The geological structure framework of the continental United States is dominated by the North American platform, and the east and west sides are surrounded by fold belts of different eras. The continental United States can be basically divided into three tectonic units: ① Central Taiwan area; ② East Appalachian orogenic fold area; ③ Meso-Cenozoic orogenic fold area in western Cordillera, as shown in Figure 2- 1.
1. Central platform area
The central platform area of the United States is located between the Appalachian fold orogenic belt and the Cordillera fold orogenic belt, and is an important part of the North American platform. The Precambrian crystalline basement is exposed in Lake Superior in the northeast of the platform area, and its lithology is mainly schist, gneiss, banded magnetite quartzite and amphibole. It is the central part of the North American platform and part of the southern margin of canadian shield. According to angular unconformity, orogeny and granite intrusion, the Precambrian strata in this area can be divided into Archean Kiwading Group, Naifu Group, Proterozoic Huron Group and Kivino Group, with a total thickness of about12000 m. From Lake Superior to the south, west and east, Paleozoic marine sedimentary strata unconformity covered it and gradually thickened, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments developed in the west of the platform. Geomorphologically, the caprock in the area is mainly in the vast lowlands and plains, and it is only strongly flexed at the southwest edge, and even develops into a mountainous area. The geological structure unit area of the central platform accounts for nearly half of the area of the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii). According to the different geological evolution, it can be further divided into the central and western regions and the great plains.
(1) central and western regions
Located in the eastern half of the platform, the area is about 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers. The exposed strata in the area are mainly Paleozoic, with Precambrian crystalline basement exposed in the northern margin and Mesozoic strata covered in the southern end. The extensive fold structures (uplift and depression structures) in this area mainly include: Wisconsin dome, located in the southern extension of the Precambrian crystalline basement in Wisconsin; Cincinnati dome, located in the southeast edge of this area, parallel to the Appalachian structural belt, shows northeast-southwest trend; There is a depression between these two uplifts, but it is separated by Kankaki dome, forming two open sedimentary basins, Michigan and Illinois. These uplift and depression structures existed in the early Paleozoic, and then inherited and developed, which had a great impact on the sedimentary strata developed in various places.
Figure 2- 1 American tectonic framework area
The caprock deposition on the regional basement is mainly Paleozoic, with a total thickness of about 5000 meters. Many parts of the middle and lower CAMBRIAN are missing. The upper CAMBRIAN is dominated by sandstone, which is widely distributed. Dolomite is upward and transits to dolomite deposits widely developed in the Lower Ordovician, which indicates extensive transgression. In the Middle Ordovician and Silurian, there were timely sandstone, dolomite, limestone and shale deposits. Devonian was extensively regressive, and transgression occurred in Middle Devonian. There is obvious unconformity between the Lower Carboniferous and the Upper Carboniferous, so it is divided into two series. The Lower Carboniferous is represented by the Mississippi System, the lower series is mainly limestone, and the upper series is mainly limestone and sand shale. The Pennsylvanian system represents the Upper Carboniferous, which is a set of marine and continental deposits, in which important coal measures are developed. Red beds gradually appeared in the upper Permian, and the whole area rose to land. This area is undeveloped in Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and there is strong tectonic activity only in the southern part of Ozark Plateau and the Waxita Mountain area, accompanied by acidic and ultrabasic magma intrusion. Quaternary glaciers have covered the whole area four times, and the thickness of moraine layer is generally 3 ~ 10 m, and the thickest can reach 400 m.
(2) The Great Plains
Located in the western half of the platform, the area is about 6.5438+0.8 million square kilometers. This area belongs to the same Cenozoic ancient ocean as the Rocky Mountain area in the west. During the Laramie movement in the Late Cretaceous, the Rocky Mountain area was strongly folded and uplifted into mountains, but this area was only affected by it on the western edge, which made the area form a wide and gentle depression with a nearly north-south trend, thus accepting the Cenozoic deposits from the Late Cambrian to the Cretaceous. The Paleozoic strata in this area are generally similar to those in the central and western regions, except for the lack of coal measures deposits in Pennsylvania. Triassic in the northern part of this area is marine deposit, with red beds and evaporated sedimentary rocks, Jurassic is limestone deposit and shale, and the upper Jurassic is transformed into continental deposit. Cretaceous is a shallow sea deposit, which is widely distributed in the whole region. In the late Cretaceous, with the volcanic activity of Laramie movement, pyroclastic sedimentary rocks of pure bentonite were developed. Tertiary continental sedimentary rocks are widely developed in this area, and the Quaternary also experienced glacial deposition and loess formation.
