Confucius said, "People are safe if they are polite, but dangerous if they are not polite." . Etiquette is the simplest and most basic moral code of conduct that human beings follow to maintain the normal life of society. It belongs to the content of social morality in the moral system, gradually formed in people's long-term life and communication, and fixed in the form of customs, habits and traditions.
Etiquette is education. As a middle school student, mastering the etiquette skills of interacting with people and understanding the etiquette of various occasions can make you become a more elegant and tasteful modern person; Make you fully display your elegant professional image in social activities and leave a good impression on others; At the same time, it can also comprehensively enhance the image of the school.
Generally speaking, etiquette has four principles: First, the principle of respecting people. Respect for others is an important guarantee for the success of interpersonal communication and the core of etiquette. When using etiquette, we must put the respect and attention to the communication object in the first place, and don't hurt the other person's self-esteem. The second is the principle of self-discipline. Self-discipline is self-denial and self-control; It is to take the initiative, voluntariness, self-reference, self-reflection, self-requirement, self-restraint and self-restraint when using etiquette, and it is not allowed to be arrogant and arrogant; People can't be different after their predecessors or before strangers and acquaintances. The third is the principle of moderation. Using etiquette, like doing other things, pays attention to concrete analysis of specific problems, and it is too late to remember. The so-called moderation means that when using etiquette, we should not only master the universal law, but also aim at the specific situation, be serious and decent, and master the sense of proportion, and we should not overdo it or do it inappropriately. The fourth is the principle of sincerity. When applying etiquette, you must be sincere and treat others sincerely. Be friendly, respectful and easy to be accepted by others.
Instrument refers to a person's appearance, which is the external expression of a person's mental outlook. Mainly including dress, hygiene, manners and so on.
(A) body posture etiquette
1, standing posture-standing like a pine tree
Keep your head straight, your eyes straight, your jaw slightly retracted, smile, hold your chest and abdomen, your waist upright, your shoulders relaxed, your arms naturally droop, your hands crossed behind your back or chest, and your legs upright. People feel like honest and frank, beautiful, energetic and enterprising. Don't tilt your neck, waist, temples or abdomen. Don't lean against other objects, don't put your hands in your trouser pockets or cross your waist, and don't hold your arms on your chest.
2, sitting posture-sitting like a clock
(1) When sitting, you should walk to the front of the seat with light and soft steps, then turn around and sit down gently and steadily, naturally placing your right foot side by side with your left foot.
⑵ After sitting down, your body's center of gravity is vertically downward, your waist is upright, your upper body is upright, your eyes are looking straight, your jaw is slightly retracted, and your palms are naturally placed on your knees or chair armrests.
⑶ Basic sitting posture of boys: upper body is straight, jaw is miniature, eyes are straight, legs are apart, not shoulder width, feet are parallel, and hands are placed on knees respectively.
⑷ Basic posture of girls: Both feet are left or right at the same time, and after overlapping, both hands are placed on the left leg or right leg. You can also put your feet together and cross them aside.
5] When boys and girls sit together, don't cross your hands on your chest or waist, don't fiddle with your teacups or shake your things constantly, and don't pull your clothes, arrange your hair, pick your nose or ears from time to time.
3, posture-walking like the wind
(1) When walking, your shoulders should be smooth, your eyes should be straight, your chin should be miniature, and you should smile. Arms straight and relaxed, fingers naturally bent.
⑵ The stride length is appropriate, generally, the heel of the forefoot is one foot away from the heel of the hind foot.
(3) When walking, boys should not swing their shoulders left and right, and girls should not swing their hips left and right. Pay more attention to balance when wearing high heels. When men and women walk together, boys should adjust their stride appropriately and try to keep pace with girls.
(4) When saying goodbye to others, you can't turn your head and leave. You should take three steps back, then turn around and leave.
5] When introducing the guest, walk in front of the guest's left, with the whole body half turned to the guest's direction, with the left shoulder slightly in front and the right shoulder slightly behind, keeping a distance of two or three steps. When going up and down stairs, turning corners and entering the door, you should reach out and remind the guests to go first.
[6] Different clothes have different requirements for walking posture. Generally speaking, the wearer of a straight line should be solemn, generous and energetic; The wearer of curved clothes should look charming, elegant and noble.
