At the end of the Warring States Period in China, the State of Qin became more and more powerful. In order to cope with the invasion of Qin and save the country from extinction, the nobles of various vassal States tried their best to recruit talented people. They pay tribute to the noble corporal and attract guests to expand their power, so it is popular to raise "scholars" (including bachelors, alchemists, counselors or magicians and diners). At that time, Wei Wuji, the king of Wei Xinling, was famous for cultivating scholars. Ping Yuanjun and Zhao Sheng of Zhao, Huang Xie of Chu and Shen Jun of Chu? Meng Changjun Tian Wen of the State of Qi. Because all four of them are courtesy corporal and guest emissary (usually descendants of the monarch, note: Chun is not), they were later called "Four Gentlemen of the Warring States".
outline
During the Warring States Period, there were four famous political activists, all of whom were famous for their politeness. They were Zhao Sheng of Chun, Huang Xie and He. They are called "Four Gentlemen of the Warring States". Although people praised or belittled the four gentlemen of the Warring States, it is undeniable that they were all decisive figures in the Warring States period at that time, defending their power against political enemies at home and fighting political and military struggles with the enemy abroad. ?
Wei Wuji (? -243 BC),No. Xinlingjun, the first of the four gentlemen in the Warring States Period. He is the youngest son of King Zhao of Wei and Andrew West's half-brother. He is kind and polite. Because of him, other countries dare not move Wei's mind for more than ten years. The design of stealing military symbols to save Zhao under the guise of imperial edict left a heroic story of "Xinlingjun stealing military symbols to save Zhao" in history.
Zhao Sheng of the State of Zhao (about 308-25 BC1), one of the four gentlemen of the Warring States, was an aristocrat of the State of Zhao. Son of King Wuling of Zhao, brother of King Huiwen. Be famous for talent. It was named Ping Yuanjun in Wu Dong (now Wucheng). Reward the diners with all they have, and 3,000 people dare to die and repel the flies for three miles. Soon, reinforcements from Wei and Chu arrived and Handan was surrounded.
Huang Xie (365438 BC+04 BC-238 BC), the spring Shen Jun of Chu, was one of the four gentlemen of the Warring States, and was famous for his eloquence. Only one of the four gentlemen is not a member of the royal family. After the king of Chu went to the state of Qin as a hostage, he was detained. Chun Shen Jun tried his best to save the prince back to Chu. After the death of King Xiang of Chu, the Prince acceded to the throne, worshiped Huang Xie as the national phase and made him Chun Shen Jun. Since then, Huang Xie has been in power for 25 years, and his reputation remains unchanged.
Meng Changjun Tian Wen of Qi (? -279 BC): Gui surname, Tian Jia, famous article, one of the four gentlemen of the Warring States. Qi Weiwang's grandson, the illegitimate son of Tian Ying, the prime minister of Qi. He was appointed Prime Minister of Wei, and later joined forces with Qin and Zhao to attack Qi. From then on, it remained neutral among vassal States.
Wei Wuji Xinlingjun
Wei Wuji (? -243 years ago),No. Xinlingjun, the first of the four gentlemen in the Warring States Period [5]? . The half-brother of Wei Li, the sixth monarch of Wei. He compiled the thoughts and remarks of his followers into The Art of War of Wei Gongzi. When Wei declined, when Emperor Liang was in power, and after Maling was defeated, Wei declined and the rivers went from bad to worse. Qin, which is adjacent to the west, rose from the forest of nations after Shang Yang's reform and Zhang Yi's neglect, and has the potential to annex six countries. No country dares to really resist Qin. Wei is adjacent to Qin and is deeply hurt by Qin.
Following the example of Tian Wen of Meng Changjun and Zhao Sheng of Yuan Jun, he recruited diners and raised thousands of people, forming his own strength. He is kind to Corporal Xian and anxious about the people's difficulties. He was defeated twice militarily, saving the crises of Zhao and Wei respectively.
However, he was repeatedly suspected by King Wei Anli and failed to shoulder the heavy responsibility. In order to alienate the relationship between Xin Lingjun and Wang Wei, the King of Qin sent people with 10,000 Jin to the State of Wei to pay bribes, and found resplendent public servants to slander Xin Lingjun. The king of Qin sent people to congratulate the new Ling Jun for a pretence several times and asked him if he had been Wang Wei. Wang Wei is suspicious because he listens to gossip. Xin Lingjun said that he was sick and entertained himself with wine and color day and night. In four years, he was poisoned by the wine given by Wang Wei.