The important minerals in Taiwan are: banded iron ore in Proterozoic Huron Group in Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin; Produced in the Illinois Basin and its vicinity, belonging to the Pennsylvania coalfield and the Jurassic-Cretaceous coalfield in Montana; Lead-zinc deposits in CAMBRIAN, Ordovician and Mississippi limestone in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin; There are Paleozoic oil and gas fields from Illinois to Kansas and Texas.
2. Appalachian fold orogeny
This area is located in the eastern part of the continental United States, including the Appalachian Fold Belt and the Atlantic Ocean, accounting for about one-fifth of the continental United States.
(1) Appalachian folded orogenic belt
From New York to Alabama, it is about 1400 km long (according to the latest data, the Appalachian orogenic belt extends over 3000 km, which is a part of the global Paleozoic orogenic system. The Paleozoic global orogenic system includes Britain in the northeast, Greenland and Caledonian in Scandinavia, and Vaohita orogenic belt in the southwest. ), about 500 kilometers wide from east to west, running northeast-southwest Since the development of the Appalachian geosyncline in the Early Cambrian (rift system from the point of view of plate structure), it has been deposited in various periods of Paleozoic, and volcanic massive sulfide deposits (VMS) have been developed. The Paleozoic Takonic Movement and the Acadian Movement caused the eastern sedimentary rocks to fold and uplift one after another, resulting in collision and collage of different blocks. By the end of the Palaeozoic Appalachian Movement, the whole area was folded again and rose to the land, forming the Appalachian Plateau in the west.
The basement of Appalachian fold orogenic area is exposed in Lanling area along the axis of this area, which is a Neoproterozoic clastic rock deposit containing acidic and basic lava (800 million years). The northwest side of Lanling (New Appalachia), that is, the adjacent Guguling area and the plateau area on the west side, was originally an geosyncline (according to the viewpoint of plate tectonics, the geosyncline is a passive continental margin), which was deposited in various periods of Paleozoic, with a total thickness of 10,000 meters and gradually thinning. On the southeast side of Lanling (Old Appalachia), that is, in the foothills, there is a set of excellent geosyncline deposits developed from Precambrian to Early Paleozoic (according to the viewpoint of plate tectonics, the excellent geosyncline is the active continental margin, including offshore trench system and mountain trench system), and the rocks are all metamorphic, with a large number of igneous rocks invading. Further southeast, it is the Cretaceous unconformity caprock belonging to the Atlantic coast.
On the Appalachian Plateau in the northwest of this area, the Pennsylvanian system contains extremely thick coal measures, forming an important coalfield, and the Paleozoic strata under it are rich in oil and gas. There are gold deposits in metamorphic rocks and plutonic intrusive rocks in the foothills of the southeast.
(2) Atlantic coastal areas
Located in the southeast of the Appalachian fold belt, until the narrow strip of the continental shelf along the Atlantic coast. Loose Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments are widely distributed on the surface and continental shelf. The deep data obtained by drilling show that there are SILURIAN-Devonian strata under it, and Permian-Jurassic strata in some basins and grabens.
3. Cordillera fold orogeny
This area is located in the western part of the United States, starting from the Rocky Mountains in the east and reaching the mountains along the Pacific Ocean in the west, accounting for about one third of the United States. This area is an ancient ocean from Paleozoic to Cretaceous, and it received marine deposits from Paleozoic to Jurassic (but the geological evolution of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast Mountains is not completely consistent). The late Jurassic Nevada Movement and the late Cretaceous Laramie Movement strongly influenced this area successively, and formed unique geological structural units in this area, namely the Rocky Mountains in the east and the Pacific Coast Mountains in the west, as well as the Colorado Plateau, the Columbia Plateau and the basin mountains between them.
