I. Definition
Oranges (English: Mandarin? Orange; Scientific name: Citrus reticulata is the fruit of Rutaceae citrus. "Ju" (jú) and "Ju" (jú) are both standard words in modern Chinese, but when "Ju" is synonymous with orange, it is the vulgar writing of "Ju". In some dialects in Guangdong, these two words are homophones, and "orange" was once a simplified word of "orange". In Minnan dialect, oranges are called oranges. It is called "Ganzi" or "Ganer" in the dialect of Southwest Mandarin.
Orange (scientific name: orange) is the fruit of an orange tree belonging to the genus Citrus in Rutaceae, also known as Guo Huang, Citrus, Jin Huan and Liu Ding. Citrus is a kind of citrus fruit with high edible and medicinal value. Oranges originated in Southeast Asia. Small trees of citrus. Fruit can be peeled and eaten fresh, and pulp can be used as an additive for seasoning or other foods.
Second, history.
Oranges originated in China, and thousands of years of cultivation history can't tell the specific location. Because Arabs are all over Eurasia, oranges are also called "China apples" in Holland and Germany. China is one of the important origins of citrus, which is rich in citrus resources and has a variety of excellent varieties. It has been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. According to textual research, it was not until A.D. 147 1 year that oranges, tangerines, tangerines and other citrus fruit trees were introduced into Portugal from China and into the United States in A.D. 1665.
The cultivation of oranges has a long history, because its peel contains aromatic smell, and the ancients used it instead of incense. The seeds of this genus are found in the Western Han tombs unearthed in Mawangdui, a suburb of Changsha, Hunan. According to textual research, it is considered to be the seed of orange-rough and slightly angular, and its color has turned gray-black-and it is considered to be one of the materials used to burn incense and bury and preserve the integrity of the body. Those seeds and other similar things are placed in the west of the coffin hole, while the food is placed in the east. ?
Third, the growth environment
The growth, development, flowering and fruiting of citrus fruit trees are closely related to environmental conditions such as temperature, sunshine, moisture (humidity), soil, wind, altitude, topography and slope direction, among which temperature is the most important factor. Even if the temperature difference is 0.5℃, sometimes there will be completely different results. The growth and development of citrus fruits need a temperature of 65438 02.5 ~ 37℃. The day and night temperatures of flower bud differentiation in autumn are about 20℃ and 65438 00℃, respectively, and the soil temperature of root growth is roughly the same as the ground temperature. If the temperature is too low, oranges will freeze. When the sweet orange is at -4℃ and the satsuma orange is at -5℃, the branches and leaves will be frozen. When the sweet orange is below -5℃ and the satsuma orange is below -6℃, the branches will be frostbitten. When the sweet orange is below -6.5℃, the satsuma mandarin will freeze to death.
The growth, development, flowering and fruiting of citrus are closely related to environmental conditions such as temperature, sunshine, moisture (humidity), soil, wind, altitude, topography and slope direction, among which the temperature has the greatest influence. Even if the temperature is different, sometimes there will be completely different results. The optimum temperature for citrus growth is ~ 37℃. When flower buds differentiate in autumn, the temperature of day and night is required to be about 20℃ and 10℃ respectively. Too low a temperature will freeze oranges. In addition, oranges are shade-tolerant trees, but good sunshine is needed for high quality and high yield. Generally, areas with annual sunshine hours 1200 ~ 2200 hours can grow normally.
Fourth, morphological characteristics.
tangerine
Orange trees have many branches, which are swollen or slightly drooping and have few thorns. Single leaf and compound leaf. Wings are usually narrow or have only traces, and leaves are lanceolate. Oval or broadly ovoid, the size varies greatly. There is often a notch at the top, and the midrib branches from the base to the vicinity of the notch. At least the upper half of the leaf margin usually has blunt teeth or rounded teeth, and it is rarely entire.
