Reflections on the Rise of Great Powers 1 The Rise of Great Powers interprets the course of nine countries, including Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and Britain, which have successively dominated the world and become superpowers in the 500 years since the15th century, and analyzes the success or failure of the rise and fall of great powers from the perspectives of politics, economy, ideology, religion, art, military affairs and diplomacy. The "world power" mentioned in this book is not a big country in the sense of population and area, but a country with global influence after its history has become the history of the whole world. Of course, some historians believe that so far, the only real "world powers" are the Netherlands, Britain and the United States. We now see that these "great powers" have several similarities:
1. With a history of external expansion, some countries are still sparing no effort to expand overseas. Wherever the trade of Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Britain and other countries goes, their power will expand, so that the world has become their raw material supply and commodity sales base. Now, the United States has stationed troops in more than 50 places outside the world and has become a "world policeman."
Second, the colonial history of the colonial world, including economic colonization and cultural consciousness, was once a colony and semi-colony in Europe and Antarctica. English has become the world language, which is the "heritage" of Britain, an empire where the sun never sets. Most developing countries have not yet repaired the wounds left by their colonization.
Third, they all experienced the bourgeois revolution that overthrew feudal kingship or colonial rule;
4. Outstanding performance in industry, science and technology, education, culture, military and social reform;
The first industrial revolution, the emergence of machinery manufacturing; The second industrial revolution, the application of electronic technology, the third industrial revolution now, and universities in a truly modern sense all originated from these big countries. They formulated and implemented the standards of world economic activities. The first stock market in the world appeared in the Netherlands, and Britain promoted the global free economy. When the United States discovered the problem of free economy, it took the government to intervene in the economy, so that the invisible hand and the visible hand could play a role at the same time, saving the capitalist economic crisis.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) The birthplace of world war is all the large-scale wars in the world since the era of hot weapons. These world powers are either war planners or behind-the-scenes manipulators, or direct participants, that is, the main turbulent areas now, and American soldiers are everywhere.
In any case, there are many reasons for the emergence of a world power, which is the embodiment of its own strength after its development to a certain extent. Its strength mainly includes economic strength, military strength and cultural tension, but in the eyes of scholars, they believe that the strength of a world power is mainly manifested in culture and system. Today, China is on the road to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. How can China with a large population and a long history learn from foreign successful experiences? Several generations of leaders in China have repeatedly stressed that our development should absorb and draw lessons from the achievements of civilization of all mankind. Then, in the process of China's modernization, what kind of mentality and attitude should we take towards the countries that have led the world trend in modern history? What lessons can we learn from the peaceful development of China? How should we know China? How should we look at the world?
Emancipation of the mind is the forerunner. An important factor in the success of the British industrial revolution was that Protestantism established a dominant position in Britain and liberated people's imprisoned rigid thoughts. A group of great scientists were born, among which Watt and Newton were outstanding representatives. Britain can hold a state funeral for Newton who was born in a small place, and the royal family and the prince personally carry the coffin for him. This was unimaginable in other hierarchical European countries at that time, let alone China. At that time, the rapid economic development urgently needed new technologies. Why did the industrial revolution only happen in Britain? It is the relatively open and free religious environment in Britain that provides a relaxed space for the birth of outstanding scientists. These unconventional scientists were not burned to death as heretics. If Watt's experiment of studying universal steam engine is regarded as a challenge to God by fanatical religious circles; If Galileo's tragedy fell on Watt, was there an industrial revolution in Britain? Reforming the system is the key. More than a hundred years ago, American artillery opened the closed door of Japan. How similar is this to the situation in China? When the emperor of China lived in the Forbidden City, the Japanese not only sent a large number of overseas students to study abroad. In the end, Japan made a wise choice, left Asia, joined the European powers, and found a partner for its rise. Japan's century-long reform has made it the third largest economy in the world, and Japan's experience as a powerful country is most worth learning from China.
It is impossible to reform the system overnight. Tsar Peter I and Empress Catherine II were originally the most powerful promoters of Russian reform system, but when the reform reached a certain stage, the reform would inevitably infringe on the interests of these people. At this time, they all became opponents of the reform. For their own interests, they will not hesitate to destroy the achievements of decades of reform in the country. How to use the system to restrain the vested interests of reform and prevent them from becoming opponents of sustainable innovation is the key to ensure the sustainable success of innovation.
