General regulations: the plane is equipped with a red light at the left wing tip, a green light at the right wing tip and a white light at the tail end; The helicopter fuselage is equipped with red light on the left side, green light on the right side, white light at the tail and red light at the tip of the rotor. The ship is equipped with red light on the port side, green light on the starboard side, and white light on the mast and stern; Non-motorized vessels are equipped with ship lights; Wooden sailboats only have white light.
Aircraft exterior lights have different functions and special meanings, and there are certain procedures and requirements in use. Because the aircraft model and manufacturer are different, the lighting system of the aircraft is also different, but the law is basically the same. Common standard external lighting systems are:
1, red anti-collision lights, also known as navigation lights, EACON lights or beacons, are installed in the upper, lower and middle parts of the aircraft. The purpose is to prevent planes from colliding. According to different controllers suitable for this model, the lamp flashes at a certain frequency.
This light was turned on when the plane took off and the engine was running! A plane can fly as long as it moves. )
2. Wing lights, also called wing lights, are two single-beam lights located on both sides of the wing to illuminate the leading edge of the wing and the air intake of the engine. Used to check the icing condition.
This kind of lamp should be turned on when there is a possibility of freezing, but it is usually turned on in practical application.
3. Navigation lights and sign lights Navigation lights, sign lights, Boeing aircraft are divided into two switches, and Airbus aircraft are together. Navigation lights are left red, right green and tail vertebra white, which are installed on the wing tip and tail hook respectively. Used to identify the flying object as an airplane and indicate the flying direction. Marker lights are installed on the wing tips of horizontal stabilizers on both sides to provide illumination for airline signs on vertical stabilizers.
Airbus has two sets of navigation lights. When the shock strut of the main landing gear is compressed or the flap is extended by more than 15 degrees, its marker light is on.
As long as there are people on the plane, the navigation lights must be turned on.
4. The nose (Airbus) is installed on the front landing gear. These two kinds of lights are called take-off lights and taxi lights respectively. When placed in the T.O position, the take-off light and taxi light are on; when placed in the taxi position, only the taxi light is on. This lamp is used for front lighting of taxiways and runways. When the plane taxies, it will be placed in taxiing position, and after entering the runway, it will be placed in T.O position. The plane closed after takeoff. When the nose landing gear is retracted, it automatically closes.
*, taxi light (Boeing aircraft), the light is installed on the front landing gear shock strut. 1. Used to illuminate the front of the plane when taxiing on the ground.
The plane opens when taxiing and closes immediately after leaving the ground.
5. Landing lights, installed at the roots of wings on both sides, two on the left and two on the right. Used to illuminate the runway during takeoff and landing. This kind of lamp is very powerful, and it will generate a lot of heat when it is used, so it needs high-speed airflow for cooling. So we can't open it until the ground takes off.
The plane opens before taking off and taxiing, and closes after leaving the ground.
The plane opened in the final approach phase and closed after landing.
6. Runway departure lights are also called turn signals or runway side lights. Boeing runway take-off light, Airbus runway turn. Installed on the shock absorber strut of the front landing gear, one on the left and one on the right, respectively, to provide lighting for the two sides in front of the nose. Used for lighting taxiways and runway sideline. Close after take-off. The nose landing gear closes automatically when it is retracted.
Start the engine and turn it on. Another purpose is to signal the ground crew to get ready to slide out at night.
7. High brightness white light is also called high brightness white anti-collision light. This light is installed in the front and rear of the wing and one in the tailbone. Boeing aircraft is installed in the rear tip and tailbone of the left and right wings, and Airbus aircraft is installed in the front and rear tip and tailbone of the left and right wings, with five tails. The purpose is to prevent planes from colliding. This lamp flashes at a certain frequency with high brightness according to the different controllers adapted to the model.
Note that this light can only be turned on after getting permission to enter the runway! You can turn off this light above FL 100. Turn off this light before landing off the runway! !