Stealing symbols to save Zhao
Zhao's wife is Xin Lingjun's sister. Qin surrounded Handan, and Zhao asked Wei for help many times. Wang Wei sent a general to lead a hundred thousand troops to save Zhao. The king of Qin sent messengers to threaten Wang Wei, saying, "The capital of Zhao will soon be occupied. Whoever dares to save Zhao will fight first if Zhao breaks. " Wang Wei's fear made his army leave his power and set up an obstacle, which was called "saving Zhao". In fact, this is to wait and see whether these two countries will win or lose. Then he sent someone to Xin, saying, "I thought you had a great sense of justice, but now Handan is in trouble and Wei Bing is not coming. Even if you abandon me easily, don't you pity your sister? " Xin was very worried about this matter and asked Wang Wei many times. The public also tried to persuade him in various ways, but Wang Wei never listened. The letter estimated that Wang Wei would not send troops to save Zhao, so he decided to take more than 100 cars to Zhao to fight Qin Jun, passed Yimen and met Hou Ying, who said, "Son, I am too old to follow." New Ling Jun has walked several miles, and he always feels unhappy. He thought, I will die if I treat Hou Sheng well. Why didn't he send me a word? So I came back to see Hou Sheng. Hou Ying said with a smile, "You seem to be feeding meat to a hungry tiger." Hou Ying pushed the others aside and whispered to Xin: "I heard that the transferred military emblem is in Wang Wei's bedroom, and Wang Wei likes Ji best. She can go in and out of the bedroom at will and steal military symbols. I also heard that Ruji wanted revenge because her father was killed, and she didn't find an enemy for three years. Ruji once cried and begged you. You send someone to take the head of your enemy and give it to Ruggie. Ruji is very grateful to you. You can save Zhao by telling her to steal the military emblem. " In the letter, Ling Jun got the code name of the military in the way of Hou Ying.
When Xin took people to mobilize the army, Hou Ying said to him, "I'm leaving, and the Lord won't accept it. If jinbi doesn't listen, it will be dangerous. If you want Zhu Hai, kill Jinbi if necessary. " Xin and his party went to see Ye Lingbing instead. After matching the symbols, Jinbi hesitated and refused to hand over the military power. At this critical juncture, Zhu Hai pulled out an iron vertebra weighing 40 Jin from his sleeve and killed Jin Bi. So Xin was sent to join the army. He ordered the army, saying, "Father and son are in the army, but father returns. Brothers in the army, brothers return. The only son has no brothers and belongs to the adoptive parents. " We must choose 80,000 soldiers to attack Qin Jun. Qin Jun was defeated by Wei Jun, Zhao and surrounded by Han Dan. Wang Zhao and himself went to the suburbs of Handan to meet Xin. Ping Yuanjun led the way for Xinling Jun with his bazooka on his back. Wang Zhao thanked him again and again and said, "Since ancient times, sages are not as good as sons."
I stayed in Zhao for ten years.
Wang Wei was angry that Xin Lingjun stole the military standard and killed Jinbi. Ling Jun himself knows this letter. After Xin Qiji retired from the Qin army, Xin Qiji sent troops to Wei and stayed alone in Zhao for ten years.
Zhao Wang and Ping Yuanjun discussed that in order to reward Cunzhao's achievements, they wanted to write a letter to Ling Jun. When New Ling Jun heard about it, he showed his pride. A guest advised Xin to say, "There are unforgettable things and unforgettable things. The wife is virtuous to her son, and the son will never forget it; Childe is kind to people, I hope he forgets. Wei also ordered to catch Jin's cheap soldiers to save Zhao. The son is arrogant and meritorious, stealing it for the son. " After hearing this opinion, Xin immediately blamed himself as if he were ashamed. Say you are guilty, I am sorry for Wei, but I am useless to Zhao. Zhao Wang and Xin Lingjun drank until evening. Because of Xin Lingjun's humility, they are embarrassed to say anything about giving five cities. After the letter was stationed in Zhao, Yan (now the north of Baixiang County, Hebei Province) was the "Tang" place of the letter.
