In the history of China, the heyday of the Tang Dynasty (that is, the Tianbao era of Kaiyuan) occupies a very important position, because it is not only a turning point in the history of the Tang Dynasty, but also an important stage of social transformation in ancient China. In this era with "change" as the "core proposition", new situations and new problems emerge one after another, the old financial, economic, military and administrative systems have been unable to effectively deal with them, many social contradictions cannot be resolved in time, and various crises lurk in the whole society.
At this time, Yuwen Rong (? ~ 730) came into being. From the 9th year of Kaiyuan, Yuwen Rong played and presided over a massive household-sweeping movement, and then adopted a series of reform measures, which had a great impact on the finance, economy, politics and military affairs of the Tang Dynasty and made a positive and beneficial contribution to the "prosperous era of Kaiyuan". For a long time, the name "Yuwen Rong" has been associated with "the minister who promoted profits" and has been regarded as "traitor" and "villain" in official history books, so it has been treated unfairly. We should seek truth from facts and conduct a comprehensive and comprehensive study of this financier from a dynamic perspective. The research on Yuwen Rong in this paper mainly focuses on the following three aspects:
One is to explore Yuwen Rong's life story and his political struggle. This paper holds that Yuwen Rong's life was very tortuous, with two ups and downs, which had an important impact on the central political situation in the mid-Kaiyuan period, and his relationship with his political opponent Zhang was even more confusing. Especially after Yuwen Rong became prime minister in the 17th year of Kaiyuan, he took the world as his own responsibility and continued to carry out ambitious financial reforms, but unfortunately he fell into the quagmire of party struggle and died suddenly in Lingnan.
Secondly, centering on the Tribal Tiger Movement hosted by Yuwen Rong, the basic process, content, effect and organizational system are deeply studied. During the period of contracting households, Tang Ting put forward three reform policies, namely, contracting households, contracting fields and rectifying taxes and levies. These three policies are interrelated and coordinated with each other, which has certain scientific rationality. In addition, Yuwen Rong has gradually established a set of appointment system with "department" and "fifteen" departments ",which not only ensured the success of the household-accommodating movement organizationally, but also had a great impact on the financial and administrative system in the Tang Dynasty.
Thirdly, taking the natural disasters in Kaiyuan 14- 15 as the research background, this paper analyzes the measures to deal with the disaster crisis in the Tang Dynasty, so as to highlight the historical position and outstanding role of Yuwen Rong. In the face of this serious natural disaster, Tang Ting took various measures from three aspects: disaster prevention, disaster relief and support for border guards, and successfully survived this social crisis caused by natural disasters. In order to get rid of the financial difficulties caused by natural disasters, Tang Ting carried out the financial reform of "three positions and four yuan" in the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan, which laid a good financial foundation for "the prosperity of Kaiyuan". In a word, Yuwen Rong is a famous financial planner with the spirit of reform in Kaiyuan era. He has a unique economic talent. He once presided over the Tribal Tiger Movement, participated in the disaster relief in Kaiyuan 14- 15, and played a key role in the financial reform in Kaiyuan 16, thus writing a glorious page in the history of the Tang Dynasty. A careful study of Yuwen Rong's tortuous life and in-depth study of various financial measures taken by him will be of great benefit for us to better understand the era connotation and social changes of the "prosperous Tang Dynasty".
The whole Tang poetry includes a poem.
Feng and Sanzhi left the prime minister and said that the right prime minister, Prince Jiing, had less money and had a hard day.
Shen Sheng was born on Sunday, and he preached Shunnian. If you are lucky, you will be better than others.
If you are spoiled, you will be moved at the end of the glorious war. Excellent position, three things old, the first of a hundred.
The North Pole belongs to the morning nest and the Nangong Imperial Banquet is decorated. Fly to Zagreb, Wen Yao, and give you a cup of wine and jade.
Staggered balance, all bear the rain and dew. I swear to do my best, and I will work with the suburbs.
Biography of Yuwen Rong, an Old Tang Book
Yu Wenrong, a native of Jingzhao Wannian, was the great-grandson of Pingchang Gongbi, the minister of Sui Dynasty. Zujie, in Zhenguan, is the right official of Shangshu, and is famous for learning legal orders. When Jiangxia Wang Daozong tried to delegate his personal affairs to Jiedu, he did. Emperor Taizong was very happy and gave him 200 silks. He still said, "I don't care about servants and shooters, but I'm saving my ears." At the beginning of Yonghui, Taoist moved to Huangmen Assistant Minister and Tong Zhongshu to replace Yu Zhining as Assistant Minister. Sitting in the house, drifting in love with things in Guizhou, died. Father, Laizhou has a long history.
