During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose. Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist and educator, pointed out in "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the written language of ancient Chinese formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language and the language in the ancient works of later writers".
Classical Chinese, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, that is, ancient classical Chinese works and works imitating it in past dynasties. Classical Chinese, as a written stereotyped writing language, has been used for two or three thousand years, from pre-Qin philosophers and poems in Han Dynasty to ancient Chinese prose in Tang and Song Dynasties and stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In other words, classical Chinese is the ancient written language of China and the source of modern Chinese. The first word "Wen" means beauty.
The word "Yan" means writing, expressing and recording. The word "classical Chinese" means written language. Classical Chinese is relative to spoken Chinese, which is also called vernacular Chinese.
The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , and represents the genre. "Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language articles", which is also called stylistic writing.
And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and plain oral language", such as "have you eaten?" .
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.
Before 19 19, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".
In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.
2. Classical Chinese information 1. The separation of language and writing.
Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English.
From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text.
Second, it lasts for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged.
For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.
Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness.
It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese.
Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand. Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English.
Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.
3. Classical Chinese information "Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese".
The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.
What is classical Chinese?
1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is just a word. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.
So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.
The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.
Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.
4. Classical Chinese review materials Classical Chinese comprehensive reading can cover almost all the knowledge points and ability points of learning classical Chinese; Moreover, the reading comprehension of classical Chinese paragraphs pays more attention to the ability of students to use all the knowledge points and ability points they have learned in paragraph understanding.
We believe that reading classical Chinese paragraphs must strengthen four kinds of consciousness. 1, the overall consciousness.
The Examination Instructions require students to "read simple classical Chinese". Generally speaking, the paragraphs provided are easy to understand. On the basis of dredging words, we should establish a sense of overall situation. First, distinguish from the content is to remember people, narrative or scenery. Then read the article and write a few characters, what is the relationship between characters, the relationship between characters and events, what is the cause of events, how the plot unfolds, and how the final outcome is ... Reading through the full text and grasping it as a whole is conducive to grasping the key points, condensing the full text, simplifying the complex, and controlling more with less, so as to grasp the content points and contextual structure of the article as a whole. To establish a holistic consciousness, we should also regard words, words, sentences, paragraphs and notes as an organic whole, and link paragraphs with test questions as a complete whole.
2. Test site awareness. The test center consciousness is to try to have the consciousness of "what to test" and "how to test" as soon as you see the topic.
The ultimate goal of reading a passage in classical Chinese is to boil down to the specific test sites in the exam instructions. Under the guidance of the test center, we should have an insight into the intention of the test-"what should we test" and make clear the writing of the question type-"how to test". Only in this way can we be targeted and targeted.
3. Situational awareness. In the comprehensive reading of classical Chinese, we often encounter individual words, words and sentences that we can't understand for a while. We need to try to infer the meaning of the text according to the context, which can be inferred from the above inertia and meaning, or from the following context and meaning.
As the saying goes, words cannot be separated from words, words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs (articles). Only by putting words, words and sentences in the overall contextual framework of paragraphs and even articles can we grasp them more accurately. 4. Get to know each other.
When reading classical Chinese paragraphs, you should use all available materials to help you read and answer questions. There are mainly the following four methods: a, the old and new knowledge are interrelated, and the new is the old.
Generally speaking, the materials and topics of classical Chinese reading in the college entrance examination are brand-new, unfamiliar and unknown, but they are often related to the inherent old knowledge in one way or another, and even its "shadow" is in the textbook. When you encounter some strange usages and meanings of words, words and sentences, you might as well think about it: does this usage and meaning of words, words and sentences appear in textbooks? Have you ever encountered this phenomenon in the preparation training? How to understand its usage and meaning in the specific context at that time? Can you answer with past ideas, methods and skills? If not, then, what is the difference between the usage of this word, word and sentence and the situation in textbooks and training? Is there an inevitable connection and internal law between the two? ..... In this way, we can draw a clear line between the new knowledge and the old knowledge, build a bridge, answer the new knowledge with the old knowledge, and inspire the unknown with the known.
B. comparison of paragraph test questions. "Reading paragraphs and understanding the meaning of the text"-"Reading the stem and grasping the requirements"-"Screening information and answering questions" is a general positive thinking in reading and solving problems.
On the other hand, because the classical Chinese in the college entrance examination is still in the form of objective examination, many options (especially those that can be judged correctly) are a supplement or verification of paragraph understanding. C. cross-reference between test questions.
The problem of comprehensive reading of classical Chinese is not isolated. They not only have an internal order from analysis to synthesis, from simplicity to complexity, but also can often use the correct information that can be judged in the later questions to answer the problems that are difficult to solve at the moment, or verify the answers that are not sure in the front. D. cross-reference between readings.