Russian King William III once said, "It is because of poverty that education is needed." In this country with universal education, only Humboldt University in Berlin has 29 scientists crowned with Nobel Prize. No wonder Mao Qi, the German chief of staff, proudly said: "The victory of Germany has long been decided on the podium of primary school students!"
In the past, under the influence of European bourgeois enlightenment, China once had a "Kang Liang Reform", but it was suppressed by the stubborn "Lafayette". Later, inspired by the western democratic thought of "freedom, equality and fraternity", Sun Yat-sen finally launched a revolution, ended the feudal society in China and put forward the progressive thought of "Three People's Principles". 19 19 The May 4th Movement was a movement advocating new culture. Chen Duxiu proposed "Mr. De" (democracy) and "Mr. Sai" (science) to save China. The Russian "October Revolution" brought Marxism-Leninism theory to China, which further promoted the China Revolution. It can be seen that these "big cultures" and advanced ideas are the torches that lead social progress and the "software" that drives the rapid operation of social machines. Without these advanced cultures, there would be no new China today.
Looking back on the development of world powers in the past 500 years, and weighing the key factors of the rise of 12 great powers, there are obviously some points worthy of attention: attaching importance to science and education, establishing a political and economic system suitable for China's national conditions, being good at learning but never simply imitating other countries' roads, and so on. Therefore, only by attaching importance to education, improving people's quality, being good at learning from the experience of other countries, mobilizing people's enthusiasm, striving to promote economic development and constantly improving people's living standards can China truly realize its dream of becoming a powerful country.
Reflections on the Rise of Great Powers 2 After reading The Rise of Great Powers, my thoughts are hard to calm down. Nowadays, the world has entered the era of globalization, and the new technological revolution represented by information technology is in the ascendant. We in China have also stood at a new starting point, but it is very important for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation to understand the rise and fall of several big countries for hundreds of years. These nine great powers have had direct contact with China in the past 200 years, and they still have some painful memories. But after all, the tide of history is surging forward. Today's world is an open and inclusive one, and the tide of economic globalization is rolling forward. If China wants to realize national rejuvenation and the rise of a great power, it should take the lead in integrating into this world. Ideas such as reform and opening-up, system innovation, scientific development and harmonious society have all injected fresh strength into the development of China in the new century. These are not only the experiences that China summed up from the prosperity of previous great powers, but also the lessons from the decline of some great powers.
Listening to history is great wisdom, looking back at big countries and letting history illuminate our future journey. More than 500 years ago, mankind built a real world stage through the ocean, and all countries, big or small, strong or weak, performed their roles on this stage. Although China has been ravaged and tortured by great powers in modern times, the rise of China today is the road of peaceful development. China does not seek hegemony and will never invade or threaten other countries. The world trend of 2 1 century is certain: it will be the common pursuit of mankind to establish a harmonious world with permanent peace, equality, harmony and common prosperity of all countries and nationalities!
Reflections on the Rise of Great Powers 3 The Rise of Great Powers tells the story of the rise of nine world-class powers: Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan and the United States. To explore the reasons behind its prosperity, we must explore our own road to becoming a powerful country.
Reviewing the development of world powers in the past 500 years, this paper discusses the key factors of the rise of great powers. A single factor is definitely wrong, but there are some similar factors worthy of attention: forming a unified force, attaching importance to the prosperity of ideology and culture, attaching importance to science education, and being good at learning, but never simply imitating the path of other countries.
How did the Netherlands, a small country in the northwest of Europe with an area only two and a half times that of Beijing, become the king of17th century?
In the ebb and flow of wetlands and lakes, they started from catching herring and engaged in entrepot trade. They design ships at a lower cost, and rely on favorable geographical location and good business reputation to gradually change from middlemen to ocean-going fighters. The increasingly wealthy Dutch citizens bought the autonomy of the city from the nobles and established a joint province and country that fully guaranteed the rights of businessmen. They established the earliest joint-stock company in the world-East India Company, which monopolized half of the global trade at that time. They established the first stock exchange in the world, and the capital market was born. They took the lead in establishing modern banks and invented the credit system that is still in use today. Due to natural factors such as land area, the Netherlands gradually lost its dominance in the world at the end of 17. But until today, the life of the Dutch is still rich, and the business rules pioneered by the Dutch are still affecting the world.
