Psychoanalysis theory, also known as psychoanalysis theory, is the cornerstone of modern psychology, and psychoanalysis has a stable position in the field of psychological services. Then let's look at psychoanalysis theory and psychoanalysis theory.
Psychoanalysis Theory and Psychoanalysis Theory 1 Psychoanalysis belongs to a technical school of psychology, which includes many techniques, such as short-term therapy, cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, Satya's parent-child relationship, hypnosis and so on.
Psychoanalysis is the official beginning of the whole psychological consultation and treatment, and Freud is the originator of today's psychological counselors. Before 1980s, psychoanalysis had a solid position in the field of psychological service. With the development of behaviorism, humanism and cognitive psychology, the position of psychoanalysis in psychological counseling began to waver, but this does not mean the decline of psychoanalysis.
Because each school has certain defects, today's psychological counselors often use them flexibly on the basis of absorbing the advantages of various methods (psychoanalysis is still an important method), so as to better serve people's hearts.
Psychology is a science that studies the laws of people's psychological activities. Psychologists are only indirectly observing, studying or thinking about people's psychological processes (including feeling, perception, attention, memory, thinking, imagination and speech) according to scientific methods as far as possible. What is the difference between people? Why is there such a difference? That is, a person's character or personality, including needs and motivation, ability, temperament, personality and self-awareness. , so as to draw a general conclusion applicable to human beings.
Psychology is a science that studies the psychological phenomena, psychological functions and behaviors of people and animals. It is not only a theoretical discipline, but also an applied discipline. Including theoretical psychology and applied psychology.
Psychological research involves many fields such as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, interpersonal relationship and so on, and it is also related to many fields of daily life-family, education, health and so on. On the one hand, psychology tries to explain the basic behavior and psychological function of individuals with brain operation;
At the same time, psychology also tries to explain the role of individual psychological function in social behavior and social motivation; At the same time, it is also related to neuroscience, medicine, biology and other sciences, because the physiological functions discussed in these sciences will affect the mind of individuals.
The purpose of psychologists engaged in basic research is to describe, explain, predict and control behavior. Applied psychologists also have a fifth purpose-to improve the quality of human life. These goals form the basis of psychology.
Psychoanalysis is a method of treating neurosis founded by Austrian medical scientist S Floyd. The central concept of his theory is unconsciousness; Desires and conflicts that do not conform to social norms are suppressed, and they still affect consciousness unconsciously, which can be manifested as neurotic symptoms.
Psychoanalysis theory and psychoanalysis theory 2 Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and treatment techniques related to the study of unconscious mind, which isomorphically form a method for treating mental diseases. The discipline was founded by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud in the early 1990s (65438-2009), partly due to the clinical work of Joseph Brewer and others.
Freud first used the term psychoanalysis in 1896 (French). Die Traumdeutung, regarded by Freud as "the most important work", appeared in1899165438+10.
Psychoanalysis later developed in different directions, mainly for Freud's students, such as alfred adler and Karl Gustav Rong [a] and neo-Freudians, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Harris Talisha. Freud reserved the term psychoanalysis for his own school.
The basic principles of psychoanalysis include:
A person's development is determined by events that are often forgotten in childhood, not just genetic characteristics;
Human behavior and cognition depend on the instinctive drive rooted in the unconscious to a great extent;
Trying to bring these driving forces into consciousness will trigger resistance, especially repression, in the form of defense mechanism;
The conflict between conscious and unconscious substances may lead to mental disorders, such as neurosis, nervousness, anxiety and depression;
Unconscious substances can be found in dreams and unintentional behaviors, including affectation and tongue-slipping;
Through therapeutic intervention, this substance is brought into conscious thinking and liberated from unconscious influence;
"The core of psychoanalysis process" is transfer. Patients relive their baby conflicts by projecting and analyzing feelings of love, dependence and anger.
During psychoanalytic meetings, it usually lasts 50 minutes, ideally 4-5 times a week.
The patient ("analyst") may lie on the sofa, and the analyst often sits in the back out of sight. Patients express their thoughts, including free association, fantasy and dreams, from which analysts infer unconscious conflicts that lead to patients' symptoms and personality problems. By analyzing these conflicts, including explaining empathy and anti-empathy (the analyst's feelings towards the patient), the analyst faces the patient's pathological defense to help the patient gain insight.
