Human beings have a long history of communication. As early as ancient times, people exchanged information through simple language and murals. For thousands of years, people have been using language, symbols, bells and drums, fireworks, bamboo slips and paper books to convey information. Ancient bonfires, flying pigeons and post-horse mail are examples of this. Some primitive tribes in some countries still retain ancient communication methods such as beating drums and blowing horns. In modern society, the command sign language of traffic police and the semaphore in navigation are just the result of the further development of ancient communication methods. These basic aspects of information transmission depend on human vision and hearing.
/kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, with the invention of telegraph and telephone and the discovery of electromagnetic waves, the communication field of human beings has undergone fundamental changes, realizing the transmission of information by metal wires and even wireless communication by electromagnetic waves, making the mythical "clairvoyance" and "clairvoyance" become a reality. Since then, human information transmission can be separated from the conventional audio-visual way, using electrical signals as a new carrier, bringing a series of iron technological innovations and opening a new era of human communication.
From 65438 to 0837, American Samuel Morse successfully developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph. Using his own code, he can convert information into a series of long or short electrical pulses to the destination, and then convert them into original information. 1844 On May 24th, Morris sent the first telegram in human history in the conference hall of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol, thus realizing long-distance telegraph communication.
1864, the British physicist J.c.Maxwel established a set of electromagnetic theories, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, and explained that electromagnetic waves and light have the same properties and both travel at the speed of light.
1875, the Scottish youth A.G. Bell invented the world's first telephone. And applied for an invention patent in 1876. 1878, the first long-distance telephone experiment was conducted between Boston and new york, which are 300 kilometers apart, and it was successful. Later, the famous Bell Telephone Company was established.
1888, the young German physicist H.R. Hertz conducted a series of experiments with radio circuits and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves. He proved Maxwell's electromagnetic theory by experiments. This experiment caused a sensation in the whole scientific community and became an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, which led to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves had a great influence. In less than six years, Russian popov and Italian Marconi invented wireless telegraph respectively, which realized the radio transmission of information, and other radio technologies mushroomed. 1904 British electrical engineer Fleming invented the diode. 1906 American physicist Fessenden successfully developed radio broadcasting. 1907, American physicist Trevor Lester invented the vacuum triode, and American electrical engineer Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiving device by using electronic devices. American radio expert Conrad established the world's first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh on 1920. Since then, the broadcasting industry has flourished all over the world, and broadcasting has become a convenient way for people to understand current events. 1924, the first short-wave communication line was established between nauen and Buenos Aires. 1933, the first commercial microwave radio line between Britain and France was established in Clarville, France, which promoted the further development of radio technology.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves has also promoted the rapid development of image communication technology. 1922, 16-year-old American middle school student Philo Farnsworth designed the first schematic diagram of TV fax. 1929 applied for an invention patent and was ruled as the first person to invent television. From 65438 to 0928, Zwojin of Westinghouse Electric Company invented the photoelectric picture tube, and cooperated with the engineering teacher Gas to realize the transmission and transmission of electronic scanning TV. 1935, the Empire State Building in New York, USA, set up a TV station. The next year, TV programs were successfully transmitted to places 70 kilometers away. 1938, Volgin made the first TV camera that meets the practical requirements. After people's continuous exploration and improvement, 1945, American radio company made the world's first all-electron-tube color TV according to the working principle of three primary colors. Until 1946, American Ross Weimar invented the high-sensitivity camera tube. In the same year, Professor Hamoto, a Japanese, solved the receiving antenna problem of home TV. Since then, some countries have successively established ultrashort wave relay stations, and television has rapidly spread.
Image fax is also an important communication mode. Since 1925, the first practical fax machine was developed by American radio company, and the fax technology has been continuously innovated. Before 1972, this technology was mainly used in news, publishing, meteorology and broadcasting industries; From 1972 to 1980, fax technology has completed the transformation from analog to digital, from mechanical scanning to electronic scanning, and from low speed to high speed. In addition to transmitting meteorological maps, press releases, photos and satellite cloud pictures instead of telegrams, it has also been applied in medical treatment, library management, information consultation, financial data, electronic post and so on. After 1980, fax technology was transformed into an integrated processing terminal, which not only undertakes communication tasks, but also has the ability of image processing and data processing, and became an integrated processing terminal. Electrostatic copiers, tape recorders, radars and lasers are all important inventions in the history of information technology.
