(1) Policy channels.
Including a series of relevant principles, policies and measures formulated by the state and its subordinate departments to guide the production, management and consumption of commodities, such as macro-control, micro-invigorating, reform and opening up, etc. Such as industrial and product structure adjustment policies; Various reform schemes of Zhu system; The scale and speed of economic development; Policies on population development, resource development and environmental protection; Foreign trade policy; Price policy, etc. They can be obtained from government documents, news reports or conferences and related publications, conferences, seminars and other channels.
(2) Legislative approach.
In order to maintain a fair and equal market competition order and protect the pen-thinking device, Lu 'an has formulated laws and regulations such as Food Hygiene Law, Commodity Inspection Law, Product Quality Law, Anti-unfair Competition Law, Consumer Rights Protection Law, Environmental Protection Law, Commodity Advertising Law and Trademark Dispute Law. For the trade of export commodities, we should also consider the laws and regulations of exporting countries and international laws, regulations and practices. This kind of information can be obtained through the government and administrative departments, relevant organizations, newspapers and other media, research departments and so on.
(3) statistical channels.
Quantitative information about the policy implementation results and the production, circulation and consumption of various commodities can be obtained from statistics, finance, finance, planning, foreign trade departments and industrial production departments.
(4) scientific and technological channels.
Scientific and technological development trends, invention patents, new materials, new processes, new technology development achievements and other commodity scientific and technological information can be obtained from books and documents, patent publications, professional conferences, mass media and other channels.
(5) Market channels.
Information such as market supply and demand, price fluctuation, quality (including service quality) requirements, peer competition and market share, and the effect of purchase and sale strategies can be obtained through various trade fairs, trade fairs, order fairs, consumer surveys, etc. It can also be obtained from social and economic information consulting institutions, such as various information centers, intelligence centers, social investigation institutions, industry associations, etc.
(6) commodity channels.
Understand the specifications, functional characteristics, quality status, price level, energy consumption, use, maintenance methods, after-sales service and other contents of specific goods from commodity advertisements, mass media (newspapers, radio and television), commodity sales brochures and consumer guides, commodity labels and descriptions, maintenance manuals and commercial notices.
(7) consumption channels.
Commodity consumption information is an important feedback information to guide commodity production and management. Information such as the analysis of commodity consumption structure and level, the number and distribution of various commodity consumers, commodity consumption psychology and habits, purchase motives and methods, consumers' purchasing power and consumption tendency, consumer organizations and their activities can generally be obtained through sampling surveys of consumers, social investigation institutions, news media, newspapers and periodicals sponsored by consumer organizations, etc. (1) universality.
It is required to collect information as comprehensively as possible, that is, not only direct commodity information, but also indirect commodity information, so that producers and operators can determine the best production and operation plan.
(2) accuracy.
It is required that the collected commodity information can truly reflect the objective situation of commodities and their movements, so as to make a correct prediction of the development trend of commodities and their production, circulation and consumption, make a correct decision on production and operation, take corresponding management and technical measures, and make reasonable adjustments to commodity production and operation activities. Accuracy also requires that the collected commodity information should be targeted, so that decision makers can save time, speed up decision-making, and then improve the adaptability of commodity production and operation.
(3) timeliness.
We should try our best to collect commodity information in time and respond quickly, which is beneficial to seize the favorable opportunity and strive for initiative in the fierce market competition. This is because getting this information reflecting the instantaneous state of commodity economic activities will bring obviously different effects on the economic benefits of producers and operators sooner or later. In the market competition, whoever gets the relevant information first will take the lead and have a greater chance of winning.
(4) systematic.
The collection of commodity information should be systematic. Systematization requires that the collected information should reflect the various elements that constitute and influence commodities and their movements and relationships one by one. Specifically, the collected information and data should be complete and rigorous, so that users of information can see the whole picture of goods and their movements through the information of these systems, so as to ensure fewer mistakes in decision-making; The collected information should be classified in advance according to the principles of the system, and then sorted according to the classification, and the directory index should be made well to form an organized and organized information system for easy use; The information collected should also be coherent, and it is difficult to grasp the changing trend and movement of a commodity by collecting information intermittently. The collection of commodity information includes the collection of ready-made materials and the investigation and collection of original materials. Ready-made materials are existing materials obtained from inside and outside the enterprise; It belongs to second-hand information. The original data is the first-hand information obtained through field investigation. Collecting ready-made data takes less time and cost and should be fully utilized. It takes a long time to obtain the most extensive first-hand information, but it is highly targeted, and many subsidiaries use it to make market forecasts and production/business decisions.
The investigation of original data is generally divided into three stages: the investigation preparation stage, which includes three steps: determining the purpose, content and object of the investigation, making the investigation plan and determining the method of collecting data; The formal investigation stage includes two steps: preparing and designing questionnaires before inspection and investigation, and conducting on-the-spot investigation; The result processing stage includes two steps: sorting out the survey data and writing the survey analysis report.
According to the form of information collection, the original data survey includes general survey, key survey, typical survey and sampling survey. There are several ways to collect information through investigation.
(1) survey method.
Investigation method, also known as interview method, means that investigators ask questions directly to the respondents and obtain first-hand information. This is the most common Ql and widely used method. It includes individual or group project interview, telephone interview, email interview, computer interview and so on. Individual or group interviews require respondents to have good organizational skills and professional quality, and respondents can cooperate. It is flexible, unconstrained and easy to collect information with certain depth and accuracy. Telephone survey is rapid, timely, efficient and low-cost, but it is difficult to have a certain depth of investigation and sometimes it is difficult to obtain the cooperation of the respondents. Mail survey is to send the designed questionnaire to the respondents by mail, and let them fill it out and send it back according to the specified time. The advantages of this method are wide sample selection range, no space limitation, easy management and low cost. The disadvantage is low recovery rate. Computer interview survey means that some investigators set up interactive computer terminals at the survey site, and respondents read questions and enter their answers on the display screen. This method is easy to be noticed and loved by people.
(2) observation method.
Observation is a method for investigators to obtain first-hand information by observing events or people's behaviors on the spot without direct contact with the respondents. It includes direct observation and instrumental observation. Direct observation method is that investigators go directly to the scene to watch and collect information. This method is low in cost, but it can collect the latest information. Instrument observation method is to collect information through electronic instruments and mechanical equipment (such as computer monitors), and can automatically record and store it.
(3) Experimental methods.
Experimental method is a common method to collect commodity information. Usually, before new products are put on the market or mass production, or before the packaging, trademarks and prices of commodities are changed, or before commodity sales enterprises buy commodities in large quantities, in order to grasp the changes in commodity market demand, small-scale experiments (trial sales) are carried out within the market range selected by investigators, and the matrix results are inferred from the experimental sample results. Generally speaking, formal experiments need to measure experimental errors, so the statistics are complicated and the cost is high; Informal experiment does not measure the experimental error, which is slightly inaccurate, but it can save money and time. Fourth, the processing and utilization of commodity information After the collection of commodity information, it must be processed before it can be applied.