Psychoanalysis is a controversial subject, and its effectiveness as a science is questioned. Nevertheless, it still has a strong influence in psychiatry, and it is still stronger in some aspects than others.
With the increasing application of cognitive behavioral therapy in evidence-based medicine, the proportion of Freudian psychoanalysts has declined. [1 1] The concept of psychoanalysis is also widely used outside the field of therapy, such as psychoanalytic literary criticism and the analysis of cultural phenomena such as movies and fairy tales.
Psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalytic theory 3. Freud's psychological development view;
personality structure
Freud believed that a person's personality consists of three levels of components, namely, ID, ego and superego. Personal behavior is the result of mutual restriction and interaction of three components.
The ID is composed of human innate instinct and basic desire, and it is the most primitive and inaccessible part of personality. The id is governed by the principle of happiness and acts according to it. Its purpose is to maximize happiness and reduce pain.
The ego is between the id and reality, and its function is not only to meet the basic needs of the id, but also to control and restrain the excessive impulse of the id. The ego can only get the happiness allowed by the outside world and reality, and at the same time protect the individual from the blind impulse of the ego. The ego follows the principle of reality, which is conscious and rational.
Superego is the conscience in personality. Ideally, it represents social ethics and a defender who strives for perfection to supervise self-action. The superego follows the ideal principle.
Personality development stage
Freud believed that the basic driving force of personality development is human instinct, especially sexual instinct, which is manifested as a kind of strength, that is, human universal energy. This kind of energy and strength is called "libido", and some body parts where libido is concentrated are' important areas' for the body to get pleasure. Libido is projected into these areas in a unique stage sequence, which makes it the excitement center of children in turn and promotes the corresponding stages of personality development.
(1) Oral phase (0- 1 year)
The sexy area is the mouth, so parents should meet their children's basic needs and feed them in time, rather than weaning them prematurely, otherwise it will easily lead to oral personality, which may be unsatisfied or over-satisfied, and sexual desire may be fixed in the mouth.
⑵ Anal period (1-3 years old)
When sexual desire is transferred to the anus, children will have pleasure when defecating and controlling defecation, and often have a passive impulse. Defecation according to one's own will is the main means to satisfy sexual instinct.
(3) Sexual organ stage or genital stage (3-6 years old)
Libido is transferred to genitals, children get pleasure from stimulating genitals, and boys will have Oedipus complex.
⑷ incubation period (5 ~ 6- 12 years old)
Libido entered a relatively quiet period. The typical characteristics of children in this period are lack of interest in sex, clear boundaries between men and women, and children mainly play with same-sex partners. This situation continues until adolescence, and the superego develops further.
(5) Growth period (about 12-20 years old)
The child's impulse and energy to calm down in the early stage are revived, and his interest in sex is also high. At this stage, the important task of an individual is to get rid of the control of his parents, establish his own independent life, seek the friendship of his peers, and strive to establish a long-term and stable sexual relationship.
Second, Eriksson's theory of psychological development
Eriksson believes that development is influenced by biological, cultural and social factors. Development is a process of overcoming crisis. Life can be divided into eight stages, and development is a process of overcoming crisis. Life can be divided into eight stages, and each stage has a major crisis.
1. Trust and distrust in infancy (0-2 years old)
The main task of psychological development is to form a sense of trust, overcome distrust and experience the realization of hope.
2. Early childhood (2-4 years old) is independent of shyness and doubt.
The main task of psychological development is to gain a sense of autonomy, overcome shyness and doubts, and experience the realization of will.
3. Preschool or playtime (4-7 years old)
The main task of actively developing guilt psychology is to gain a sense of initiative, overcome guilt and experience the realization of goals.
4. School age (7- 12 years old)
The main task of diligence in the development of inferiority complex is to gain a sense of diligence, overcome inferiority complex and experience the realization of ability.
5. Adolescence (12- 18 years old)
The main task of self-identity to the psychological development of role confusion is to establish identity, prevent identity confusion and experience faithful realization.
6. Early adulthood (18-35 years old)
The main task of intimacy to the psychological development of loneliness is to gain intimacy, avoid loneliness and experience the realization of love.
7. Middle adulthood (35-55-60 years old)
The main task of reproductive sense to the psychological development of stagnation is to form reproductive sense, avoid stagnation and experience the realization of care.
8. Late adulthood or old age (60- death)
The main task of perfecting the development of pessimism and disappointment is to realize self-improvement, avoid disappointment and experience the realization of wisdom.