In addition, remote control, telemetry and remote sensing technology are also very important technologies as information remote control. Remote control is a technology that uses communication lines to control remote controlled objects, which is applied in electrical industry, oil pipeline, chemical industry, military and aerospace industry. Telemetry is a measurement technology, which converts the measured physical quantities to a distant place, such as voltage, current, air pressure, temperature, flow and so on. , converted into electricity, transmitted to observation points through communication lines, and applied to meteorological, military, aerospace and other industries. Remote sensing is a comprehensive measurement technology, which uses sensors to receive electromagnetic wave information radiated by high-altitude or distant objects, and prompts the nature, shape and changing trend of the measured objects through processed or recognizable images or recording tapes used by computers. It is mainly used in meteorology, military affairs, aerospace and other fields.
With the rapid development of electronic technology, the computing tools urgently needed by military and scientific research have also been greatly improved. 1946, eckert and Moses of the University of Pennsylvania developed the world's first electronic computer. The innovation of electronic components and materials further promotes the development of electronic computers in the direction of miniaturization, high precision and high reliability. In the 1940s, scientists discovered semiconductor materials and used them to make transistors instead of electron tubes. 1948, shockley, Badin and Bratin of Bell Laboratories invented transistors, so transistor radios, transistor televisions and transistor computers quickly replaced various vacuum tube products. 1959, kilby and Noyce of the United States invented integrated circuits, and microelectronics technology was born. LSI was born in 1967. More than 1000 transistor circuits can be integrated on a silicon wafer the size of a grain of rice. 1977, American and Japanese scientists made VLSI and integrated130,000 transistors on a 30-square-millimeter silicon wafer. Microelectronics technology has greatly promoted the upgrading of electronic computers, making them show unprecedented information processing functions and become an important symbol of modern high technology.
In order to solve the problem of resource sharing, stand-alone computers have rapidly developed into computer networking, realizing data communication and data sharing between computers. Communication media has developed from ordinary wires and coaxial cables to twisted pair, optical fiber lines and optical cables; The input and output devices of electronic computers have also developed rapidly. Scanner, plotter, audio and video equipment, etc. Make the computer more powerful and can handle more complex problems. With the rise of multimedia technology in the late 1980s, computers have the ability to comprehensively process various forms of information, such as words, sounds, images, movies, etc., and are increasingly becoming the most important and essential tool for information processing.
At this point, we can preliminarily think that information technology (IT) is a comprehensive technology based on microelectronics and photoelectric technology, supported by computer and communication technology, and with information processing technology as the theme. The close combination of electronic computer and communication technology marks the arrival of the digital information age. 2. What aspects does modern information technology include? What human abilities have they expanded? The great progress of technology will often bring great influence to the development of cities. The invention of the steam engine led to the initial industrial revolution and urbanization development; The popularity of automobiles has led to the suburbanization of cities. Modern information technology represented by computer and its network technology and modern communication technology is the leading field of contemporary scientific and technological development. Modern information technology is developing at a speed unprecedented by any other technology, involving all aspects of society with a depth and breadth unprecedented by any other technology. "No matter how short the memorabilia in the 20th century, especially since World War II, we will never ignore the great progress of information technology and its extensive economic and social impact." So, what impact does modern information technology have on the development of cities?
First, the positive impact of modern information technology on urban development
Nowadays, the world is marching towards the information age, and information has become the "blood" and "lubricant" of social and economic development. Modern information technology has widely infiltrated and changed people's life, study and work; The information industry is gradually becoming the largest industry in the world. Under the impact of this information wave sweeping the world, many aspects of urban development, such as urban planning, urban construction, urban management, and traditional forms and functions of cities, are also strongly influenced by modern information technology, and cities are facing new development opportunities.
1 improves the efficiency and scientificity of urban planning. Urban planning is the fundamental basis of urban construction, an important means to guide urban construction and implement urban management, and plays a leading role in urban development. Modern information technology expands the theory and practice of urban planning, updates the methods and means of urban planning, greatly improves the labor productivity of planners and the scientificity, artistry and creativity of planning and design schemes, and also strengthens public participation. Future urban planning should fully consider that the "smart city" to be formed in the era of information civilization is different from the reorganization of urban spatial structure in any previous era; It is necessary to take geo-information science, human settlement environment science and regional sustainable development as the theoretical and methodological basis, and embody the idea of urban planning: 1 ideal, rationality, comprehensive whole, system, dynamics and ecology; 2. Pay attention to the multi-level human settlement environment with the region as the main body; 3 methods of decision support.
