The construction of China's credit information system can be traced back to the early 1930s. On June 6th, 1932, China Credit Information Office, the first credit information agency in China, was established in Shanghai, marking the beginning of credit information industry in China. This institution was initiated by five banks, including Zhejiang Industrial Bank, and the information collected was relatively simple, mainly serving the enterprises at that time. It is said that the agency is still operating in Taiwan Province province.
It has been more than 80 years since the earliest credit reporting agency in China appeared. However, since the reform and opening up, China's credit information industry has entered a real stage of development. Throughout the course of the industry, the development of China's credit information industry can be roughly divided into the following four stages:
1. Exploration stage: late 1980s-1995.
In the late 1980s, in order to adapt to the issuance and management of corporate bonds, Shanghai Far East Credit Rating Co., Ltd., the first credit rating company in China, was established. 1988. At the same time, in order to meet the demand for enterprise credit information in foreign-related business dealings, the calculation center of MOFTEC cooperates with Dunbar Company, an international enterprise credit reporting agency, to provide credit reports of Chinese and foreign enterprises to each other.
Established in 1992, China Chengxin International Credit Rating Co., Ltd. is the first socialized professional credit rating agency in China. In the past ten years, it has innovated and developed dozens of credit rating businesses, including corporate bond rating, short-term financing bill rating, medium-term bill rating, convertible bond rating, credit enterprise rating, insurance company rating, trust product rating, money market fund rating, asset securitization rating, corporate governance rating, etc. Since then, a number of professional credit intermediaries have been established.
Second, the initial stage: 1996-2002
During this period, with the rapid development of China's economy and the initial formation of commodity "buyer's market", the scale of bank credit and commercial credit has been expanding, and the market demand for credit information has been increasing objectively, thus accelerating the development of China's credit information industry. At present, the People's Bank of China and government agencies have made a large-scale layout in the field of credit reporting.
From 65438 to 0997, China People's Bank began to build a bank credit registration consulting system. The bank reported the enterprise loans to the People's Bank of China and entered them into the credit registration and consultation system. When an enterprise lends money to other banks, the banks can check with the People's Bank of China system to prevent multi-head lending and fraud. The system is regarded as the predecessor of enterprise credit information system by the industry.
From 65438 to 0999, Shanghai Credit Information Company established the first personal credit information system in China-Shanghai Personal Credit Joint Credit Information System.
Rocker
1996
The People's Bank of China promotes the enterprise loan certificate system throughout the country.
1997
Shanghai started the enterprise credit rating, and with the approval of the People's Bank of China, Shanghai launched a pilot project of personal credit reporting.
1999
The concept of social credit system was first put forward in China.
In July, the People's Bank of China approved the establishment of Shanghai Credit Information Co., Ltd. and began to engage in personal credit information and corporate credit information services.
Bank credit registration consulting system put into operation.
200 1
The Shenzhen Municipal Government officially promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Personal Credit Investigation and Credit Rating in Shenzhen, which is the first government regulation issued by government decree in China.
2002
The bank credit registration and consultation system has built three-level databases of prefecture, province and head office, realizing nationwide online inquiry.
Source: Credit Information Center of China People's Bank, official website, etc.
Three. Normalization stage: 20/200314.
In 2003, the State Council entrusted the responsibility of "managing the credit industry and promoting the construction of social credit system" to the People's Bank of China, and the Credit Bureau of the People's Bank of China was formally established, which marked a big step forward for China's credit industry.
In the same year, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong and other places took the lead in launching the pilot development of regional social credit information industry. A number of local credit reporting agencies have been established and developed rapidly, and internationally renowned credit rating agencies have also entered the China market.
In May 2008, the Credit Information Center of China People's Bank was formally established in Shanghai. Judging from the current situation, the Credit Information Center of the Bank of China has built the largest credit information system in the world so far. By the end of 20 15, the central bank's credit information center had effectively covered the information of 880 million people, of whom 380 million people had credit records.
