This time, Huang Taiji transformed Shenyang from the Acropolis of the Ming Dynasty into the capital of the late Jin Dynasty, mainly in the following aspects:
The size and status of the ancient city of China has changed from four gates to eight gates, which is often reflected in the number of gates in addition to the perimeter of the city. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, the fortress city in Liaodong was generally one or two gates, the Acropolis was generally three or four gates, Liaoyang, where Liaodong was located, was nine gates, and the capital Beijing was also nine gates. This should come from the pre-Qin "Examination of Gong Ji": "The craftsman governs the country, with a square nine miles, three doors next to it, nine latitudes in the middle and nine tracks in the middle, facing the market outlook." When Nurhachi built Liaoyang Tokyo City, it was designated as Eight Doors, and Shenyang City was still designated as Eight Doors. The names of Eight Doors are exactly the same as Tokyo City. The east gate is called Neizhi (small east gate) and Fujin (big east gate), the west gate is called Waimang (small west gate) and Huaiyuan (big west gate), the north gate is called Dizai (small north gate) and Fu Sheng (big north gate), and the south gate is called God bless.
There are doorways inside and outside the eight doors. "The foreign books are full of Chinese, and the internal books are Chinese." The moral of the name of the Eight Doors is: inherit the grace from heaven, inherit the heavy burden from below, repair the civil affairs internally, disturb the soldiers outside, appease the domestic people, appease the foreign princes, and realize the grand plan with the power of Fu De. Some people form eight couplets: governing the country and ensuring the country, protecting the near heaven, and helping Desheng; With blessings and victories from afar. The horizontal approval is: peace in the four seasons.
By the Ming Dynasty, all four doors, namely, East, West, South and Sanmen, were demolished, except the North Gate. The change from four gates to eight gates has greatly changed the pattern of Shenyang city, and the original cross street has become a well-shaped street. As a symbol of downtown Shenyang, the central temple still exists. But in the early days, because Nurhachi's palace was located in the north gate of the Ming Dynasty, the north and south streets of the Ming Dynasty were still unimpeded. In the planning of ancient cities in China, the main streets should be planned in the main parts. Because the palaces are all in the middle or north of the capital, you can go directly to the south street of the palace from the south, just like going to heaven, so this street is called "Tianjie". Now, this street is still called "Tian Tong Street" in the south of Shenyang, which may have started after Nurhachi moved to Shenyang.
Shenyang city gate
Rebuild the city and improve its defense function. The wall of Shenyang in Ming Dynasty was made of masonry, but it was relatively low, only more than 20 feet high, and it collapsed seriously at the end of Ming Dynasty.
The main project of this reconstruction is to repair and heighten the surrounding city walls. The wall is made of stone strips and large blue bricks, and the wall is compacted with loess, lime and sand. The height of the wall increased to three feet and five feet, and the thickness of the wall increased to one foot and eight feet. The female wall on the city wall is seven feet five inches high and has 65 1 crib. Each of the eight gates has an enemy tower, and each corner of the city has a turret. The moat was changed from two in Ming Dynasty to one.
How to improve the urban drainage system in ancient Shenyang is unknown. Shenyang city is slightly higher than the surrounding area, and the drainage seems to be no problem. After the transformation, "there are 72 inner pools, and water does not leak out". This drainage system uses the low-lying areas of the city to form 72 inner pools, and ditches are selected on both sides of the street to let rainwater and domestic sewage flow into the inner pools. The first volume of the Preparatory Examination of Shengjingdian records: "Inner Pool: There are 72 pools in the city, which the natives call paozi. When I got home in summer, the water didn't leak out and there was no danger of being flooded. The city uses it to store it in case of emergency. " It is also recorded that in the first year of Daoguang (182 1) and 100 years ago, merchants dug ditches on both sides of the streets inside and outside Shengjing Brick City, resulting in 72 bubbles in the city to eliminate water seepage. In recent years, there has been a blockage between the pool and the ditch. Every time it rains continuously, the rain does not flow into the pool, which has an impact on palaces, warehouses and city walls. Since then, the ditches inside and outside the brick city, the moat protecting the city, and the seventy-two ponds have been changed to official dredging, and the management company and officials from all walks of life have been ordered to manage the operation, check at any time, and drain as appropriate to prevent further siltation.