In the early years of kaiyuan, it was obviously done by officials. Its source is Yao He, and they are Jing. They are all generous gifts, and Russia worships censors. At that time, the world registered permanent residence fled, and there were too many exemptions, which deeply worried the court. Rong is despicable, so please report false abuse and search for fugitives. Xuanzong accepted his words, because he let the financial charges push the hook. Be an official, get false abuse and other disciples, especially disperse doctors, and then move to the Ministry of War as a consultant. Rong then set up ten judges to persuade farmers, and took a picture of the imperial history and distributed it to the world, where he inspected the fields and collected accounts. Its new customers are exempt from six-year transfer, but the tax is very small. Commentators think inconvenience disturbing people, Yang Huangfujing beside thin yue:
It is said that wise men worry too much, or lose something, and fools have a thousand, but they also get something. And the useless things are complicated, so there is no urgent service; If you are not in a hurry, there will be several services; After several battles, people are tired; When people are tired, they are bored. This is the morality of serving on the ether, which is based on silence; Secondly, put safety first. But the responsibility for its borders, strict dikes and mountains and rivers is insight. There is no need to gather people in the building and deliver them in person, so they seize the busy farming season and are miserable. People who should also be sent back to China don't know the general meaning, but they don't know that your majesty loves you deeply, so they have to cheat. States and counties are afraid of sin, and they are ordered to levy it. Escape from the house, neighboring Baodai; If the neighbors are not well protected, the losses will be even greater. If you are in a hurry, you won't make a living. Consider the law if you are slow. I'm afraid to run deeper from now on. If water flows at the source, boiling will be stopped by fire. Don't be careless Today, more than 10,000 people have invaded the national treasury and infringed on the Lebanese people. This country has been stored for several years, and there is not a month when livestock are not kept at home, although it does not have heavy taxes. This is the reason why the registered permanent residence fled. Even if Iraq, Gao Shenshu, Guan, Yan, is it harmful? If this is for you, how can it be! Although the East China Sea and Nanshan are all millet silks, they may not be enough. How can tax collectors give them every week!
Yang Xiangru wrote a letter, but it was inconvenient to include guests. Rong was appointed to the post, and Lu Jian, Zhong You's assistant and Chinese calligrapher, agreed with him, but was demoted to Yingchuan. Therefore, all roads include more than 800,000 customers, and Tian is also called "Tian". States and counties are eager to make wills, all of which are vain, and some take real households as guests. At the end of the year, he received money from millions of customers, thanks to it. The speaker still called the guest a loser and ordered him to call hundreds of ministers to discuss the matter. All the officials have been afraid of the trend of grace, but they are all the same and dare not disagree. Only You Yang, assistant minister of the Ministry of Housing, suggested that people living in other places are not good and should be taxed in other places, so that people can't make ends meet. Rarely. I'm not in the office.
Rong is a legendary travel around the world. No matter how big or small, you must first persuade the agricultural ambassador, and then apply for a letter in the middle. The provincial department must wait for Rong's finger before making a decision. Wherever you go, you will gather young people and old people to publicize your life, and people will feel their hearts, even those who cry and call their parents. Melting makes it work, but it is the next system:
The people only care about the country, which is the foundation of the country. Security is a must. Always speaking rationally really won my heart. Thinking of this, Li Shu, the pet of Sui Huaxia, was sent by Gan Kun, the deputy ancestral temple, to pay tribute to Yuxian's contribution, so he stayed up all night and forgot to eat or sleep. Then, as a giant, it is the most expensive in the world. Although I thought about it for a long time, I couldn't see it at home. As for the announcement of politics and religion, An Ji died, thinking repeatedly and diligently. Don't give me orders, be practical and sad, and be silent. Is it true that people have been running for a long time, but they don't answer instructions, and their feelings are not connected, and their hearts are not connected? Ask and meet that man. When it comes to Yuwen Rong's audience with Yan Yingtang, I will be indigenous because of people's comments. I am loyal to him and can be a teacher. I have given tian hu Jigang the post of changing the dynasty in counties, and made it an envoy and escort. So, you can sympathize with me, tang gaozu, and return my life from long summer to the end of the year to the first million. On the day when I heard about the announcement system, all the people, old and young, jumped for joy, but they obeyed, shed more tears to feel my heart, and used the orders of the Dutch king to spit out their sincerity. I am still afraid that my Bode will not be rewarded by others, and I will be more considerate of my words. Then he ordered 100 officials, Yue Mu of Zhou Fang, to discuss temples and solicit opinions. The word group is richer in zhahan, richer in ten days, and has a broad meaning. You think that's labor, that's compromise. If you want people, you must trust them and obey them.
