First, how to prepare the enterprise quota
Quota is the prescribed consumption standard, and enterprise quota is the quantitative standard of labor, machinery, material consumption and management fee expenditure required by the engineering contractor of a construction enterprise to complete qualified products under normal construction conditions. On the premise of reaching or exceeding the best level in history, it shall be formulated by the construction enterprise in accordance with normal construction conditions, certain measurement units and engineering quality requirements, with a scientific attitude and combined with the actual situation. The fundamental purpose of realizing enterprise quota is to improve work efficiency, reduce consumption and improve enterprise management level on the premise of ensuring quality, and quality is the lifeline of enterprise survival. Enterprises should rely on the hard work of enterprises to create brand-name "fist products", reflecting the technical level, equipment level and management level of enterprises, as a yardstick for assessing the labor productivity level and management level of construction enterprises, and as a basis for determining the project cost and bidding quotation.
(A) the principle of enterprise quota preparation
The establishment of construction enterprise quota should adhere to the principle of combining the quota level over the years, considering the actual situation of the enterprise, taking into account the future development trend of the enterprise, and acting according to the laws of market economy. For a construction enterprise, it is necessary to compare it with the historical best level and the objective reality, so that the enterprise can reach the norm level under normal circumstances through efforts.
1, advanced principle of average quota level. China's current "National Unified Basic Quota" level is based on normal construction conditions, the level of construction machinery and equipment of most construction enterprises, reasonable construction period, construction technology and labor organization, and reflects the standard of average social consumption level. The enterprise quota level reflects the actual level of live labor and materialized labor in the construction and production process of a single construction enterprise under certain construction procedures and technological conditions. That is, under normal construction conditions, most of the construction teams and production personnel of a construction enterprise can reach and exceed the level through hard work. This level should be both technologically advanced and economically reasonable and feasible. It is a quota level that can inspire the central region and spur backwardness, and it is an ideal level for compiling enterprise quotas. The establishment of this quota level is helpful to reduce the consumption of labor, materials and machinery, improve the management level of enterprises and obtain the maximum benefit. At the same time, it can also correctly reflect the advanced construction technology and construction management level, so as to promote the continuous promotion and improvement of new technologies and the improvement of construction management in construction enterprises. The establishment of enterprise quota should also consider the objective conditions and subjective factors to reach the quota level, so as to urge construction enterprises to reach the quota level through subjective efforts according to the existing construction conditions. However, the enterprise quota level is by no means a simple "construction quota" level, it should include variable factors such as reasonable range difference included in the budget quota. The enterprise quota level should truly reflect the present situation of enterprise management. Only in this way, enterprises can occupy more construction market share under the conditions of market economy and in the process of integrating with international practices.
2. The principle of applicability of quota projects is the basis for participating in market economy competition and contract pricing. The enterprise quota should be consistent with the project name and measurement unit according to the national standard "Code for Valuation of Bill of Quantities of Construction Projects", which is conducive to the needs of quotation group pricing, the establishment of its own quota standards as soon as possible, and the comparative analysis of individual costs of enterprises and average social costs. Because the enterprise quota considers more measures to reduce costs such as construction organization design and advanced construction technology, it is closer to reality. Therefore, the main and common projects that affect the project cost should be more detailed than the budget quota, and the secondary, uncommon and relatively small-value projects can be integrated as far as possible to reduce scattered projects and facilitate quota management, but the applicability of the quota should be guaranteed. At the same time, after each chapter, we should reserve a neutral position and constantly supplement the new quota subtitle generated by adopting new technologies, new structures, new processes and new materials.
3. Principle of Independent Compilation As an economic entity with independent legal personality, a construction enterprise should independently compile enterprise quotas with profit as the goal according to the specific conditions of the enterprise, combined with the government's price policy and industrial orientation. Carrying out this principle is conducive to the independent operation of enterprises; Conducive to the implementation of modern enterprise financial system; It is beneficial for construction enterprises to get rid of excessive administrative intervention, better face the competitive environment in the construction market and promote the adoption of new construction technologies and methods. Enterprises independently set quotas, mainly to independently determine the quota level, independently divide the quota items, and independently add new quota items according to needs. However, after all, enterprise quota is a reflection of the productivity level of enterprises in a certain period, and it cannot and should not be cut off from history. Therefore, the enterprise quota should keep up with the national policy in terms of engineering quantity calculation rules, project division and measurement units.