Great changes have taken place in the industrial structure of this city. This is mainly reflected in three aspects: 1 a large number of emerging industries have been produced on the basis of modern information technology; 2. Modern information technology has transformed traditional industries, which has obvious traces of informationization, thus obtaining a new way out; The vigorous development of service industry shows the trend of replacing manufacturing industry in national economy. In short, the urban industrial structure began to change from the traditional industrial economic model to the emerging information economic model. In addition, corresponding to the transformation of urban industrial structure, urban employment presents the characteristics of "softening", that is to say, the proportion of people engaged in "soft occupations" such as management, research, technology development, consulting services and education has increased.
3. The urban spatial layout structure has changed from agglomeration to both agglomeration and dispersion. /kloc-the industrial revolution that broke out in the 0/8th century concentrated capital and population in cities, and started the process of modern urbanization. The development of cities is mainly manifested in the centralized trend based on economies of scale and manufacturing agglomeration and conditioned by the progress of transportation technology. However, with the development of modern information technology, information network will break the time and space restrictions of urban residents' work, education, life, shopping, medical care and entertainment, and people's dependence on offices, schools, shopping centers, hospitals and transportation will be greatly weakened. The dependence of some industrial production on resources and the highly concentrated production scale have also decreased, weakening the motivation of agglomeration. This greatly broadens the activity space of the city, extends the geographical distribution of various functions of the city, and the spatial layout structure of the city also shows a trend of diffusion. Under the general trend of diffusion, cities also have a certain degree of agglomeration. Modern society is becoming more and more complex, which requires higher quality coordination and cooperation, which requires the various functions of the city to be in the middle.
The heart area is reunited. Modern information technology enables urban development to choose its scale and spatial layout structure more freely according to its own needs. The diffusion trend will lead to the dispersion of industries and population in cities, especially megacities and big cities, and make some of their industrial functions move outward, and some new urban agglomerations in industrial production areas will appear on the periphery of cities, so that the functional structure of cities will be purified and the spatial division will be clearer; The trend of agglomeration promotes the further development and prosperity of the central area, and the function of the city center is more powerful.
The functions of information centers in cities, especially in big cities and megacities, are increasingly strengthened. On the one hand, the emergence of modern information technology provides advanced technical conditions for information processing and facilitates people to use information in an orderly manner; On the other hand, the emergence of modern information technology has accelerated the generation and transmission of information. A city is the center of regional social and economic activities, with superior transportation, communication, scientific and technological strength and the service level of mass media, and convenient information exchange, which provides good objective conditions for the development of information industry. At the same time, the strengthening of the status of the city center also requires the accelerated development of the information industry. As a new knowledge-intensive industry, information industry is bound to rise in cities first. Today, with the rise of the new technological revolution, the city is not only a distribution center for people and logistics, but also a place to create, obtain and disseminate information. Information is a kind of resource and wealth. Information development, service level and information industry development level have become important symbols of urban social and economic development level. With the continuous development of information networking, information service socialization, information industry industrialization and information market modernization, our city has the best environment for developing information industry. Cities at all levels will gradually become information circulation management and service centers in different regions, especially in big cities and megacities. In a word, corresponding to the development process of human society from agricultural society to industrial society to information society, the history of urban development will also undergo the evolution process from political center to economic center to cultural information center.
It is possible to solve the urban traffic problem. Urban traffic problem is one of the unbalanced phenomena in the process of urban growth and development. The traditional ways to solve traffic congestion and congestion are to develop mass transit system, limit the development of private cars and increase the density of road network. , but they are just scratching their boots and scratching their itch, and "treating the symptoms rather than curing the root cause". With the development of modern information technology, it is possible to fundamentally solve this problem. First of all, urban traffic problems arise from the imbalance between the increasing traffic volume and the lagging traffic facilities. Because modern information technology has enabled human beings to transcend the limitations of time and space and changed the way people communicate with the outside world, the number of trips and times in cities has decreased, and the total traffic volume in cities will inevitably decline. Secondly, modern information technology will greatly improve the service level of existing transportation facilities. Through the establishment of ITS, the information transmission and exchange of the system of "information inside people and vehicles-visible environmental information outside vehicles-invisible environmental information outside vehicles" can be solved, and the urban traffic flow can be coordinated and controlled comprehensively and dynamically, so as to realize the high efficiency of urban traffic. Based on the above two points-the reduction of traffic volume and the improvement of the service level of traffic facilities, supplemented by the guiding traffic policy, the urban traffic environment will be greatly improved and the traffic service will be efficient and fast.