After redefining the functional orientation of each district in the city, Shenyang was changed to Bamen Street and Jingzi Street, and the urban area was changed from the original four districts of Cross Street to nine districts of Jingzi Street. The original residents of the city were moved outside the city, and the functions of nine new areas were divided: the palace was built in the central area, and various palaces surrounded it. On the east side of the palace, there are Duchayuan and Lifanyuan Yamen. Building three official, household and ritual houses east of Shengdemen Street; Build three yamen for soldiers, criminals and workers on both sides of Neizhimen Street; The second floor of the Bell and Drum Tower is built at two intersections in the north. The bell tower is located in Fushengmennei Street, and the drum tower is located in the underground door. A commercial street (Siping Street) is gradually formed between the bell tower and the drum tower. In addition, the Temple of Heaven is built in the southeast of the city, the Ditan is built in the north of the city, and the main hall and ancestral hall are built outside the city gate.
The moat of Shenyang City in Qing Dynasty
After this expansion, although the area of Shenyang City has not expanded, its appearance has changed greatly. "The scale of Beijing Que is well prepared." Manchu is a mountainous nationality. The first few buildings were built on the mountain, and Shenyang was a flat city. Under the situation at that time, there was no new town, but it was transformed from Shenyang Zhongwei City in the Ming Dynasty. It not only abides by the traditional capital rules of China, but also follows the inherent customs of our nation. The organic combination of the two makes Shengjing have a certain position in the history of China's capital development, and this transformation is quite successful. In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), on the ninth day of April, Huang Taiji issued a letter, changing Shenyang City to "Shengjing as soon as possible", referred to as Shengjing for short, and Mukedun in Manchu.
When it comes to Huang Taiji's expansion of Shenyang City, there are two issues that need to be abandoned. First, when did the urban reconstruction of Shenyang begin? 2. When did the expansion of Shenyang outer city begin? Let's start with the first question. Regarding the reconstruction of Shenyang City, Shengjing Tongzhi records that Shengjing City was expanded from the old city in Tiancong five years, and later books such as A Brief History of Jingshi, Shenyang County Records and Fengtian Tongzhi all followed this theory. Accordingly, five years ago, Tiancong and Shenyang City were still the four-door cross street of the Ming Dynasty. In fact, this understanding is incorrect. According to some historical materials in the early Qing Dynasty (later Jin Dynasty), Shenyang City was already eight doors before Tiancong five years ago. For example, in the third year of Tiancong (1629), Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict on the sixth day of July, announcing that China students' exams would be held on the first day of September. Eight Han officials, including them, were ordered to tell scholars in cities, villages and fortresses that "all applications are limited to the land of Gaoyou and Tremella in the Bell Tower on the 23rd of this month, which will be completed on the 27th and the examination will be held on the first day of September". This imperial edict says, "Ten dollars for each solid mountain, plus eight bell towers." This shows that before this, there were already bell towers and eight gates in Shenyang. In addition, Tian Cong, an old Manchu stall, recorded on March 27, 2004: "The amount awarded to the eight women is really a satin for each of the eight women (the elderly)." This file shows that at this time, Shenyang City not only had eight gates, but also was taken care of by the Eight Banners.
Shenyang Gulou
St. Ding Jing clock
So, when was the Eight Gates of Shenyang City built? There is a file in the old Manchu file: "On the fifth day of April in the fourth year of Tiancong, the north of Shenyang was not built, but it was still built by the Ming people, and the other three sides were already built. Construction began on the sixth day of April (the original file is incomplete). " According to this record, the severely damaged east, west and south walls were built before Tiancong in April, and the well-preserved north wall was not built until the sixth day of Tiancong in April. The construction time of the other three walls, from the perspective of "completed", is likely to be ten or eleven years of destiny. Because these three walls "are all collapsed and can be climbed up", they cannot be defended without maintenance and must be built as soon as possible. It is very likely that when the city wall is built, the four gates will be changed to eight gates. Because Nurhachi was still alive at that time, the north gate was not blocked. But at that time, the Eight Doors may have only opened eight doorways, and the tower has not yet been built. Therefore, it will take Tiancong five years to completely restore Shenyang City to make it have the scale and momentum of the capital.