On the road to prosperity, the "closed door" of the Qing rulers is definitely not desirable. The attempt to break and rebuild the world pattern by relying on war has been proved to be counterproductive. The rise and fall of Germany is the best example. We don't know where the changes in the 2 1 century will take the big countries, but one thing is certain: building a harmonious world with permanent peace and prosperity will be the direction of common efforts of mankind.
Reflections on the rise of great powers. In the wetlands and lakes hit by the tsunami, the Netherlands began to engage in re-export trade by catching herring. They designed ships at a lower cost, and gradually changed from middlemen to ocean-going fighters with favorable geographical location and good business reputation. These creative practices of the Dutch made them a commodity distribution center at that time. They stuck to their reputation, developed many new routes and monopolized the maritime trade in Europe at that time. Compared with other centralized monarchy countries in Europe at that time, Dutch rule was very decentralized. First ruled by the king of Spain, then by the queen of England. However, the confident Dutch found that the rule of these countries was insatiable. At that time, seven provinces joined forces to establish a decentralized republic, represented by a businessman and intellectual elite.
There are also some countries and regions that act as accomplices of high-level robbers, so although they are not democratic enough at the beginning, they can "share some soup outside and grab some at home" and develop, and then they may realize democratic transformation. The only bad thing is that they have risen by others, and they have to look at their faces when eating, and occasionally they are robbed by their bosses (for example, moderately developed countries in Europe, the four little dragons in the past, etc.). This is a branch stage of robbery.
If a powerful country wants to rise, it must first awaken the overall aspirations of the whole people. In a word, if any country wants to rise, it is not only to rest and raise interest, but also to learn that the thinking of high-level decision makers must not lag behind. Although Germany and Japan were defeated countries and suffered a devastating blow, they already had advanced social systems, so they can recover quickly in the decades after the war and remain world powers.
Reflections on the Rise of Great Powers 5 First of all, I think that book is deceptive. Although it has an e-book as big as 130KB, it is called "The Rising Four Countries", which includes the so-called BRIC countries, China, India, Russia and Brazil, but the content of the book only includes China and India; The conclusion is deceptive, "e-book alliance", because I didn't register, many e-books downloaded before lacked key data, and now they lack content. Forget it, I won't delve into it, because those data are of little use to me; The content is insufficient, at least I have a further understanding of the advantages of China and India. Generally speaking, China has advantages in the manufacturing industry and the secondary industry. India has advantages in the service industry and belongs to the tertiary industry.
First, for China, China is mainly the role of cheap labor.
There are a lot of cheap labor, as long as they are paid, they don't mind doing anything; Then there are various preferential conditions for the government to attract investment, and even some foreign businessmen claim to set up factories at zero cost; There is also the infrastructure that has been gradually improved over the years. These enterprises in China can do processing first, and then create their own brands when the time is ripe, plus the enterprise management mode of R&D and modern cash. I believe that the future development prospects are still very promising; But this should be based on the ideological consciousness of business owners. Because now the market terminal consumes either visible products or various services; As far as products are concerned, pure water can only be sold with one brand, and the price will be high. Wahaha and Master Kong have a good brand image. In some places, they can sell a bottle of 1.5 yuan, while Coca-Cola's "ice dew" can only be sold to 1 yuan, and the purified water produced by small factories in those areas can only be sold to 1 yuan. Therefore, brand is very important. At first, the processing plants set up by American, Japanese and European enterprises in China were only the products of sunset industry, but later it was found that their factories could only be moved to China because the profits would be higher. They didn't want their competitors' products to be much lower than their own, because they competed to set up factories in China for their own survival. Some high-tech products are slowly entering China for processing. This not only increases the number of jobs in China, but also gives enterprises in China opportunities to learn. However, the United States, Japan and Europe are facing unemployment because they have lost processing opportunities. Summary: With these learning opportunities, China still has to build its own products slowly, otherwise it can only stand at the lowest end of the industrial chain; In addition, if those foreign industries do not quit, industrial agglomeration will gradually form in some areas, creating good opportunities for domestic enterprises. For example, Shenzhen's mobile phone manufacturing industry, Foshan's small household appliances manufacturing industry, Wenzhou's leather and lighters, Ningbo's clothing manufacturing industry, Yiwu's small commodity gathering, Guangzhou and Shanghai's automobile manufacturing industry, Hefei's household appliances manufacturing industry, Tianjin's display manufacturing industry, Fujian Quanzhou and Chongqing's notebook computer production.