4. Eyes-the window to the soul
(1) In social activities, use your eyes to conform to the etiquette norms, otherwise it will be regarded as impolite by others.
When talking to people, keep your eyes on them. Eyes are limited to the box from the other person's forehead to the second button of the other person's shirt, and the left and right shoulders shall prevail. In this box, there are generally three kinds of gaze: one is the official gaze, which is generally used for negotiation. The gaze position is in the triangle between the other person's eyes and forehead. Second, social gaze: generally used in social occasions, located in the triangle between the other person's eyes and lips. The third kind is close gaze, which is generally used between relatives, family members and other close people.
(3) Look at each other's eyes gently and kindly. Absence of mind and looking around are disrespectful to others. Looking at the clock is to hope that the guests will leave. Look at each other with your head held high, showing contempt for the guests.
(4) Don't look at the files on the desk when entering the superior office; Don't look around when you walk into a stranger's room; Talk to your elders as close as possible and treat them with respect.
When you make a speech on the stage, you should look around first to show your respect for the people present. Flirting eyes or casual eyes are all manifestations of lack of education and manners.
[6] You can't focus on a certain part of the other person for a long time, otherwise it will cause embarrassment to others.
5. Express your feelings with your mouth.
(1) Lips with slightly exposed teeth are usually friendly.
⑵ Tightening lips is a sign of serious thinking and treatment.
(3) Slight pouting indicates slight dissatisfaction.
(4) Gesturing with lips indicates encouragement or encouragement or ridicule.
5. A pie mouth indicates contempt or disgust.
[6] A slap in the face is an expression of admiration or regret.
6. Laughter-poetic beauty
(1) Laughter is a collection of actions of eyes, eyebrows, mouth and face. There are many kinds of human smiles. A gentle smile can greet others or politely refuse them. Giggling can give people a feeling of no criticism or negation. Laughing is particularly exciting, joyful, excited and forgetful. Smile is one of the most common, diverse and beneficial smiles.
A sincere smile can not only make people live in harmony, but also bring great success.
(3) A confident smile is full of confidence and strength. Even if a person encounters the greatest difficulty, if he can smile, he can break through it.
A polite smile is like the rain melted by the spring breeze, nourishing people's hearts. A polite person will give a smile as a gift to others generously.
(2) Gesture etiquette
Sign language is an indispensable action in communication and the most expressive body language. It can emphasize the tone and increase the appeal.
1. Swing: commonly used when indicating "please" or "come in". Fingers straight and close together, palms straight, palms up, feet T-shaped, head and upper body tilted out. The other hand hangs down or puts it behind your back, watching the guests smile.
2. Cross-arm style: This style can be used to say "please" to more guests. Raise your hands from the front of your abdomen, overlap your hands up and down, palm up, lean forward slightly, greet everyone with a smile, and then step aside.
3. Oblique pendulum: Please use it when sitting, and the gesture should point to one side of the seat.
When indicating the direction of travel for tourists, it is customary to raise your left hand or right hand to chest height and extend your forearm in the indicated direction.
When introducing others, palm up, back down, fingers together and smile slightly.
4. Applause: Smile, raise your arms, raise the palm of your left hand to your chest, palm up, and pat the middle of your left hand with the other four fingers of your right hand except your thumb. At this point, the rhythm should be stable and the frequency should be consistent. As for applause, it should be coordinated with the atmosphere.
5. Several popular sign languages
(1)OK gesture.
Make a circle with your thumb and forefinger, and then stretch out your other fingers. This is a common OK sign language. Express agreement or victory in the United States. In our country, it means 0. In Japan, Myanmar and South Korea, money is expressed. If the Japanese make this gesture during the negotiation, if you nod, it means that you are willing to give him a cash. In Brazil, CIS and Greece, it means cursing and insulting. When you use this gesture in Brazil, the woman thinks you are seducing her, and the man thinks you are insulting him.
(2) thumbs up: our country likes it. Some countries, such as Britain, New Zealand and Australia, require a ride. If you give a thumbs-up, it is considered an insult, and in Greece it is considered as "get out of here".
(4) shake hands
The handshake ceremony is the most commonly used meeting ceremony and farewell ceremony in China, which shows whether a person is educated or not.
① The most common way to shake hands is to extend the right hands of all parties at the meeting, with the palms in a vertical state and the five fingers combined, and hold them slightly for about 3 seconds. When shaking hands, your upper body should lean forward slightly and your head should be slightly lower.