6. Make urban buildings intelligent. The combination of modern information technology and modern architectural technology endows modern architecture with brand-new concepts and more functions. The first intelligent building in the world was built in Hartford, Connecticut, USA in 1984, and now the intelligent building has become a symbol of urban modernization. Generally speaking, intelligent buildings have the functions of office automation, building automation, communication automation, fire control automation, security monitoring automation and so on.
7 urban management and monitoring means are more developed. As we know, a city is a complex system of society, economy and nature, and urban management is a comprehensive management with many aspects, variables, levels and goals. Traditional management methods have become increasingly unsuitable for the more complex and changeable urban development trend. Modern information technology can provide all kinds of background information very quickly, reduce the information distortion caused by backward communication means, simple mode and wrong postal route, and make decision-making more scientific, meticulous and timely. Urban management and monitoring means will be more advanced and developed. With the help of computer network, urban construction and management can truly get rid of "rule by man" and embark on the track of "rule by law".
It has influenced the life style of urban residents in all aspects. Modern information technology not only affects the tangible aspects of the city, but also has no influence on the city.
Shape also has an impact. Information network makes "telecommuting", "distance teaching", "online shopping, medical care and entertainment" become a part of people's daily life, and strengthens the information exchange between people, promotes the diversity and difference of culture, and people can express their wishes to the society more conveniently. The management society that participates in public affairs will further move towards openness and democratization.
Second, the negative impact of modern information technology on urban development
The development of science and technology is like a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it brings light to the future of mankind and makes people look forward to the future. On the other hand, it also casts a shadow over the future of mankind, which makes people worry and worry. The negative impact of modern information technology on urban development is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1 may aggravate the deterioration of human ecological environment. With the development of modern information technology, people's choice of living standards has changed from paying attention to urban spatial location to paying attention to living environment, which will inevitably accelerate the evacuation of urban population to rural areas and make the remaining forests, wilderness and rare animals and plants disappear faster. This requires the government to strengthen the management of environmental protection.
2. The employment pressure of urban population has increased. Although it is still controversial whether the jobs created by modern information technology are less than the jobs it replaces, the development of modern information technology has made the employment structure of society intelligent. So at least modern information technology will lead to structural unemployment. The fundamental solution to this problem lies in people's "lifelong learning", which requires the convenience of urban education information network.
3 make the information distribution between different regions unfair. The information superhighway can narrow the spatial differences between regions. However, because the construction of the information superhighway is orderly, the areas it reaches are first and then, which leads to unfair information distribution between regions and the gap between urban and rural areas may widen. Urban planners in big cities should fully realize this and fully consider the construction of information superhighway.
4 aggravate the problem of social isolation. In industrial society, people's choice of residence often depends on three factors: transportation distance, environmental conditions and personal income. In the information society, people's living mainly depends on the environment and income, while income mainly depends on intelligence, which will inevitably lead to further population differentiation and serious isolation of urban space, thus destroying the reasonable social structure.
The human information environment is facing many unprecedented problems. Modern information technology not only brings efficient and convenient information services to human beings, but also makes human information environment face many unprecedented problems, such as invasion of privacy, intellectual property rights, information pollution, information security and so on. Please write down the influence of information technology on your study and life according to your own understanding. 1. The new course is novel in teaching content, expressive of childlike interest, and illustrated with pictures and texts, which conforms to children's psychological characteristics of learning information technology and is easy for students to understand.
2. The course content has been expanded. We have strengthened the use of the Internet to carry out inquiry learning, attached importance to students' inquiry learning, and regarded the learning process as more important than the results.
3. Information technology provides more room for teachers to expand. Teachers can teach students in different levels through reading, thinking, practice and computer practice. On the premise of completing the teaching task, they can also add some teaching contents according to the specific situation of their school.
4. In optimizing classroom teaching, we have not only continued the traditional classroom teaching methods, but also made great innovations. For example, resolutely abandon the traditional teaching methods that emphasize students' rote learning and mechanical training, and emphasize not the simple course teaching process, but the flexible application and secondary development of the course. Attach importance to the creation of situations in the process of classroom teaching, and strive to achieve the harmony and unity of "speaking, doing, thinking, discussing, practicing and evaluating"
5. In addition, the new curriculum pays attention to students' learning state and emotional experience, attaches importance to the embodiment of students' dominant position and the play of their leading role in the teaching process, emphasizes respect for students' personality and individuality, encourages discovery, inquiry and questioning, and cultivates students' innovative spirit and practical ability.