As for the bell tower, it was built early for a reason. The wall clock of Shenyang Bell Tower in Qing Dynasty "Shengjing Dinggeng Bell" has some origins. According to the inscription on the clock, this clock was originally the clock of Gansheng Temple in Beijing, Liaoning Province (now Daming City, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia). Empress Dowager Chengtian of Liao Dynasty cut down Le Shou County in Song Dynasty, "get a big bell and give it to Gansheng Temple", which was later destroyed by fire. In the third year of Jin Tiande (1 15 1), the clock was recast in Gansheng Temple, weighing 6000 Jin. The clock has experienced more than 500 years in Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Somehow, it appeared in Gaizhou (now gaizhou city, Liaoning Province) in the late Ming Dynasty. It was the sixth year of destiny (162 1). When Nurhachi visited Gaizhou in May, he got this big clock and sent it to Liaoyang as a "relic of my distant ancestors". In March of the tenth year of destiny, Nurhachi moved the capital to Shenyang and transported the clock to Shenyang. In order to place the clock, it is likely that Nurhachi built the bell tower first when he was alive.
As can be seen from the above, the so-called five-year expansion of Tiancong is a large-scale continuation on the basis of the construction of Tiancong four years ago. This project probably includes rebuilding eight gates, building gatehouses, maintaining turrets and cribs, and strengthening city walls. Because of the heavy workload, it was not completed until Tiancong nine years ago. The project adopts the way of division of responsibilities of the Eight Banners, and each of the Eight Banners builds a city gate. Huang taiji is very strict with the project and often checks it. For example, "Tiancong Five Years Eight Banners Value Monthly File" records: "On May 16th, Khan and Baylor looked around and built seven new doors. Oracle Bone Inscriptions said: Zhenghongqimen is the first, Hongqimen and Baiqimen are the second, Zhengbaiqi and Zhenghuangqimen are the third, Baiqimen is slightly higher, and the two blue qimen are the last. Because of the heavy workload and the need for a lot of manpower and material resources, Huang Taiji also punished guilty officials for contracting projects as a way of atonement. For example, in July of the fifth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji was fined for "building 57 official residences, one enemy platform and one turret" because Tong San left the flag privately on Pipi Island. Historically, due to the urgency of the project, Huang Taiji even ordered winter construction, which led to the collapse of eight doors.
Agriculture is also affected by the construction of cities by a large number of migrant workers. On March 14th, the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Huang Taiji hunted in Sanchabao for three days and found that the records of some cattle were influenced by too many people who transferred the city. When I got back to the city, I called the official to the big yamen and said, "I went out to see Ilgen's farming late. Maybe Lu Niu Zhang Jing built the city before others and brought people who exceeded the limit, so he was late for agriculture. Take a little more and build a city. Abandon fields. What does Ilgen eat! Bring more attendants, waste Ilgen Tian, Lu Niu Zhang Jing, and little Bashku will be guilty. " On the ninth day of June, the officials who supervised the construction of the city presented a document to Huang Taiji to evaluate the merits and demerits of the construction of the city. After reading it, Huang taiji said, "I asked you to build the city wall, so I didn't let you start a little, and I didn't let my entourage travel happily." Now I don't want to care about anything. What's wrong? " So he ordered to discuss the crime: "The five red flags are not strong, and the solitary mountain is fined fifty taels of silver; The eight places built by Lanqi are not firm, and the amount of Gushan is really 820 pieces of ancient Agger silver; Sixteen places built by Zhenglan Banner are not strong, so we should discuss the crime of Gushan Zhensalage Agger. Because the second son died of illness, he didn't work with the city workers, but he was awarded to Ang Alagh and Ke Yifei, acting as the governor, and fined silver 162. Baylor's second side is full of flags, and his three sides are Lu Niu Zhang Jing, etc. , have been punished and redeemed. Its primary seven school and small library are different. Those who should be punished should be punished, and those who should be flogged should be held accountable. " The reconstruction of Shenyang City this time, the bigger project is that all the city walls should be made of bricks and stones.
To repackage, we must first burn bricks and lime, which requires a lot of work. This project was not completed until April 18, 2009. "On that day, the stones in Shenyang City were made of bricks and stones." As can be seen from the existing ruins of Shenyang City, the walls of Shenyang City in Qing Dynasty were rammed inside, both inside and outside were wrapped with big blue bricks, and the foundation was made of a stone, which was very strong.