(two) the content and basis for the preparation of enterprise quotas
The contents of enterprise quota preparation should include: preparation scheme, general description, engineering quantity calculation rules, quota items, quota level formulation (calculation and formulation of labor, materials, machinery and management expenses consumption level), quota level calculation (calculation of typical items and comparison with national basic quota), and sorting, classification and compilation of basic data of quota preparation.
The compilation basis of this quota mainly includes: relevant national laws and regulations, the government's price policy, current construction and acceptance specifications for building and installation projects, safety technology operating rules and current labor protection regulations, national design specifications, various representative standard atlases, construction drawings, enterprise technology and management level, project construction organization plan, relevant materials of on-site investigation and measurement, specific structure and difficulty of the project, new technologies and materials adopted, etc.
(C) the preparation method of enterprise quota
Enterprise quota preparation method can choose different methods according to the particularity of subtitle, the proportion of project cost, technical content and other factors. The following methods can be used for reference.
Methods 1: field observation and determination.
On-the-spot observation is a common method for setting professional quotas in China for many years. It takes the study of man-hour consumption as the object and takes observation and time measurement as the means. Through intensive sampling and extensive sampling, direct time research is carried out to determine the labor consumption and mechanical machine-team quota level. The characteristic of this method is that it can observe, measure, calculate and analyze the situation of working hours consumption on site in combination with the technical conditions of construction organization, so as to obtain the basic data of technical organization conditions and working hours consumption in the construction process. It can not only provide basic data for setting quota, but also improve construction organization and management. Improve the process and operation method, eliminate unreasonable man-hour loss and further tap the production potential. This method is simple in technology, widely used and comprehensive in data, and is suitable for major projects and new technologies and processes that affect the project cost. Determination of labor consumption and mechanical level of new construction method. It should be emphasized here that labor consumption should include the factor of artificial amplitude difference. As for how much the artificial amplitude difference should be considered, whether it is lower than the current budget quota level or a different value, it is determined by enterprises in practice.
Method 2: Empirical statistics (sampling statistics)
Empirical statistics method is to use sampling statistics method to extract and analyze the data of several projects from the settlement data, typical design drawings and cost accounting data of similar projects in the past. Methods of measurement and quantification. Using this method, we should first establish a series of inverse mathematical models, make statistical analysis on the cost reduction of different types of sample projects in the past, and then get the average or average advanced value of the same type of project costs. Due to the increasing weight of empirical data of typical projects, its statistics are? From the data point of view, it is getting more and more perfect, more and more true and reliable. This method only needs to correctly determine the basic type and then sit in the right position. This method is characterized by long accumulation process and detailed statistical analysis, but it is simple and convenient to use. The disadvantage is that the factors considered in the model are limited, but the actual situation of the project is much more complicated, which can not meet the needs of various changes one by one and the accuracy is not enough. Therefore, this method is more suitable for the measurement of human, material and machine consumption and management fees of common projects in general residential civil construction projects with standardized design schemes.
Method 3: quota exchange algorithm
This method is to calculate and analyze the cost according to the calculation program of the project budget, and then increase or decrease the quota level according to the construction drawings, site conditions and the labor, equipment and material reserves of the enterprise, so as to determine the actual cost of the project. Today, when the enterprise quota of each construction unit has not been established, it is a shortcut to establish some quota grades by adopting this quota conversion method. This method is simple, feasible and relatively accurate, and it is one of the better methods to supplement the standards of personnel, materials, machinery and management fees of general engineering projects in enterprises, but the quota level formulated by this method should be tested and improved in practice.