Second, India, the rise of India is mainly the service industry.
For example, General Electric outsourced consulting services to India, and the cost was only 1/3 of that of the United States. Intel outsourcing its chip design to India, which is not only low cost, but also high efficiency; Some companies in Silicon Valley have outsourced software programming to India. A man from afar in India has run a hospital with excellent service. The medical expenses for an operation cost US$ 4,000, the round-trip air ticket between the United States and India only costs US$ 7,000, and the operation costs US$ 20,000, which leads to many medical trips, because the same high-quality medical service can save a lot of money in India. Because there are many English speakers in India, 3 million college students graduate every year, while only 2.5 million in China, and there are many high-tech talents in India, which is encouraged by the government, India has become the first choice for service outsourcing. Summary: This kind of tourism medical care in India is worth learning from; Also, it is worth learning that higher education keeps pace with the times; As our mother tongue is not English, it is difficult to learn information service.
Reflections on the Rise of Great Powers 6 In this week, I read the book "Pupils Read History One Step Ahead-Approaching Daming". I didn't know much about the Ming Dynasty. The book "Approaching Daming" told me everything about the Ming Dynasty, which made me know a lot about it.
The Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644) was a lively and open dynasty in decline, and the feudal system in China for two thousand years ushered in a mature transformation at this time. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, capitalism sprouted, old ideas began to disintegrate, people were relatively free, and there were many new things. 14th century, Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean opened a new era of human navigation. The cabin industry and military capabilities of the Ming dynasty were once famous in the west, and the Ming fleet made every effort to push the sea route to the Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa. However, after Zheng He, the Ming government promulgated the policy of banning the sea and was no longer interested in the ocean. The Ming dynasty also missed the opportunity to actively develop and establish maritime advantages. Even so, the Ming dynasty was still the most powerful dynasty in the world at that time, with many firsts: land area, cultivated land area, population, output, silver possession and army number. Seeing these dizzying firsts, you must really want to know about the Ming Dynasty, so listen to me.
Speaking of the Ming Dynasty, we have to talk about Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty. I read his story and thought Zhu Yuanzhang was cruel and cruel, but after reading the article Zhu Yuanzhang cried and beheaded his son-in-law, I had a different feeling. During the Hongwu period, he sent his son-in-law Lun Ouyang to the Western Regions. Lun Ouyang and his party set off from Kyoto and soon arrived in Chang 'an. He heard people say that people in the western regions "would rather have no food for a day than no tea for a day", and Bashu tea is very popular in the western regions. So Lun Ouyang thought: Why not take advantage of his position to resell tea and make a fortune! At that time, in order to get tea, people in the western regions had to exchange local specialties. In order to control these places, the Ming dynasty issued a decree prohibiting the sale of tea without permission. However, Lun Ouyang relied on his own royalty to encourage others to resell tea. Everywhere he went, he used his power. Some local officials were very angry and sued Zhu Yuanzhang. Although Zhu Yuanzhang couldn't bear it, he made an imperial edict and killed Lun Ouyang. After reading this story, I feel that Zhu Yuanzhang has put righteousness above family in order to govern the country well and build a disciplined, honest and clean team of officials. It can be seen that Zhu Yuanzhang treats officials and relatives equally, and officials will be punished for being relatives. The Yongle Emperor, Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, is a very important figure in the history of China. He conquered Mobei and Nanhe, communicated with the West, built a grand ceremony and the capital, and created a "Yongle Shi Sheng". However, the other side of Judy is ruthless, especially when he slaughtered the legacy of Ming Huidi and Zhu Yunwen. Is Judy an outstanding monarch or a cruel tyrant?
When I read the story about Judy, I think he is an emperor who is good and evil, wise and Machiavellian, treacherous and heroic. In the Ming Dynasty, there were four talented people in the south of the Yangtze River headed by Tang Bohu, but I was even more ashamed to sell the emperor to the eunuchs of enemy countries!