The second question, when will the outer city of Shenyang be expanded? In addition to the brick city, there was also a earthen city in Shenyang in the Qing Dynasty, also known as Outer City, Guo Cheng and Guancheng, which was slightly circular, with a circumference of 32 miles and 48 steps. There is an excircle inside the two walls of Shenyang City, which looks like an ancient copper coin in China. "The outer circle is inside" may adopt the traditional concept of "the sky is round and the place is round" in ancient China. There are eight gates in the inner city and eight gates in the outer city, named according to the direction. The south of the east is called Dadongbianmen, and the north is called Xiaodongbianmen. To the south, the east is called the south gate, and the west is called the south gate; The west side door is called Daxi side door in the south and Xiaoxi side door in the north. In the north, it is called Dabei side gate in the east and Xiaobei side gate in the west. The eight gates of the outer city are opposite to the eight gates of the inner city, so they are also called "eight gates and eight passes", and the outer city and the inner city are also called "closed compartments". The eight gates in the inner city and the eight gates in the outer city are all connected by roads, and the direction of these roads is inclined, which determines the characteristics of the street pattern in the old city of Shenyang.
Victory over the Wall in the Early Years of the Republic of China
Official books in the Qing Dynasty all said that Shenyang Outer City was built in the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), such as "Shengjing Tongzhi": "In the 19th year of Kangxi, Guancheng was built according to the order, with a height of seven feet and five inches and a circumference of thirty-two miles and forty-eight steps." Some experts questioned this and thought that the wall had been repaired before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The reason is:
1. There are generally three walls in the ancient capital of China, which divide the city into three parts: Miyagi (Forbidden City), Imperial City and Luocheng (Outer City), which is called "Building a city to protect the monarch and the country and the people". The Feiala City built after Nuerhachi started his army consists of three layers, that is, "the inner city is occupied by his relatives, the outer city is occupied by generals and clans", and the outer city is occupied by the dead and new entrants. Nurhachi said that the first capital of Khan, Hetuala, also had inner and outer cities. "The inner city is the home of relatives, and the outer city is the home of elite soldiers." As the new capital of the late Jin Dynasty, Shenyang was transformed into Shengjing by Huang Taiji, where he proclaimed himself emperor and had to build an outer city. Second, there is a record of "breaking the wall" in the archives of Huang Taiji Tiancong. For example, on December 22nd, the seventh year of Tiancong (1633), when the project of expanding Shenyang City was in full swing, Hu Yingyuan, a hermit of Zhengbaiqi, wrote "Seven Things about Chen" to Huang Taiji, one of which was about building an outer city: "Building a city wall and closing it is the most urgent thing, and it has nothing to do with not building a city. It is also possible to repair the wall quickly. Wrapping up the city, delaying things, and doing things in a hurry, we have to send a person to fight kiln firewood, send a person to fight mud bricks, send a person to burn lime, and send a person to pull carts, pull soil and pull ash. People and cows are not allowed to be idle, and those who work hard will be willing to work hard. It can be seen that the project has been delayed and there is still room for improvement. The people were unhappy when the crops were harvested by mistake. Now, which is the first, which is the last, which is slow and which is urgent, is squatting. " A month later, Hu Yingyuan wrote to Huang Taiji again on the matter of "protecting the city and fighting customs": "Fools went to school years ago, and they have a policy of protecting the city. It is not that they don't protect the city and don't repair their merits. For example, if a person manages a family, the surrounding courtyard walls must be neat and firm, and the surrounding city walls are the guarantee of a country and the exotic scenery. Is there anyone who doesn't stand up and fix it firmly?
Silly students think well in advance, and the most important thing in Baocheng is to play customs. If it's time for spring ploughing, we'll hold it together in Baocheng, so as not to make people miserable. Hu Yingyuan believes that both Bao Cheng (a brick city) and Daguan Wall (an outer city) are important projects to rebuild Shenyang City, but comparatively speaking, Daguan Wall is more urgent, because it is not a capital city without an outer city; You need to wrap the inner city with bricks and stones to make it neat and firm, but you need a lot of manpower and material resources, so you can take your time. If the two projects are done together and catch up with the spring, it will affect the farming and the people can't bear it.
Small West Side Gate of Shengjing in the Early Republic of China
Judging from this incident, when Huang Taiji rebuilt Shenyang City, he also built an outer city, because Hu Yingyuan did not suggest building an outer city, but it was just a matter of coming first, that is, sealing the wall or consolidating the city. Therefore, the "building a closed wall according to the order" in the 19th year of Kangxi was not a new building, but a reconstruction on the original basis. The outer city walls are all rammed, so they are called "knocking on the wall". Now, the remains of the Great Wall are nowhere to be found.