Second, the role of enterprise quota in engineering construction
1, enterprise quota can meet the requirements of bill of quantities valuation. Enterprise quota is the standard of all kinds of labor, materials, machinery and other expenses consumed by construction enterprises according to their own technical expertise, construction equipment, material sources and management level. Quantity is reflected in the fixed consumption level, and price is reflected in the process of realizing the quotation of bill of quantities. Quoting bill of quantities according to enterprise quota can accurately reflect the actual management level and construction level of construction enterprises.
When using enterprise's quota quotation, factors such as price level, labor price level, equipment purchase and lease, policy factors, charging standards, superior management fees and departmental special charges should be considered; Contract terms (mainly payment terms); Party A's credibility and financial strength and many other difficulties. It needs to go through a series of technical operation processes such as market investigation, information collection, calculation and analysis, and business decision-making, which are all business strategies and business secrets of enterprises.
2. The formulation and application of enterprise quota can standardize the contracting behavior. The leading idea of the business activities of construction enterprises should be to seek the optimization of quality, construction period and reputation through the construction of engineering projects. Only in this way can enterprises develop in a virtuous circle. China's building products have not become real products according to the principle of equivalent exchange, and they have not been divorced from low prices and low profits. Especially at present, the relationship between supply and demand in China's construction market is seriously unbalanced, and the owners hope to win excellent enterprises and high-quality projects at the lowest price. However, due to the serious shortage of tasks, construction enterprises only consider the current enterprise difficulties in the competition process and only seek to pay artificial wages. The bidding price of the project seriously deviates from the value, which leads to low efficiency, cost loss and backward enterprise development. Price is the monetary expression of commodity value. Only "true price" can be "real commodity", and false price will inevitably lead to false goods. The bidding behavior of construction enterprises to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs damages the construction quality, which not only has a negative impact on the sustainable development of construction enterprises and even the construction industry, but also seriously disrupts the construction market in the long run.
The determination of working hours, materials and machine consumption in enterprise quota is based on the basic unity of price and value, which reflects the average advanced consumption level of enterprises in a certain period. It participates in the market competition with quotations that reflect the enterprise's own strength and market price level, which is the embodiment of scientific, reasonable and advanced enterprise management level and the standard to measure the single cost level of construction products enterprises. Management must ensure a certain profit, and profit is the production goal of the enterprise. Without profit, there will be no expansion of reproduction, and it is impossible for enterprises to develop. The application of enterprise quota urges enterprises to quote according to the actual consumption level in market competition. In the early stage of market economy, the establishment and use of enterprise quota will have a far-reaching and significant impact on standardizing contracting behavior and the survival and development of construction enterprises in market competition.
3. The establishment and application of enterprise quota can improve the management level of enterprises. Enterprise quota reflects the consumption level of people, materials, machinery and other expenses in a certain period of time, which is dynamic and developing. It needs a group of outstanding technical and economic talents to study and measure, so as to truly reflect the management level of enterprises. At present, there is a lack of "high intelligence and high ability" talents who can flexibly use the national quota standards, actually compile enterprise quotas and solve specific technical problems in construction enterprises. Technology is out of touch with economy, which cannot truly reflect the management level of construction enterprises. In order to improve the management level and be in an invincible position in the competition, it is urgent for enterprises to formulate a series of policies to introduce, retain and train talents, cultivate a group of compound talents who know science and technology, manage and manage, promote the development of enterprises and improve the management level of enterprises.
In order to improve the management level, enterprises should also strengthen and attach importance to enterprise cost accounting. With China's entry into WTO and economic globalization, the competition is more intense. It is more important for enterprises to reduce costs and improve efficiency. As a construction enterprise, the project is the source of enterprise profits, and reducing the project cost has become the main channel to increase profits. Accurately measuring, analyzing and judging the financial factors, time limit, quality factors, environmental factors, technical factors and bidders' market share factors that directly affect the cost with enterprise quota is an important work to improve the management level of enterprises and also the basis for enterprises to make scientific management decisions. It is of great significance to strengthen cost management, tap the potential of enterprises to reduce costs and improve economic benefits.
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