Flowers are solitary or 2-3 in clusters, with irregular 5-3 split flowers. Petals are usually less than 65438 0.5 cm long, stamens are 20-25, and the style is slender and the stigma is head-shaped. The flowers of citrus are mixed flowers, which have branches, leaves and flowers after germination. Flowers are divided into single flowers and inflorescences: red orange and satsuma mandarin, sweet orange, lemon and grapefruit have inflorescences besides single flowers, and pomelo is mainly inflorescence. Citrus usually needs pollination and fertilization to bear fruit, but mandarin oranges and navel oranges can bear fruit without fertilization. This is parthenocarpy, also called parthenocarpy.
Fruit-shaped varieties, usually oblate to nearly spherical, with thin and smooth skin, or thick and rough skin, light yellow, vermilion or crimson, easy or slightly easy to peel off, more or less orange mesh, easy to separate mesh, usually soft, large and often empty stele, sparse and full, 7- 14 petals floating. It is even more rare. The capsule wall is thin or slightly thick, soft or tough, the flesh is sour or sweet, or has a special smell, and there are more or less seeds. Usually oval, narrow at the top, round at the base, dark green cotyledons, occasionally light green or nearly milky white, with many embryos and few single embryos. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruiting period is10-65438+February.
orange
Orange trees are small trees, usually with thick thorns, and new buds and tender petioles are often short hairs. The leaves are thick and papery, and the wings are obovate-oval, with a length of 1-2.5cm and a width of 0.4-1.5cm. The tip is round or blunt, and the wedge-shaped tip tapers to the base, and the leaves are ovoid or lanceolate, with a maximum length of 8cm, a width of 4cm, a smaller length of 2.5cm and a width of about 1cm.
Flowers are solitary in leaf axils, and pedicels are drooping and short; Calyx cup-shaped, 5-4-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, terminal; Petals are white, sometimes purplish red on the back, and are 1- 1.3 cm long; 20-25 stamens; The style is about twice as long as the ovary, and the stigma is about the same size as the ovary.
The fruit is oblate or nearly pear-shaped, and varies in size, with a large diameter of 8 cm and a small diameter of about 4 cm. There are annular protrusions and shallow radial grooves at the top of the fruit, and sometimes radial grooves at the pedicle. Rough skin, even pits, large oil cells, skin thickness of 2-4 mm, light yellow color, easy to peel off. The ladle has 9- 1 1 petal, and the capsule wall is thick. There are as many as 40 seeds, wide oval, full and smooth, with milky cotyledons and single or multiple embryos. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruiting period is10-165438+10.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) distribution range
tangerine
Citrus in China is distributed between north latitude 16 ~ 37, with the highest elevation of 2,600 meters (Batang, Sichuan), starting from Sanya, Hainan Province in the south, reaching Shaanxi, Gansu and Henan in the north, Taiwan Province Province in the east and Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon in Tibet in the west. However, the economic planting areas of citrus in China are mainly concentrated between 20 ~ 33 north latitude and below 700 ~ 1000 meters above sea level. It is produced in the water system in the south of the southern slope of Qinling Mountain, the southern slope of Funiu Mountain and the southern Dabie Mountain, the southeast of Taiwan Province Province, the south of Hainan Island and the southwest of southeastern Tibet to low altitude areas.
Cold-resistant site 9 ~ 1 1. There are 19 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) producing citrus in China, including Taiwan Province province. Among them, Taizhou, Fujian, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hubei, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Chongqing, Taiwan Province and other provinces 10 are the main citrus producing provinces, followed by Shanghai, Guizhou, Yunnan, Jiangsu and other provinces (cities), and Shaanxi, Henan, Hainan, Anhui, Gansu and other provinces are also planted. Citrus is grown in 985 counties (cities, districts) in China.
orange
Gansu, southwestern Shaanxi, southwestern Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and northeastern Yunnan are wild and cultivated.
reference data
Baidu encyclopedia-orange Baidu encyclopedia-orange