Xin Lingjun heard that Zhao hid Mao Gong (a gambler) and a place where he sold pulp. He wanted to see them very much, but both of them avoided seeing them. Xinlingjun inquired about their residence, walked there and made friends with them. Ping Yuanjun said to his wife, "Childe is an absurd man. He associates with Bo Tu and people who sell pulp." His wife told Xin Lingjun that Xin Lingjun said, "I heard about the sage, so I went back to Wei to save Zhao." Ping Yuanjun is not a scholar, but he is proud of his many guests. When mowgli was at home, he heard that these two people were wise and feared not to associate with me, and Ping Yuanjun was ashamed. " Xinlingjun packed his things and left. Ping Yuanjun took off his hat and apologized and stayed in Xinlingjun. Hearing this, Ping Yuanjun's public guests left Ping Yuanjun and returned to Xinlingjun.
Historical position
The guests of the vassal States presented Sun Tzu's Art of War to their son, who wrote down its name, which was called Sun Tzu's Art of War of Wei Gongzi. Among the military strategists of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 2 1 articles of Wei Gongzi.
It is against the will of King Wei Anli that Xinlingjun stole the military symbols, seized the army and defeated Qin Cunzhao, but it is actually the great interest of Wei. Zhao Cun, Wei is not isolated but has a barrier. Defeating Qin Jun eliminated Wang Weizun's illusion that Qin was the emperor, reduced his fear of Qin, and improved Wei's prestige in the eastern countries.
Sima Qian portrayed Xin as a good corporal. He believes that Xin Lingjun's "seclusion in caves and shame in making friends" and "being a famous vassal" are both true, so Xin Lingjun ranks first among the four sons in history.
"Preface to Taishi Gong" said: "You can be rich or poor, you can be wicked, and you can only trust Ling Jun." Xin was an influential figure in Qin and Han Dynasties. Zhang Er, a Liang native, "was a guest with Wei Gongzi when he was young"; Chen Yi, a native of A Liang, was called the son of Mu Wei when he was young.
Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, also "counted virtuous sons" when he was young. When he was emperor, every time he crossed the girder, he often offered sacrifices to Xin; In the twelfth year of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, he believed that Ling Jun kept the Five Mausoleums and offered sacrifices at four o'clock every year.
Zhao Sheng, Ping Yuanjun
Zhao Sheng (about 308 BC-25 BC1), one of the four sons of the Warring States, was an aristocrat of Zhao. Son of King Wuling of Zhao, brother of King Huiwen. Be famous for talent. Seals are in Wu Dong, not Ping Yuanjun. He is a corporal Li, a thousand diners and has a good relationship with friends. However, he didn't pay attention to the courtesy to the civilians, and then made good relations with the civilians under the guidance of a public guest, which made him famous.
Ping Yuanjun was the first phase of Zhao Haoqi Huiwen, and after the death of Zhao Haoqi Huiwen, he was also the phase of Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao. In the seventh year of Zhao Chengxiao (259 BC), Qin Jun besieged Handan, the capital of Zhao (now Handan, Hebei), and the king of Zhao sent Ping Yuanjun to Wei and Chu for help. In nine years, diners volunteered to go to Chu for help, persuaded the king of Chu, and sent Chun to lead the army to save Zhao. This is called "self-recommendation".
Before reinforcements arrived, the soldiers in Handan City had no food. Ping Yuanjun scattered all his wealth and mobilized the soldiers to hold on to the city. Until the Chu army and Wei Xinling army arrived and lifted the siege of Handan. Although Zhao Ping Yuanjun made great contributions, he didn't ask the prince of Zhao for a national seal. Once drinking with the king of Qin, the king of Qin wanted him to kill his good friend He, but he flatly refused. Zhao died in the fifteenth year of Wang (25 BC1). Wu Anjun said: "As for Ping Yuanjun, all wives and concubines are sewn between ranks. Ministers work together and are still stuck in the meeting. "
In the first year of King Zhao Huiwen (298 BC), he worshipped Ping Yuanjun, and later "moved the three phases and resumed the three phases". He was in Zhao for 48 years and experienced Huiwen and filial piety.
According to Records of the Historian Zhao Shijia, the essay "In the 14th year (the first 285 years), the Prime Minister attacked Zhao, Qin, Han, Wei and Yan and took Lingqiu". Historical Records and Biography of Le Yi also said that "Le Yi was awarded the national seal of Guo Xiang".