② Pay attention to the order when shaking hands. Generally speaking, between men and women, the man needs the woman to reach out first and then shake hands. There is no intention of shaking hands, and both sides nod or bow.
(3) Between the host and the guest, the host should first reach out to the guest to show his enthusiasm. For example, when receiving guests, the hostess should extend her hand to welcome them, and the host can also extend her hand to welcome the female guests.
(4) When there is a conflict between age and gender, it is generally advisable for women to reach out first, and for the same sex, the elderly should reach out first, and the young should return the gift immediately.
(5) when the status is high or low, the one with high status reaches out first, and the one with low status immediately resists.
6.shake hands with your right hand. If you wear gloves, take them off immediately and shake hands with each other.
(3) Language etiquette
1, principle:
A good word warms three winters, and a bad word hurts June. Sincere attitude is the basis of conversation. If you want to be respected by others, you must first learn to respect others. Excessive modesty, full of lies, rhetoric and false entertainment will make people disgusted. See the candidate's words, "What song to sing on what hill."
2. Glorious words and modest words:
(1) Elders or superiors: old comrades, old masters, old heads, old leaders, old gentlemen, aunts, aunts, uncles and so on.
(2) Equal to: brother, sister, husband, lady and young lady.
(3) Ask the other person's name: your name and Fang's name (Ms.).
(4) Ask each other's age: Gao Shou, Gui Geng, Fang Ling (Ms.). Generally speaking, a woman's age should not be asked.
(5) I've heard a lot about you for the first time, but I haven't seen you say congratulations for a long time. Ask someone to criticize "teach", ask someone to forgive "forgive", ask someone to answer questions, ask someone to do things, wait for the guests to say "welcome" and the guests arrive.
(D) communication etiquette between teachers and students
1, preparation stage before class:
(1) Students should enter the classroom two minutes before class, prepare relevant materials and sit up and wait for the teacher.
(2) Get ready for the bell to ring. The teacher smiled on the podium, scanned the classroom with friendly eyes and issued a "class" instruction.
(3) After the monitor shouted "Stand up", all the students kindly shouted "Hello teacher"; The teacher kindly answered "Hello classmates" and the monitor shouted "Sit down".
2. Etiquette after being late:
(1) Teachers should take the initiative to apologize to students when they are late, and politely explain the reasons to students to gain their understanding.
(2) Students should not make a fuss, make noise or make a loud noise about the late teacher. Preview the content of this lesson before the teacher arrives. When the teacher comes into the classroom to apologize, students should show understanding and tolerance.
(3) Students should shout "Report" to the teacher at the front door when they are late. If you close the door, you should knock on the door gently and get the teacher's permission before you can enter the classroom.
(4) Take the initiative to briefly explain the reasons for being late to the teacher and speak honestly. You can't sit down until the teacher understands. It's really inconvenient to explain why. Take the initiative to say to the teacher: "teacher, please allow me to explain the reason after class."
(5) When walking to the seat, move quickly, with light steps and small steps, and never make any funny moves; After sitting down, concentrate on the class immediately to minimize the losses caused to the class.
Teachers should be polite to students who are late. When making polite reports, students must be allowed to attend classes in the classroom, and they must not be denied access to the classroom, and they must not be reprimanded in a blunt tone. When it is inconvenient for students to explain the reasons, don't ask questions on the spot, and listen to the students' explanations after class.
3, classroom etiquette:
1. Abiding by classroom discipline is a respect for teachers' hard work and the most basic courtesy.
2. Answer the teacher's question correctly. When the teacher asks individual questions, raise your hand before answering, and then get up and answer after the teacher signals.
3. When answering questions, be generous in posture and expression, and don't pose or deliberately make funny actions to make people laugh; Speak loudly, clearly and at an appropriate speed. Don't speak too low or unclear; If you can't answer the question, make it clear. Don't deliberately dodge or keep silent.
If the teacher can't answer the question, stand up first, and then make it clear to the teacher in a sorry tone. Don't interrupt when others answer questions, and don't ridicule when others answer wrong. If you can answer it yourself, you can raise your hand and speak.
4. Extracurricular etiquette
(1) Students meet the teacher. Students should take the initiative to say hello to their teachers: "Good morning" or "Good teacher". Teachers should smile and nod in return, or answer "good morning" and "hello everyone", not too indifferent or too intimate.