(1) Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains run through the North American continent, and a section of the United States extends in the northwest-south direction. The oldest stratum in this area is Archean strongly metamorphic rock, accompanied by granite intrusion. On this basis, the geosynclinal marine deposits in the middle Precambrian period (65.438+0.3 billion ~ 65.438+0.8 billion years) developed, which gradually thickened westward, and the thickness of the whole Paleozoic stratum reached 65.438+0.5 million meters. Under the influence of staghorn movement, the Lower Carboniferous moved westward, making the geosyncline boundary move eastward, and the Mississippi system was pseudo-integrated on the pre-Devonian system. The late Jurassic-early Cretaceous Nevada movement caused a sharp rise in some areas, during which the basins received huge thick and coarse clastic deposits. The late Cretaceous Laramie movement seriously affected the whole area, forming folds and a series of faults overthrusted eastward. At the same time, it accepted tertiary deposits in some depressed areas, and some places were accompanied by volcanic activity.
The Rocky Mountains are rich in mineral resources. The Biyute copper mine in Montana and the Clemex molybdenum mine in Colorado are both world-famous large-scale deposits. The Cretaceous in Wyoming basin is rich in oil and gas, and there are a large number of oil shale, Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic bituminous coal and lignite in the upper freshwater sedimentary strata.
(2) Mountain areas along the Pacific Ocean
Also known as the Pacific Cordillera Belt, there is a set of geosyncline deposits in geological history, which is still an active belt. Late Precambrian volcanic rocks are developed in California and Nevada on the east side of this belt. Cambrian-Ordovician includes marine volcanic rocks, black shale with graptolite mixed with basalt and metamorphic volcanic rocks, which are developed in different sections of this belt. Silurian reef limestone. Antlers movement has caused folds and fractures in some areas (Nevada and Idaho). The late Permian-early Triassic Cassirer movement appeared along the Pacific coast, and volcanic rocks were widely distributed in this area. During the Late Triassic-Jurassic, volcanic rocks and clastic rocks were alternately deposited, and reef limestone was also generated. The movements of Nevada and Laramie are obviously reflected in this area, with strong folding and faulting, accompanied by the intrusion of granite and ultrabasic rocks, and at the same time, the long-developed dominant geosyncline is changed into different highland uplift and subsidence zones. Early Cenozoic marine deposits and continental deposits developed in different sections, and late Cenozoic cascade orogeny once again affected this area, accompanied by basic volcanic flows. Quaternary glaciers are also widely distributed in this area.
(3) Colorado Plateau, Columbia Plateau and basin mountains.
It is distributed between the Rocky Mountains and the Cordillera Belt in the Pacific Ocean, and is mainly influenced by the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic orogeny, forming different geomorphic units on the basis of different fault blocks.
The strata in the Colorado Plateau, Paleozoic and Mesozoic are nearly horizontal, and volcanic materials are distributed at the edge. Due to the rise of the earth's crust and the erosion of the water system, the famous Grand Canyon landscape has been formed here.
Quaternary volcanic lava is widely developed in Columbia Plateau.
The formation of basins and mountainous areas is obviously dominated by NNW-SE normal faults, and the rising fault blocks develop into fault mountains and are eroded. The subsidence area became a basin and received huge Cenozoic sediments.
The Cordillera orogenic belt in the Pacific Ocean and the Colorado Plateau are rich in mineral species. Colorado and Utah have the largest uranium producing areas in the United States and are also important vanadium producing areas. With the Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic activity and the intrusion of quartz monzonite and granodiorite, groups of porphyry copper deposits have been formed in Arizona, USA, which constitutes an important copper producing area in the United States. Ultrabasic rock belts in California and Oregon contain chromium and nickel. A large amount of oil and gas in California comes from Cenozoic strata, while oil and gas in Utah Basin comes from Pennsylvanian, Cretaceous and Eocene strata.
The above is an overview of the geology and evolution of the United States (48 subordinate States). In addition, the geological survey of Alaska and Hawaii, two other States separated from the continental United States, is briefly described as follows.