Eat for the sky, be rich and then teach. After teaching, it is easy to learn, and the former philosopher speaks. Therefore, it was flat in the past, and it was added in modern times, so it was saved for nine years and collected in the middle. If you are cheap, farmers will not hurt their money, and there will be no food in case of disaster. Saving people and living the country is profitable! Today, many people come here, and Wang Tian is in charge of everything. I am worried about this. The tax money paid by its customers should be used for the usual liquidation, and the value is still allowed to be prepaid, so it can be stored as millet and wheat. It is a pity that Qian Su, the old Changping, entrusted the judge to handle the activities, so that the gathering and dispersion could be timely. It is natural for the state party to take care of patients in different disasters; Damage the surplus and help the poor, and make good use of the neighbors. Therefore, Mu Duoyun is partial, Xu Li is meritorious, the night performance is consistent, and the customs supports it. Today, Yang went to the field with Buze and Ding Zhuang. He said that he was helping others. The secretary of the Committee should discuss with the counties and persuade them to be agricultural cooperatives, take care of the rich and the poor, and cultivate in time. Or every time after the rain, the species will be busy, the county will be established, and everything will stop. Eager to prepare for the times, feet are not as good as inches, there is nothing to do, and people are exhausted.
He has been in politics for a long time, but he has made great achievements. Now he has been on the run for a long time and has not recovered from his career. He has fled his family and left fields outside his hometown, so it is still appropriate to work hard to attract funds, manage his assets and take care of him. He is a very judge, and within three to five years, he has made a great effort and made a mistake. When the road is finished, we must push it, dismantle it and appoint it. There is no need to be wide-ranging, each showing its own things and not disturbing the people. If politics and art are capable, there will be prizes and punishments. Has resumed business, county work, apply once a quarter, do not leave a name, cause trouble. It belongs to the first household, and every new household will engage in color service with this household. Don't cheat and hide its two departments. Announce to the world and let you know what I mean.
In the book, Zhang said that evil people are always suffering from their weight and advised them to fight for it. Integrate its meaning and make it clear first. Zhang Jiuling, a calligrapher in China, said: "Yuwen Rong is kind and useful, so be prepared to argue more." He said, "This dog and mouse can't do anything!" Rong Xun and Assistant Minister of Finance. Since Dongyin, I have also expressed my opinions in secret, and the official department was selected into the Shiquan Hall, and all my performances were suppressed by common sayings. Rong Nai and Cui, the ancient imperial doctors, even said that the court played its shape and said that it was a matter of knowing politics. The theory of melting fear is to reuse it for your own harm and destroy it several times. Evil its cronies, find out the secretariat of Weizhou. Russia turned Bianzhou into a secretariat, and Jiujiuhe Road was used to open rice fields for the benefit of the people. Land transportation costs were changed, and officials collected profits. Although the campaign is endless, there are many things.
16 years, he was re-admitted as the minister and assistant minister of the household department. Next year, I will worship Assistant Minister Huang Men, and together with Pei Guangting, I will make peace with Zhongshumen. If you value peace and want to take the world as your responsibility, people will say, "Let me stay here for a few months, and nothing will happen in the sea." Therefore, Song Jing was recommended as the right prime minister, Pei Yaoqing as the assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Xu Jingxian as the assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, which granted the court hope. But he is impatient and talkative, but also wants to attract guests and old friends, drinking and teasing in the morning and evening, which is ridiculed by the current theory. Shili Shangshu and Xin 'an Wangyi were our envoys in Shuofang, but they were disintegrated by Li Zhou, an imperial consultant in the temple, and were called into prison by the post. Easy to listen to his words, he threw himself out of Ruzhou Secretariat and lived here for a hundred days.
Pei Guangting, who was also an imperial adviser at that time, also made friends with cronies and people who collected stolen goods and demoted Zhaozhou Pinglewei. When Jiang Cenju, a young farmer, was idle outside the ridge, he returned to Bianzhou to build a boat foot, and lost a lot of money, so he copied the facts deeply for Feng Shaolie and merged it into Yanzhou. Since the land is toxic and I am worried about getting sick, I will stay in Guangfu and not return it. The prefect Geng said, Rong said, "I am deeply condemned by the court, so I have to live a strict life." I stayed in a foreign land for a long time, and I was tired and willing during my tenure. I was afraid that the court would know that Gong Ming was here, and it would be incompatible. " Melt away and die on the road. I heard about it, thought about its old merits and gave it to Taizhou secretariat.