The order of normal aircraft exterior lighting should be
1. After the aircraft turns on the main power switch, the pilot will turn on the navigation light, and turn on the wing light and the marker light as needed;
2. Turn on the red anti-collision light when the plane takes off; (The ground test run should also be started)
3. After the aircraft starts the engine, turn on the turn signal and prepare to slide out;
4. After getting the permission to slide out, turn on the slide light and start sliding;
5, after entering the runway, white anti-collision lights;
6. Turn on the landing light to take off after obtaining the take-off permit;
7. After leaving the ground, turn off the taxi lights and turn signals; (The landing gear can be closed automatically after being retracted)
8. When the altitude rises above 10000 feet, turn off the white flash;
9. Keep at least the red flash and navigation lights on when cruising; Turn on the sign lights and fender lights as required;
10, turn on the white flash when the plane drops below 10000 feet;
1 1. After the landing gear is lowered, turn on the taxi light;
12, turn on the landing light in the final approach phase;
13, after grounding, turn on the turn signal, turn off the floor lamp and turn off the white flash;
14. Turn off the taxi light and red flashing light after taxiing in place;
15. If there is no grounding that night, after the flight maintenance finally turns off the navigation lights, turn off the main power of the plane and leave the plane!
If the navigation lights of the ship are used to indicate the navigation or berthing state of the ship, the navigation direction and size of the ship can be indicated at night. All ships sailing in oceans, rivers and lakes must strictly abide by China's Code for Signal Equipment of Seagoing Ships and People's Republic of China (PRC) Regulations for Collision Avoidance (199 1) (Order No.2001of the Ministry of Communications). [1991] No.30 was issued, and Jiaohaifa No.357 [2003].
Navigation lights include: masthead lights, side lights, tail lights, bow lights, ambient lights, flash lights and masthead lights. The layout requirements are as follows:
Mast top: No. The lights placed above the mast or the centerline of the bow and stern shall display uninterrupted lights in a horizontal arc of 225 degrees, and the devices shall make the lights display in the range of 22.5 degrees from the front of the ship to the rear of each side.
Bulkhead lights: the red light on the port side and the green light on the starboard side are respectively placed on the left and right sides of the highest deck of the ship, and uninterrupted lights are respectively displayed in the horizontal arc of 1 12.5 degrees. The device should make the lights display within 22.5 degrees from the front of the ship to the right side of each side. The sun visor of the side lamp should be painted with dark black paint towards the surface of the lamp. The height of the shutter is at least equal to the height of the lamp. For barges with a length of more than 80 meters, red and green side lights should be installed at the bow and tail respectively.
Taillight: a white light placed in the center of the stern. Uninterrupted lights should be displayed in the horizontal arc of 135 degrees, and the device should display the lights in the range of 67.5 degrees from the right rear of the ship to each side. The height of mast light should be as flush as possible with the side light, but it should not be higher than the side light.
Bow light: refers to the white light placed at the bow of the pushed barge, which shows uninterrupted light in a horizontal arc of 180 degrees. Its device should make the light display within 90 degrees from the bow to each side, but it should not be higher than the side light.
Ambient light: a signal lamp that displays uninterrupted light in a 360-degree horizontal arc.
Red-green flashing light: it is a left-red-right-green flashing ring light installed above the side light, with a frequency of 50 to 70 flashes per minute. Motorized boats with a captain less than12m can also use red and green water flashlights instead of red and green water flashlights, but the lights should be bright and the colors should be clear and distinct.
Yellow Flash: A yellow flashing circular light placed on the mast of a fast ship, with a frequency of 50 to 70 flashes per minute.
Red-green combination light: A combination light installed at the mast light position, showing red light at 22.5 degrees from the bow to starboard, green light at 22.5 degrees from starboard, and white light at 67.5 degrees from the stern to each chord.
Mast dome light: also called "anchor light". White light mounted on the top of the mast. The horizontal illumination angle is 360 degrees, and the illumination is circular.
All the rules about signal lights should be observed from sunset to sunrise. In the case of poor visibility during the day, related lights can also be displayed. During the display of signal lights, no lights that may be confused with the specified signal lights or weaken their display performance shall be displayed. The light 1 should be displayed in the most conspicuous place and meet the technical requirements of inland river collision avoidance rules. Unless otherwise specified for collision avoidance in inland rivers, when several lights and shapes form a group, they should be displayed vertically.
Motorized ships, fleets, engineering ships, coast guard boat, navigation ships and dangerous cargo ships in navigation shall display ship lights according to the following requirements.
I. Motorized boats in flight
Unless otherwise specified, a single motor boat should display white mast lights, red and green side lights and white taillights when sailing. Motorized boats with a captain of more than 50 meters should also display another white mast light on the rear mast; Except for speedboats, motor boats with a length of less than 12 meters can display a white halo light and a red-green combined light, or a red-white green light instead of the above lights when conditions are not met. When the following ships are sailing, in addition to displaying the lights specified above, they should also:
1, the speedboat shows a yellow flash all day and night.
2. For seagoing ships with limited draught, three red ring lights are hung at night and a cylindrical horn is hung during the day.