(2) Students should take the initiative to greet their teachers outside school; Let the teacher get on the bus first when getting on the bus; Give up your seat when you meet a teacher in the car; When you meet a teacher in a social situation, you should say hello to the teacher and give up your seat.
(3) Students want to make an appointment with the teacher after class. Students should not go to the teacher's room unless it is an emergency, because the room is the teacher's private living space. Talk in the office, sit down after the teacher agrees; Observe the basic etiquette norms, especially pay attention to sitting posture, standing posture, tone and movements; Don't interfere with the work of other teachers; You can't go through the teacher's things at will.
(4) At the entrance and exit, go up and down the stairs (elevator) and meet the teacher. Students should take the initiative to say hello and let the teacher go first. Take the initiative to get off the bus when entering and leaving the school gate and accept the inspection of the doorman. The cycling speed on campus shall not exceed 5km/h. ..
(5) Teachers' home visits should be warmly welcomed, introduced to parents, invited to sit down and poured tea for teachers; Teachers temporarily avoid talking to parents; The teacher left in high spirits.
(6) After graduation, when you meet a teacher, you should take the initiative to say hello enthusiastically, report your work and thank the teacher for his help. Write a condolence letter or send a greeting card to the teacher on important holidays, and visit the teacher at your convenience.
5, conversation etiquette:
(1) Teacher specification:
(1) Notice in advance and get ready. It's best to greet the students in advance so that they can be psychologically prepared. This is both a courtesy and a respect for students.
② Respect students and treat them as equals. When a teacher speaks, he should have a calm tone, be patient, learn to listen, don't interrupt students at will, don't speak loudly, don't speak insulting language, don't do impolite actions, and show good moral cultivation.
Pay attention to the occasion and be reasonable. Choose a time and place acceptable to students. Praise and research can be carried out in the office; It is advisable to criticize students in secluded places and avoid severely criticizing students in public. When talking with students, the teacher's expression should be coordinated with the object and content of the conversation. Don't exaggerate, deliberately exaggerate the facts, and don't spread things that are not conducive to unity or hearsay.
(4) it is forbidden to bring students of the opposite sex into the room to talk.
(2) student norms:
(1) Students can't sit when the teacher doesn't sit while talking. Only when the teacher sits down and asks the students to sit down can the students sit down and talk to the teacher.
No matter whether students are standing or sitting, they should have a correct posture. They should not look around, scratch their heads and ears, shake their legs and put their feet aside, squint at each other and ignore them. They should stare at the teacher and listen to him carefully.
Willing to accept the teacher's advice and correct criticism. When you have different views on the teacher's criticism, you can give necessary explanations, but don't interrupt the teacher at will, let alone make a fuss.
When you leave, you should say goodbye to the teacher sincerely.
(E) Classmate communication etiquette
1, respect classmates:
Classmate friendship is the purest relationship in life. No matter whether the other family background is urban or rural, whether parents are cadres or migrant workers, whether the economy is rich or poor, whether the body is strong or disabled, they should be treated equally. All that glitters is not gold, everyone has unlimited development potential. Today's little grey duck may be tomorrow's white swan.
2, material exchanges should be clear:
There may be material exchanges between students such as borrowing money, borrowing things or giving gifts to each other, but don't be careless. Remember everything clearly, even small money should be written in the memo to remind yourself to return it in time, so as not to forget it and cause misunderstanding. If the borrowed money can't be returned in time, explain the situation to the other party every once in a while. Taking advantage of the other person's material interests, whether intentionally or unintentionally, will cause the other person's psychological unhappiness, thus reducing his personality in the other person's mind.
3. Caring about the difficulties of classmates;
You should take the initiative to inquire about your classmates' difficulties. We should try our best to help what we can, which will enhance the feelings of both sides and make the relationship more harmonious. Students who are ill in hospital are going to visit their condolences.
4. Don't talk about classmates' privacy behind their backs;
Everyone has "privacy", which is closely related to personal reputation. Talking about others' privacy behind their backs will damage others' reputation and cause tension or even deterioration of the relationship between the two sides, so it is a disgraceful and harmful behavior.