(1) Alaska
Located in the northwest corner of North America, it is an extension of the North American tectonic system bending to the northwest. It can be divided into three tectonic unit areas: ① The northern Arctic slope basin belongs to the platform area, and the pre-Carboniferous basement is inclined to the south, which is the main oil-bearing basin in this area. Unmodified Precambrian marine sedimentary rocks are locally exposed. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine limestone, sandstone and shale with considerable thickness were deposited in this area, and oil and gas were found from Mississippi River to Tertiary, in which Triassic sandstone was rich in oil and natural gas. (2) The middle part from Brooks Mountain to Alaska Mountain is an geosyncline system from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. After the fold returned in the middle Mesozoic, it was covered by the late Mesozoic sedimentary basin, and there were tertiary deposits in some areas. The Paleozoic strata are mostly metamorphic strata with complex structure, including Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic eruption and magmatic intrusion. (3) The south of alaska range is a Cenozoic fold area, where late Mesozoic marine clastic rocks are developed, and Cenozoic basins such as Cook Bay, gulf of alaska and Bristol Bay are developed along the coast, among which there are commercial oil fields in Cook Bay Basin. Tertiary is an important oil-bearing layer.
There were two stages of intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks in the late Mesozoic (corresponding to the Nevada and Laramie movements). Cenozoic magmatic intrusion and volcanic activity only occurred in the south side of Brooks Mountain, while modern volcanic activity existed in Aleutian Islands. In addition to the huge potential of oil and gas resources, there are rich minerals such as coal, gold, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc and silver.
② Hawaii
It consists of some islands and reefs in the central Pacific Ocean. They are formed by many eruptions of volcanoes. They are volcanic lava spewing along cracks. They first erupted at the bottom of the sea to form pillow lava, and then gradually accumulated to form land. There are reefs in the shallow sea around, and volcanic ash and pumice erupt on the ground. There is still some volcanic activity in this area.
Second, the geological survey work
The geological survey in the United States is relatively systematic and comprehensive, including mineral resources closely related to economic development, disaster geological survey related to disaster prevention and mitigation, energy geological survey related to energy security, geological mapping survey related to basic geology and geological landscape, geological history and environmental science survey related to earth science history and geological environment, celestial geological survey related to exploring the evolution of the universe, and marine geological survey related to marine development and utilization. Among them, most parts of the United States have (initially) completed various geological mapping at different scales.
The geological survey in the United States began as early as 1830 years ago, and the early geological survey was conducted by the state investigation bureaus. From 65438 to 0879, after the establishment of the Federal Geological Survey, a series of geological surveys were carried out, including making geological maps of the western United States. 1894, the Federal Geological Survey published the first standardized geological map with topographic and geological descriptions (LivingstonQuadranle), covering Livingstone, Massachusetts. By 1904, the Federal Geological Survey had published 106 geological maps. Due to the lack of support and interest and the rising cost of surveying and mapping, the Federal Geological Survey ended the surveying and mapping of the last geological map in 1945. In 1960s, the Federal Geological Survey planned to start the mapping of1:250,000 national geological maps. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, with the increasing awareness of the importance of geological mapping in solving mineral resources, environment, industrial waste treatment and geological disaster relief, the US Congress passed the National Geological Mapping ActNo. 65438-0992, which officially started a new round of geological mapping. At present, the geological mapping work in the United States is being carried out in an all-round way through the cooperation of the Federal Geological Survey, the State Geological Survey and various departments of universities.
The geological survey in the United States in recent years is mainly reflected in a series of geological projects.
1. Earth Surface Dynamics Project
The Earth's surface dynamics project is a part of the global change research program in the United States, aiming at comprehensively and systematically understanding the relationship among the earth's surface effects, ecosystems and human activities. The project is mainly devoted to recording, analyzing and simulating the past and present environment and geological, biological, hydrological and geochemical processes involving environmental changes, and predicting future environmental changes and impacts.
The U.S. Global Change Research Program was initiated by President George H.W. Bush in 1989, and was promulgated into law in 1990, that is, the U.S. Congress passed the Global Change Research Act (1990), requiring the establishment of cooperative research programs (projects) for inter-agency research. The relevant federal agencies involved include the International Development Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of National Defense, the National Institute of Health of the Ministry of Health, the the State Council, the Geological Survey of the Ministry of the Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Development Foundation. In-depth study of the interaction of global environmental changes caused by nature and human activities and its impact on human society.