3. In the evening, Hengjiang Ferry displays a green halo lamp at both ends of the transverse extension of the mast, and hangs a double arrow at one side of the transverse extension of the mast during the day.
Second, the sailing fleet
1. In addition to side lights and taillights, tugboats should also be displayed in the form of towing;
(1) When towing or towing the right light to push the boat, two white mast lights will be displayed.
(2) When the boat is pushed and the raft is arranged, three white mast lights are displayed. When it is difficult for the tugboat to display the above lights, it can be displayed on the most suitable ship in the fleet.
(3) When the life raft is hoisted and towed, the mast lights of self, green and white lights will be displayed.
(4) For tugboats towing ships and rafts, another white light may be displayed behind the chimney or mast above the tail light, but it shall not be exposed before crossing.
2. When the towed or pushed ship or raft is sailing, the following lights shall be displayed.
(1) Ships towed or pushed by cranes should display red and green lights. When forming a multi-row array formation, the leftmost row of ships shows a red light and the rightmost row of ships shows a green light. The bow of the foremost ship in the pushing fleet should display a self-luminous bow light, and its light should not be exposed after crossing. White taillights should also be displayed when the stern of the pushed ship exceeds the bow of the tugboat. The last row of boats in the towing fleet should display white taillights.
(2) When towing a ship with a length of more than 30 meters in a single row, each ship can display a white halo light instead of red and green side lights.
(3) When a manpower boat, sailboat or object is hoisted, towed or pushed, a white halo shall be displayed as a light, and the light shall not be exposed after being pushed. When grouped into a multi-line sequence, it will be displayed in the outermost left and right line.
(4) When the raft is towed, a white light should be displayed at the four corners of the raft at least one meter above the surface of the raft; When pushed, a white light will be displayed at the two corners of the front row, at least one meter away from the row surface, and other lights shall not be exposed after vertical crossing.
Third, the engineering ship
When the engineering ship has not entered the construction site or has been evacuated from the construction site, the signal specified by the general ship shall be displayed. When entering the construction site, the following lights and shapes shall be displayed:
1. When the position of the engineering ship is fixed at the construction site, three circular lights are displayed at night, and their connecting lines form an equilateral triangle with upward tips, with red circular lights at the top of the triangle, white circular lights at both ends at the bottom, and red circular lights at the navigable and non-navigable sides. During the day, a horn is hung at each end of the mast. The navigable side is a ball and the non-navigable side is a cross.
2. When the self-propelled engineering ship is sailing, it not only displays the lights of the motor boat when it is sailing. Show a red, white and red ring lamp at night, and hang a ring, a diamond and a ball during the day. When the engineering ship towed by tugboat is sailing, in addition to displaying the signal lights according to the provisions of Article 29, it should also display the same signal lights and shapes as when the self-propelled ship is sailing.
2. The sludge discharge pipe extended by the engineering ship should display a white halo at the head and tail of the pipe every 50 meters.
A lamp. When there are divers working underwater, a red light ring should be displayed at night and the signal flag "A" should be hoisted during the day.
Four, maritime patrol boats and navigation boats
When performing official duties, sea patrol boats should display side lights, tail lights and red flashing rotating lights at night. When the navigation ship is sailing, it should display two kinds of lights: side light, tail light and green halo light at night; When parking, two lights with green rings are displayed.
Five, dangerous transport ships
During berthing, loading, unloading and sailing, ships carrying explosive, flammable, toxic and radioactive dangerous goods should display red lights at the transverse extension of the mast at night and hang the "B" signal flag during the day.
At the same time, Peng stressed that the crew should regularly check the navigation lights of the ship, and the inspection methods are as follows:
1, navigation lights and signal lights shall be set according to regulations.
2. The navigation light control box is powered by two power sources. One of them must be powered by the main distribution board or emergency distribution board, and two power transfer switches should be set on the control box.
3. When the main power supply is battery, only one power supply can be set.
4. The navigation light control box shall be equipped with an acousto-optic alarm signal device for each navigation light to send out a fault signal. When small ships, navigation lights and signal lights are controlled by the same control box, only light alarm signals are allowed.
5. Each navigation light (on the control box) shall be equipped with a separate control switch, fuse and on-off indicating device, and shall be equipped with a nameplate or sign.
6. The signal lamp is centrally controlled and protected by the signal lamp control box located in the cab.
7. Unmanned ships such as unmanned barges, non-self-propelled engineering ships and barges are allowed to set the signal light control box in a place where people are on duty or easy to manage.