5. Take the initiative to apologize for your mistakes or misunderstandings between classmates.
Students often get along with each other, and temporary mistakes are inevitable. If there is a mistake, you should take the initiative to apologize to each other and get their understanding; Take the initiative to explain the misunderstanding between the two sides, don't be petty and mean.
(6) Meeting etiquette
1. Etiquette of conference spokespersons:
(1) There are two kinds of speeches at the meeting: formal speech and free speech. The former is usually a leader's report, while the latter is usually a discussion speech. Formal speakers should dress neatly and walk on the rostrum with natural gait and strength, reflecting a self-confident demeanor and temperament. Speak clearly, pay attention to logic and be concise. If you are speaking in writing, you should always look up at the meeting place, not down at the manuscript. Nobody's watching. After the speech, you should thank the audience for listening.
(2) Free speech is more casual, so we should pay attention to the order and order of speech, and we should not compete to speak; The speech should be brief and the views should be clear; If you have differences with others, you should convince others by reasoning, be calm, follow the instructions of the host, and don't just care about yourself.
(3) If the meeting participants ask questions to the speaker, he should answer them politely. For questions that cannot be answered, he should explain the reasons tactfully and politely, and listen carefully to the critics and opinions of the questioner. Even if the questioner's criticism is wrong, it should not be rude.
2. Etiquette of participants:
(1) The participants in the meeting should dress neatly and behave generously, and arrive at the meeting place about five minutes earlier than the specified meeting time, instead of slowly entering the meeting place at the meeting time and affecting others.
(2) During the meeting, listen carefully and take notes carefully. Meeting is also learning. Listening carefully not only shows your work attitude, but also shows your respect for the speaker.
(3) It is very impolite to lie prone, lean, yawn, scribble, bow your head to sleep, walk around, do private work, and whisper to your neighbors.
(4) At the end of the speech, everyone should applaud to show their affirmation and support for his speech.
3, the host's etiquette:
(1) The hosts of various meetings are usually held by people with certain positions, and their etiquette performance has an important influence on the success of the meeting.
(2) The host should be neatly dressed, generous and solemn, full of energy, and not sloppy.
(3) Walking on the rostrum should be steady and powerful, the walking speed depends on the nature of the meeting, and the cheerful and enthusiastic meeting rhythm should be slow. If you are a standing host, you should put your legs together and keep your back straight. When holding a manuscript, the right hand holds the bottom middle of the manuscript, and the left hand and five fingers are close together, naturally drooping. When holding the manuscript in both hands, you should be chest-high. When sitting in a chair, you should stand up straight and stretch your arms forward. Put your hand gently on the edge of the table. Don't scratch your head, rub your eyes or block your legs during the hosting.
(4) The host should be articulate, quick-thinking and concise.
(5) The moderator should adjust the atmosphere of the meeting according to the nature of the meeting, which can be solemn, humorous, calm or lively.
(6) The host can't greet acquaintances at the meeting, let alone chat. He can nod and smile before the meeting.
(7) Telephone etiquette
1, the phone rings. Pick up the phone, announce yourself first, and then ask the other person's intention to call.
2, telephone communication to carefully understand each other's intentions, to repeat and echo each other's conversation, as a positive feedback to each other.
3, should be equipped with a phone book, important phone calls should be recorded.
After the phone call, wait for the other party to finish, and then end with "goodbye". After the other party puts down the microphone, gently put it down to show respect for the other party.
(8) Elevator etiquette
Press the elevator first to let the guests and elders go first. If there is more than one guest, you can go to the elevator in advance, press "Open" with one hand and press the side door of the elevator with the other hand, and politely say to the guest, "Come in!" After entering the elevator, press the number of floors the guest wants to go to. Face the guests sideways. If there is no one else, you can say hello. If there is anyone else, ask which floor to go to and help press it. When you arrive at your destination, press "Open" with one hand and ask out with the other, saying, "Here we are, after you!" After the guests get out of the elevator, step out of the elevator immediately and guide the way in front.
(9) Theatre etiquette
1, please be seated as soon as possible. If your seat is in the middle, you should politely signal to the person sitting and ask him to let you pass.
2. When giving your seat, you should face it head-on, and don't let your hips face others.
3, dress neatly, even if the weather is hot, it is not appropriate to be topless. Don't make a hullabaloo about and don't treat the cinema as a snack bar.
After the performance, the audience should leave in an orderly way, and don't push.
