the volume of brick foundation can also be used for later calculation.
Of course, there are certain sequential skills when calculating the quantities of each division. For example, when calculating the time division of the concrete engineering department, we should use bottom-up, the order of concrete, formwork and steel bar first, calculate by layers, count by layers, and finally summarize. Masonry engineering can be calculated by layers as a whole, and the quantity of each layer can be calculated by "zero deduction".
2. When calculating the decorative part, the floor, ceiling and back wall should be taken first.
The advantage of calculating the ground engineering quantity first is that the area of the ground can be used to calculate the area of the flat roof and the inclined roof. When calculating the area of a wall excluding doors, windows and holes, you can use the previously calculated area. When calculating the plastering amount by room, it is worth noting that the area of the same door and window should be deducted twice.
3. When calculating precast concrete members, it should be calculated according to the construction sequence of precast members.
According to the rules of engineering quantity calculation, the loss of precast concrete members should be calculated during manufacture, transportation and installation. Therefore, when calculating precast concrete members, we first calculate the budget according to the construction drawing, then calculate the quantities of production, transportation and installation in turn according to the loss rate specified in the quota, and finally calculate the quantities of joint filling of precast members. Using this sequential calculation, not only the calculation is fast and accurate, but also the scientific calculation items of prefabricated components can be ensured without missing items.
Five, the use of "two tables" (precast concrete member table, door and window table) calculation skills.
1. List of precast concrete members.
This table is mainly used to count and calculate the concrete quantity of precast concrete members and the quantity of steel bars and templates. When calculating, each drawing should be listed separately in the order of structural construction drawing to avoid missing items. When calculating the structural engineering quantity, it is advisable to calculate and fill in the corresponding form at one time, and pay attention to mark the corresponding position so as to deduct it when calculating the corresponding wall engineering quantity. Among them, the prefabricated components of the same model are calculated only once, and the number of layers and the total number of layers of the components are calculated. (Table of precast concrete members is omitted)
2. Doors and windows tables.
This form should be filled in before calculating the main project. According to the characteristics of design drawings, the number, single area, total area, model, material and practice of all kinds of doors and windows are listed, and the number and area of each layer and different wall thickness positions are listed respectively, which is used to calculate the engineering quantity of internal and external wall masonry and plastering.
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