The Historical Records of Zhao also records that in the eighteenth year of Zhao Huiwen (the first 28 1), "Wei Ran came to Zhao". Remember "Qi Anping Dan and Yan Zhongyang, pull it out. Attack Korea again, note people and pull them out. "
In the second year of Zhao's reign (263 BC), Emperor Huiwen died. Tian Dan is the phase. "In addition to these three things, all by zhao.
Laughter killer
Once, a lame man walked downstairs on the plain, and Ping Yuanjun's aunt saw it and laughed. The next day, the cripple went to Ping Yuanjun, knelt down and asked to kill the concubine. After Ping Yuanjun agreed, he thought the request was too much and ignored it, so he left half of his public guests. Only after questioning did we know that the public thought that Ping Yuanjun valued women over men, so Ping Yuanjun killed Yu Ji and went to apologize to the cripple himself, and the public came back one after another.
Pull Zhao She.
When Zhao She was a captain, Ping Yuanjun refused to pay the rent, so Zhao She killed nine people under Ping Yuanjun according to law, which caused the anger of Ping Yuanjun. Ping Yuanjun originally wanted to kill Zhao She, but after listening to Zhao She's persuasion, he thought he was very talented, so he recommended him to the prince of Zhao, who then used Zhao She to control taxes.
Shelter Wei Qi
Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiaoyuan years (265 BC), Zhao Xiang, king of Qin, appointed Fan Ju as prime minister. When Fan Ju was in Wei, he was humiliated by then Prime Minister Wei Qi, so he threatened Wei to kill Wei Qi. Wei Qi fled to Zhao and hid in. After the king of Qin knew it, he wrote a book and invited a banquet, but he didn't dare to refuse. When he arrived in Qin, King Zhao Xiang asked Ping Yuanjun to hand over Qi Wei. Ping Yuanjun replied, "The friends you make when you have money are all for the poor; Since Wei Qi is my friend, even if he is here, I will not hand it over, not to mention that he is not with me now. " Rejected the request of the king of Qin.
The king of Qin detained Ping Yuanjun and threatened Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao to hand over Qi Wei, so the king of Zhao sent troops to surround Ping Yuanjun's mansion. Wei Qi fled overnight to see Yu Qing. Yu Qing thought that Zhao Wang's words could not be persuaded, so she fled to Wei with Wei Qi and asked Xinlingjun for help. Xinlingjun didn't want to see them at first, but Wei Qi died after learning about it. The prince of Zhao sent Wei to the State of Qin, so that he could return to China.
Famous diners
When the state of Qin marched into Handan, Zhao and Zhao were going to find twenty people with both civil and military skills to lobby the king of Chu to unite against Qin. I found 19 people, but I couldn't find a suitable candidate for the remaining places, so I went forward to recommend myself. Ping Yuanjun said, "If you put the awl in the bag, the tip will be exposed. Why haven't I heard of you? " Mao Sui said, "I only asked to put it in my bag today. If it was in the bag, the whole awl would have come out long ago. " So Ping Yuanjun took Mao Sui to the State of Chu.
When he arrived in the State of Chu, Ping Yuanjun talked with the King of Chu for a long time, but there was no result. So Mao Sui came forward with a sword and said, "The interests of vertical alliance are over." How to talk now? " The king of Chu said, "I am talking to your master. What are you doing here? " Mao Sui came forward with a sword and said, "Your Majesty scolded me for drinking, but because there are so many Chu people, your life is in my hands within ten steps. Chu is powerful and invincible in the world. Tian Lei was just a boy, but once he occupied the capital of Chu, he burned the Yiling and insulted the ancestors of Chu. This is a deep hatred of Chu. Zhao was humiliated, but the king of Qi did not feel hateful. The purpose of the alliance is for Chu, not for Zhao. My master is right in front of me. Why do you drink and scold me? " Therefore, Zhao successfully formed an alliance with Chu.
After returning to China, he was ashamed of his inability to judge people. He didn't find his talent when he entered Zhao, so he immediately made him a VIP.
Chunshenjun yellow crab
Chun Shen Jun, whose name is Huang Xie (320 ~ 238 BC), was a minister of Chu State during the Warring States Period, and was once the prime minister of Chu State. Study tour in Huang Xie
, eloquent. In the first year of Chu Gaolie, Huang Xie was named Chun Shen Jun. To Huaibei 12 county.