(10) reading room etiquette
1, pay attention to cleanliness and follow the rules. T-shirts and slippers are not allowed in. When sitting, don't leave a seat for others. When looking for the directory card, don't turn it over or tear it off, and don't scribble on it with a pen.
2. Keep quiet and hygienic. Walk lightly, don't talk loudly, and don't eat food with sound or shells.
3. Books, tables, chairs, benches, etc. Libraries and reading rooms belong to public property, so we should cherish them and don't paint or destroy them at will.
(1 1) Ride etiquette
1. Ride a bike or motorcycle: strictly obey the traffic rules. Do not run a red light, ride a bike without an umbrella, chase or run a tortuous race, or ride a bike with people. When the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled are slow to move, they should understand and take the initiative to be polite.
2. By train or ship: In the waiting room, keep quiet and don't make any noise. Line up in turn when you get on the bus. Don't push or collide. Don't spit everywhere, throw scraps of paper and let children urinate everywhere in the carriage and on the boat.
3. By bus: When the bus arrives at the station, you should queue up in turn and take good care of women, children, the elderly and the sick and disabled. Don't grab a seat after getting on the bus, and don't put anything on the seat to occupy it for others. Passengers who are old, weak, sick, pregnant or holding a baby should take the initiative to give up their seats.
4. When accompanying the leaders and guests to go out by car, pay attention: let the leaders and guests go first, and then go by themselves. Take the initiative to open the car door and signal with your hand, and then close the door after the leaders and guests sit firmly. Generally, the right door of a car is upward, which is the first and most important thing, so you should open the right door first and don't use too much force when closing the door. I am very picky about the seats on the bus. The car seat 1 is at the right rear of the driver, the second seat is directly behind the driver, and the third seat is next to the driver. If there are three people in the back row, seat 3 is in the middle of the back row.
(12) Travel Etiquette
1. Sightseeing: All tourists should take good care of the public property in the tourist area. Public buildings, facilities, cultural relics and historic sites, even flowers and trees, cannot be destroyed at will; Don't scribble, scribble or carve on columns, walls, monuments and other buildings; No spitting, urinating, no environmental pollution; Don't throw peels, scraps of paper and sundries.
2. Hotel Accommodation: Passengers staying in any hotel should not make any noise in the room, so as not to affect other guests. Be polite to the waiters and thank them for their service.
3. Dining in a restaurant: respect the work of the waiter, be modest and polite to the waiter, wait patiently when the waiter is too busy, don't knock on the table and bowl, and don't shout. For the waiter's mistakes in work, we should put forward them in good faith, not cynicism.
(13) foreign etiquette
In international communication, protocol is a very important job, and many foreign affairs activities are often carried out through various communication etiquette activities. Generally speaking, all kinds of communication activities have certain conventions in the world, but countries often have their own unique practices according to their own characteristics and customs. In our foreign exchanges, we should not only carry forward the fine tradition of China's etiquette country, but also respect the customs and habits of various countries and nationalities and understand their different manners and manners, so as to be truly courteous in foreign activities.
1. Manners should be dignified and steady: in foreign affairs activities, manners should be natural, dignified and steady, and expressions should be natural, sincere and amiable, not informal. Don't lean on a table or chair when standing. When sitting, keep your posture straight, don't tilt your feet, shake your legs, and don't look lazy. Lesbians don't stretch your legs. When you leave, you should walk gently. If you encounter an emergency, you can speed up your steps, but don't run in a hurry. When you speak, don't make too many gestures, and don't laugh or shout.
2. Speak in a civilized and decent way: When talking with foreign guests, your expression should be natural, your attitude should be sincere, your language should be civilized and your expression should be decent. Don't eavesdrop when others are talking to others alone. If you need to talk to someone, you should wait until someone else has finished. If you have something urgent to leave during the conversation, say hello and apologize. When talking with foreign guests, don't ask them about their age, resume, marriage, salary, clothing price and other private lives. When talking with foreigners, it's best to choose topics that like listening to music, such as sports competitions, cultural performances, movies and TV shows, scenic spots, holidays, cooking snacks and so on. Everyone will be interested. This kind of topic makes people relaxed and happy and can be widely welcomed. If foreigners take the initiative to talk about unfamiliar topics, they should listen carefully and ask questions seriously. Never pretend to understand, let alone take the initiative to talk to foreigners about topics that you have only a little knowledge of.