2. Earthquake disaster projects
The earthquake disaster project of the Federal Geological Survey is part of the National Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Plan (NEHRP) led by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The role of NEHRP Geological Survey is to provide geoscience information and products to reduce earthquake losses. The mission and task of the earthquake disaster project is to provide and apply scientific information and knowledge about earthquakes by understanding the characteristics and effects of earthquakes, so as to reduce the casualty rate and property losses caused by earthquakes. At the same time, by providing this information and knowledge, these losses can be prevented and alleviated. The basic objectives are: ① to improve the methods and applications of earthquake disaster identification and risk assessment; (2) Maintaining and improving the comprehensive earthquake monitoring system in the United States, with emphasis on the "real-time system" in urban areas; (3) improve the understanding of earthquakes and their effects and consequences.
3. Volcanic disaster project
The mission of the Volcanic Disaster Project (VHP) is to help reduce the harmful effects of volcanic activities by evaluating volcanic disasters, monitoring volcanic activities, providing early warning information, responding to volcanic crises quickly, studying volcanic activities, providing information to authorities and the public, and disseminating scientific findings in an effective and appropriate way. In short, the task of VHP is to prevent volcanic disasters from becoming volcanic disasters. The overall goal is to promote the understanding of volcanic processes and reduce the harmful effects of volcanic activities. The work includes: monitoring active volcanoes and potential active volcanoes, evaluating their disasters, coping with volcanic crisis, and studying the process of volcanic activity. The basic work mainly focuses on five aspects: ① volcano monitoring; ② Volcanic disaster assessment; ③ volcanic crisis response; ④ Investigation of tropical volcanic activity; ⑤ Scientific popularization and information dissemination.
4. Marine and Coastal Geological Project
The main tasks of the marine and coastal geological project are to describe the marine and coastal geological systems, understand the basic geological processes that produce, change and maintain these systems, establish the prediction model of the influence of natural systems and human activities on them, and provide the ability to predict future changes.
In the past few years, marine and coastal projects have been the main and important topics at the national level. The key areas are: environmental quality and protection, natural disasters and public safety, natural resources, and providing marine and coastal geological information and comprehensive knowledge for the public interest.
1) environmental quality and protection: understand the erosion, transport and deposition of sediments and pollutants, and the importance of fragile environment and sea/lake bottom environment as biological habitats and long-term environmental change recorders.
2) Natural disasters: better understand the frequency and influence range of disasters such as storms, earthquakes and landslides, the geological processes acting on the affected seabed and coastal areas, and the local and regional sensitivity to environmental changes.
3) Natural resources: to establish and expand the understanding of the formation, distribution and geological background of seabed minerals and petroleum resources, the geological impact during the resource exploitation, and how the production conditions and environment of seabed minerals contribute to the distribution of economic deposits with existing significance in similar terrestrial environments.
4) Information and technology: establish and maintain multidisciplinary comprehensive source data and information, which is convenient for government decision makers, research scientists and the public to access and use, and maintain the necessary scientific means and platforms for scientific activities.
5. Mineral resources projects
The mineral resources project supports the following work: providing and exchanging current fair information about the source, quality, quantity and availability of mineral resources. This project is the only federal research project focusing on mineral issues, which combines environmental, resource and economic factors. Since 1996, the focus of mineral resources project research has been adjusted, emphasizing the role of cooperation and collaboration, the availability of decision-making database, mineral environment research, industrial mineral evaluation, applied mineral deposit research, geochemical background and standards, etc. At present, MRP mainly focuses on the following issues: sustainability and social needs; Economic and public policies; Environment and public health; Technology and information dissemination. The research and investigation of sand and gravel in the sea area is included in the marine and coastal geological project.
The objectives of mineral resources project (MRP) 1999 ~ 2004 are: ① to understand the geological background and causes of mineral resources in the United States and ensure the sustainable supply of minerals; (2) Understand the formation process of mineral deposits and the impact of mineral resources development on the overall environment, ecology, public health and geological disasters; (3) Provide objective information and analysis to serve the leaders of national security, land use, resource policy, environment or public health and safety decision-making; ④ Collecting, sorting, analyzing and disseminating data, and developing and maintaining national and international customer service databases in time; ⑤ Apply professional knowledge and technology in the field of mineral resources to non-mineral resources and problems.
