I. Industrial Revolution
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, in the factories where the industrial revolution appeared, the inhuman industrial management system stifled the dignity of human existence, and the living conditions of the emerging working class were beyond words. A wave of reform swept across Europe and America, and many outstanding people turned their attention to the study of individual differences.
Second, the study of human ability.
1879, Feng Te established the first laboratory to study human behavior in Leipzig university.
1883, Hall established a psychology laboratory in the United States to study children's physical and mental characteristics.
1890, Cartel published a paper in the United States, claiming that "psychological test" can be used as a tool to evaluate individual differences; Dewey, an American educator, also began to emphasize the importance of personal motivation, interest and development.
Third, the germination of career counseling
On June 3rd,1908,65438+1October 65438, Frank Parsons, the "father of career counseling", established the Boston Vocational Bureau, which was the first such institution. 1909 published the first monograph on career counseling: Choosing a Career in May. One of Frank Parsons' most important contributions is to establish a conceptual framework to help individuals choose their careers:
1. Know yourself clearly, including your qualifications, abilities, interests, ambitions, resources and limitations, and the reasons for these characteristics.
2. We should clearly know the necessary conditions and requirements, advantages and disadvantages, treatment, employment opportunities and development prospects for the success of various jobs.
We really should infer the correlation between the above two sets of facts.
Fourthly, the development of psychometric movement.
At 1905, Binet.Alfred. Alfred cooperated with Simon to invent the world's first scale for measuring intelligence: Binet.Alfred. Alfred-Simon scale;
19 17, the first group intelligence test was born, which was designed by the US Army to recruit new soldiers during World War I;
1927, Strong of Stanford University published the first interest test: Strong Career Interest Scale;
In 1928, Hall published a special aptitude test, which is designed for the application of career counseling and emphasizes how to match personal characteristics with the needs of work.
The rise of verb (verb's abbreviation) guided and unguided consultation.
(1) Guidance and consulting schools
From 65438 to 0939, Williamson systematically combed the consulting technology and summarized it in How to Consult Students. He divided the negotiation process into six consecutive steps:
1. analysis: collect personal data through various channels;
2. Synthesis: Synthesize the collected data to show the uniqueness of individuals;
3. Diagnosis: Compare the data and diagnose the problem;
4. Forecast: According to various data, predict the possibility of personal career success;
5. Consultation: assist the parties to understand all kinds of personal and professional information and talk about employment choices;
6. Follow-up: assist all parties to implement the plan, and repeat the above steps if there are any problems.
Because its technology is full of teaching color, his school is called "guidance and consultation school"
(b) Non-directive advisory schools
Rogers is a master of unsupervised consulting school. The three biggest differences between unsupervised consultation and guided consultation advocated by him are:
1. Career choice should not only pay attention to the pairing of personal characteristics and professional conditions, but also consider the goodwill and motivation of the parties;
2. Self-acceptance and self-understanding of the parties are the primary objectives of negotiation;
3. Consultants must pay more attention to the interaction between them and their clients, as well as the oral expression of clients in the consultation process.
The negotiation relationship is essentially mutual respect between the two sides. The establishment of this relationship can promote the parties to know themselves better, so as to take acceptable steps and take control of their own destiny. Unsupervised consultation shifts the focus of consultation from the authoritative role of the consultant to the parties themselves and the consulting relationship.
Sixth, the opportunity of World War II.
In the United States, the post-war demobilized job placement makes the demand for career counseling in the military and private sectors very strong. On 1946, the US Congress passed the George Ba Sen Act in due course, providing funds to train more academic consultants and allocating more funds to the states to promote career counseling programs.
Seventh, the development of exams after World War II.
The vigorous development of applied psychology after World War II triggered another turbulent wave of psychological testing. From 65438 to 0958, the American Legislative Council passed the National Defense Education Act, so the federal government allocated sufficient funds to the middle school counseling center, which closely combined vocational counseling with psychological testing.
Eight, the beginning of career development theory
Parsons' three rules of thumb are the guiding principles for the implementation of career counseling. It was not until the early 1950s that Shubo's career development theory gave the career counseling movement its own theory. His theory triggered a research upsurge, which improved the theoretical system of career choice, career decision-making and career development. Career counseling is transformed from career counseling and has become an important branch of counseling psychology.
Nine. Modern career counseling movement
vocational education
Career education is a new educational concept, which integrates the concept of career into the learning process from kindergarten to adult, and its contents include career cognition, career exploration, value clarification, decision-making technology, career orientation and career preparation.
From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, the idea that "education must coordinate with economic development and growth in a planned way" sprouted in several countries with earlier industrialization in Europe and America. 1On October 23rd, American Secretary of Education Mahlander delivered his first speech on vocational education at the joint meeting of middle school principals in Houston, Texas, which was the beginning of the development of vocational education in the United States. In the next few speeches, Mahlander put forward his ideas and plans for the implementation of career education. Since then, the development of career education in the United States has been surging.
(2) Professional certification
At the end of 1970s, after consultation and counseling were gradually popularized in campus and community, the voice of unifying professional level became louder and louder. 1972 American personnel and consulting association (APGA) (now renamed American consulting association ACA) passed the consultant training standard, 1977 passed the doctoral consultant education curriculum benchmark. 1984 The American Professional Development Association (NCDA) has also passed the professional certification system for professional counselors.
(3) the development of science and technology
The ability of computer-aided vocational information system to quickly search and retrieve vocational information and educational information makes vocational counselors even more powerful and pushes the process of vocational consultation forward a big step.