There are many differences between modern Chinese reading and classical Chinese reading in reading carrier, examination basis and reading methods, but they are similar and inextricably linked as article reading. It is undoubtedly beneficial to transplant some ideas, methods and skills of modern Chinese reading into classical Chinese reading consciously and skillfully.
In the comprehensive reading of classical Chinese, we should not only strengthen four kinds of consciousness, but also master the skills of taking exams on the spot. 1. Although most of the classical Chinese in the college entrance examination are unfamiliar materials, there are bound to be language barriers of one kind or another, and it is very likely that every word and sentence will be difficult to implement.
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of words, words and sentences that are difficult to understand in classical Chinese: one is to transfer the knowledge learned in class and solve problems to test the ability of transfer, or to infer the unknown usage and meaning of words, words and sentences according to the context to test the sense of context; The other is that even if you don't understand it, it won't affect the answer. We should adopt different strategies for these two situations. For the former, we should be good at activating accumulation, using old knowledge to solve new problems, looking forward (above) and backward (below) and "guessing".
In the latter case, you can jump boldly. 2. Increase the investment in reading, and appropriately control the proportion of time between reading and doing problems.
Generally speaking, the time ratio between reading and doing problems is 2: 1. 3. Try to overcome two bad tendencies in solving problems.
First, only stay at the level of solving problems, thinking is limited to a paragraph, five topics and twenty options; The second is to solve problems mechanically one by one, ignoring the organic connection between paragraphs and test questions. The correct way is: when solving problems, we should consciously open our minds and fully mobilize all accumulation (including language accumulation, emotional accumulation, thinking accumulation, etc.). ), turn strangeness into familiarity, and turn complexity into simplicity. At the same time, we should grasp the cross-reference factors between paragraphs and test questions as a whole, and use the correct options or thinking orientation in the options to solve problems.
Ten Analects of Confucius 1. Confucius said, "What's more, learn from time to time? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't it a gentleman to be unhappy and not know it? " 1. Confucius said: "isn't it happy to learn (knowledge) and then practice (review) at a certain time?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? I don't mind if others don't know me. Isn't it a gentleman? " 2. Ceng Zi said, "I'm from three Japanese provinces (xǐng).
5. Is there any information in classical Chinese? This word is ambiguous: therefore, 1, the reason.
Fu Su admonished foreign generals with several words. -Historical Records? Chen She Family II. Old stuff.
If a person keeps cherishing his old knowledge in order to gain new knowledge, he may be someone else's teacher. -The Analects of Confucius? An unexpected or unfortunate event leads to the death of a country.
-Zhou Li? Celestial officer? Gong Zheng "4, old knowledge; An old friend Jun 'an has something to do with Xiang Bo? -Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu 5 Zhao died a year before his death, and his wife was widowed at home. -"ancient and modern novels? Poor horse will sell a hammer when it is hard. 6. Grow old until her brother went to war, and then her aunt died, went at night and came at night, and her beauty faded.
Don? Bai Juyi's Pipa (and Preface) 7. Deliberately, that is, deliberately say a few words of death. -Historical Records? Chen She family 8. Still, it's too late to lose five horses in three days.
-"New Ode to Yutai"? The strategy of writing ancient poems for Jiao Zhongqing's wife: The strategy is to drive away mules, horses and draught animals with whips and sticks. Expanded to control and execution strategy-bamboo whip (with spikes on the head) expanded to control horses, including reins and other tricks-planning book.
Ancient monarchs fiefs, conferred titles, dismissed officials or issued other decrees to officials. Length: The captain is about eight minutes odd-the length is not enough-the long one is young and the long one is good-making it grow healthily and sturdily-the Wuxia of the Three Gorges in Badong is long-there is only a long dike mark between the two points-Swallowing the Yangtze River-the largest river in China, with a length of 6,300 kilometers and a drainage area of1.8000 square kilometers.
The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, Qinghai, and flows through Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other provinces and cities 1 1 provinces and cities, and flows into the East China Sea, or it runs out of smoke-a large area of smoke is the captain of a chariot-leaders are punished by their officers-those with high salaries and high positions among officials regard you as their elders. Standing up straight and kneeling on the north side of the mountain, Gong Yu said, "Compared with short, time is blocked and time is long." The original meaning is the same, as opposed to "short", Mulan has no big brother. It ranks first: the voice of the eldest son's first awakening means time and frequency, which is equivalent to the narrowness of the beginning of "talent" and "gang"-starting from the beginning of every sunny day-autumn rain in Chu Qing and first frost. Resignation-Farewell will never fade-Don't ask Wenda about the words and tone of his speech. Being a vassal-A celebrity (with high status and prestige) reached Hanyin-arrived, which led to the first person to ask questions in his hometown-the first person: an academic elder.