The mineral resources project of the US Geological Survey is currently carrying out the Global Mineral Resources Quantitative Assessment Project (GMRAP). This project is an eight-year international cooperation project, which started in 2002. Its main purpose is to outline the main land areas in the world with the potential of discovering unknown mineral deposits, and to estimate the possible mineral resources within the depth of 1 km below the surface. Its further purposes include: ① to provide consistent and comprehensive information data and analysis results about global non-fuel mineral resources according to the latest information; Cooperate with relevant national geological institutions to conduct evaluation, research and analysis on the basis of multinational regions. The regional research team will use GIS technology to compile and integrate various existing data maps with the scale of 1:65438+ million or less, including database, known mineral location map, scale, geological type map, geological, geochemical and geophysical maps and descriptions, and historical information of regional mineral exploration. ② Develop and improve large-scale regional geological evaluation methods, and develop new models and tools to analyze and apply global evaluation results, so as to solve the problems of sustainable development of resources and environmental management. (3) Through the analysis of the genesis and structure of the deposit, we can promote the understanding of the formation and evolution of the metallogenic system. (4) Promote international cooperation among governments, non-governmental organizations and industry by organizing and initiating various symposiums and trade, scientific and technical exchanges.
The expected results of GMRAP include the following aspects:
Assess known undiscovered non-fuel mineral resources;
Design a new mineral exploration model;
Planning sustainable resource development;
Analyze environmental problems in advance;
Make land use decisions.
In GMRAP project, USGS plays the following roles: ① coordinating global assessment; (2) Facilitating group and working group meetings; (3) Editing the regional research results into a global mineral resources evaluation map; (4) Analyze the evaluation results of related regional and global resources, land use and environmental problems; ⑤ Take the lead in quantitative evaluation of undiscovered non-fuel deposits.
The role of international partners is: ① to provide translated geological maps with appropriate evaluation scale (1: 1 10,000 or less), with emphasis on establishing regional consistency of geological interpretation and evaluating the scope and extent of undiscovered deposits in concealed geological units; (2) Cooperative development of databases on the location, scale, geological genetic types and occurrence of meaningful deposits; (3) Providing information about the history of regional mineral exploration; (4) Review quantitative mineral resources evaluation products; ⑤ Help to analyze the evaluation results.
6. Energy projects
The purpose of the energy resources project of the US Geological Survey is to solve the growing energy demand in an environmentally acceptable way through the basic and applied research on the impact of geological energy and its production and utilization on the environment, economy and human health. Its basic work content is:
Regularly assess national and world energy resources (fossil fuels) and their geological framework;
Assess the environmental and ecological impacts of the production and utilization of fossil fuels;
Provide energy resources information assistance to the Land and Resources Administration of the Ministry of the Interior, other federal agencies, the National Geological Survey, the energy industry and environmental groups.
7. Landslide disaster engineering
The task and purpose is to reduce the long-term losses and casualties caused by land landslide disasters by understanding the causes and mechanisms of landslides at home and abroad.
The National Landslide Disaster Project has been in operation since 1970s, which mainly collects information, conducts research, responds to emergencies and disasters, and forms scientific reports. At the same time, it provides investigation reports to private consultants and government planning and decision-making departments in geology and geological structure engineering.
8. National cooperative geological mapping
The National Cooperative Geological Mapping Program (NCGMP) is formulated according to the National Geological Mapping Act of Congress 1992, and is the basic project of geological work in the United States. The legislative purpose of the National Geological Surveying and Mapping Law is to coordinate the geological surveying and mapping work carried out by the Federal Geological Survey, the National Geological Survey and university institutions. The main purpose of the national cooperative geological mapping program is to collect, process, analyze, translate and disseminate geoscience information through geological mapping. It consists of three main parts, namely FEDMAP, STATEMAP and EDMAP. FEDMAP mainly supports federal mapping projects, STATEMAP is a plan to properly support the State Geological Survey, and EDMAP is a plan to properly support the teaching of geological mapping in universities.
9. Celestial research projects
The main tasks are to establish and maintain geological science and technical expertise in planetary science and remote sensing in order to accomplish the following tasks:
Scientific research and mapping of cosmic objects;
Planning and carrying out planetary exploration research;
Develop data processing and analysis, archiving and classification.
The celestial research project mainly studies the geological and geophysical processes of rocky stars and satellites, covering the earth and the whole solar system, and the research scope includes geology, remote sensing, monitoring, astrobiology, ice and other substances. The purpose is to understand the characteristics of celestial bodies around us, the causes of the solar system and our earth itself through research.