Shen Jun is wise, faithful, generous and caring. He is famous for his courtesy, inviting guests and assisting in running the country. When Chu Xiang was king, the king of Qin sent a general, Bai Qi, to defeat Han and Wei, and joined hands with them to crusade against Chu. In a critical situation, King Xiang of Chu sent an eloquent Chun Shen Jun to the State of Qin to persuade King Zhao Xiang of Qin to withdraw. King Xiang of Chu was seriously ill. Chun designed Xiong Wan, the king of Chu who stayed in Qin State, as a hostage and fled to the throne of Chu State, that is, Chu Gaolie. King Chukauli made him a pawn. When Handan was besieged, Chun led the army to come to the rescue. Later, Lu was destroyed and it was the Northern Expedition of Chu.
At that time, King Gao Lie of Chu had no children, and Chun Shen Jun was very worried. Later, I married my younger sister Yuan. After Tang gaozu's sister became pregnant (whether she was pregnant or not is controversial here), she was presented to King Chukolia, and the child was made a prince (that is, Chu Youwang), while Tang gaozu's sister was made a queen. Therefore, Tang gaozu gradually gained power, constantly dying, and wanted to kill Chun Shen Jun. After King Gaolie died of illness, Li Yuan ambushed in Jingmen and killed Chun Shenjun's family.
Meng Changjun Tian Wen
Meng Changjun (? -279 BC): Gui surnamed Tian, a famous writer, one of the four sons of the Warring States period in China, and minister of the imperial clan of the State of Qi. His father Tian Ying,No. Jing, is his half-brother. He once held an important position in the army and served as prime minister, and was sealed in Xue (now southeast of Guanqiao, Tengzhou, Shandong). After Tian Ying's death, Tian Wenji was located in Xuewei.
Meng Changjun is famous for treating 3000 people to dinner. At the same time, he was in power for a while. After his death, he was buried in the northeast corner, side by side with his father's tomb, which was the second of Gu Xue's "four doors and eight piles".
Crow like a rooster and scratch like a dog ―― become mean or mean.
When Zhao Haoqi of Qin heard about Tian Wen's talent, he invited him to Qin, hoping that he could be in the photo. However, the prime minister of Qin, Chi, was worried that he would take a photo of him, so he ordered his guest, Gong Sun, to slander Xiang, saying, "If you are from Qi, you must be in Qi first. Besides, all his clients are crouching tiger, and they know everything about Qin. Once he betrayed Qin, Qin was in danger. " I went to ask about the situation of GUI Li disease. Guili Li pretended to be surprised and was right. It's the scourge of Qin, so kill him! ",Wang Zhaoxiang track, put Tian Wen under house arrest. Qin Jingyang approached Tian Wen and told him the truth. He suggested: "The king of Zhao Xiangguo loves Yanji, and only by bribing her to intercede with the king of Qin can she be saved. So I pleaded with Yan Ji, Qin's favorite princess. Yan Ji asked for a white fox fur, but gave it to King Zhao of Qin. "。 Fortunately, Tian Wen had an inferior guest who sneaked into the warehouse late at night. He deceived the guards like a dog barking, stole the robe and gave it to Yanji. Yanji interceded for Qin Zhaowang and let Tian Wen go. But soon, Zhao Haoqi of Qin regretted it and sent troops to chase it. Tian Wen and his party came to Hanguguan, the border of Qin State, and stipulated that no one should be released before the cock crowed, but they refused to change people on the grounds that time was not up. Fortunately, some lower-class guests learned to crow realistically, which led other chickens to crow together, and Tian Wen passed the border in time. When he arrived in Zhao, people in Zhao laughed at his short stature and became very angry. His guests killed all the people who made fun of him. Go back to Qi State and become the phase of Qi State. Tian Wen lamented that "pearls are not as good as mud pills; It was two unknown servants who saved him, and his talent was immeasurable. Therefore, he regards these two public guests as excellent guests. Later, the king of Qi was very arrogant and wanted to kill him, so he fled to Wei, and joined forces with Yan, Zhao, Wei, Chu and Qin to almost destroy Qi.
The influence of later generations
As the saying goes, "those who win the hearts of the people win the world, and those who win the scholars win the hearts of the people." It can be seen that people in ancient and modern times agree with the role of scholars.
At the end of the Warring States Period, in order to resist Qiang Qin's invasion, many aristocratic groups were formed, which accepted talents, respected the old and cared for the young, and tried their best for the king. One of the most famous is the Four Childes of the Warring States Period. Their attention and views on talents, as well as the practice of using talents to bring the country back to life, have a far-reaching impact on future generations.