20 14 according to the regulations on the administration of credit reporting industry, the measures for the administration of credit reporting institutions and relevant laws and regulations, the filing work of enterprise credit reporting institutions carried out by the branches of the people's bank of China officially started. In the history of credit investigation in China, the earliest institution to obtain the qualification of enterprise credit information filing was Zhongxin Credit Investigation (record number 1000 1), and since then, enterprise credit investigation has embarked on the road of standardized development. According to the statistics of origin credit investigation, up to now, there are more than 135 enterprise credit investigation agencies in China, nearly double the number of more than 70 in the middle of last year.
Fourth, the market development stage: 2065 438+05- up to now.
With the increasing attention paid by regulators and legislatures to the credit information industry and the continuous introduction of relevant policies and regulations, China's credit information industry has gradually embarked on the road of standardization and entered a period of rapid development.
In June this year, the Credit Bureau of the Central Bank recently issued the "Measures for the Administration of Credit Information Business (Draft)" (hereinafter referred to as the draft) to major credit information agencies. The draft regulates the collection, collation, preservation, processing, external provision of credit information, credit information products, objections and complaints, information security and other aspects.
20 15 The past year was called "the first year of marketization of personal credit information in China". In this year, the People's Bank of China and the State Council successively issued a number of guiding opinions or regulatory guidelines, which stipulated in detail the requirements for individual credit reporting institutions for the first time, providing institutional guarantee for the development and growth of China's credit reporting industry.
On 20 15 10/5, 15, the central bank issued the Notice on Preparing for Personal Credit Information Business, and announced the list of the first batch of eight institutions that obtained the pilot qualification for personal credit information. This marks a solid first step for China's personal credit investigation industry to develop into a market-oriented and commercialized industry.
In the past year and a half, personal credit reporting agencies, led by Sesame Credit Reporting and China Credit Reporting, have been acting frequently, and various personal credit reporting products have emerged one after another, including Sesame Credit Reporting and Vientiane Credit Reporting, which have been widely used in our daily life scenes.
Compared with the newly established eco-aggregation credit reporting agencies (such as Sesame Credit), the three old credit reporting agencies, represented by China Chengxin, have adopted more systematic and mature credit reporting models and technologies by collecting traditional credit reporting data and some characteristic industry or regional data, and have deepened the field of financial services. On the other hand, the research and exploration on the application of multi-dimensional big data and innovative Internet technologies are being carried out by established institutions with a positive and open attitude.
Take Vientiane as an example. According to China Credit Information, Vientiane comprehensively considers personal credit from five dimensions: identity, credit record, performance ability, behavioral characteristics and social influence, based on the company's practice of providing personal credit scores for banks for more than 0/0 years, combined with the personal score optimized and upgraded by Internet big data technology. It is the comprehensive credit score in the 300-900 partition. At present, Vientiane Branch can cover about 300 million users nationwide. The reason why it can achieve wide coverage and more accurate scoring is mainly due to the inherent advantages of China Chengxin Credit Information in data. As early as 2002, China Chengxin Credit Information has already started to exist in the form of departments, and started to carry out credit information business. It can be said that China Chengxin's credit investigation is much earlier than most credit investigation institutions on the market at present. China Chengxin Group was established on 1992 and 10 on June 8th. It is the first national joint-stock non-bank financial institution in China engaged in credit rating, financial securities consulting and information service, credit investigation service and market research. With a history of more than ten years, both the accumulation of credit data and the precipitation of industry experience have provided strong support for the development of China Chengxin Credit Information Company in the credit information industry.
With the introduction of policies and regulations, the credit information industry will develop in a more standardized direction in the future. The data shows that the scale of consumer finance market in China has exceeded 9 trillion yuan in 20 15, and it is estimated that the scale of consumer credit in China will exceed 37 trillion yuan in 20 19. At present, there are 630 banks, nearly 9,000 small loan companies, nearly 20 licensed consumer finance companies, and Internet giants such as Ant Financial and Baidu Finance.
According to China's personal financial market model, in the next five years, China's personal credit balance will expand to about 55 trillion at a compound annual growth rate of about 65,438+04%, which indicates that the credit information market will have a huge development space in the next few years. How to shape the overall healthy development of the industry and find the balance between competition and cooperation while developing independently will be a problem worth pondering.