Pine trees not only have ancient birthday stars, but also have strange shapes. There is a Gu Song in Jiuhuashan, Anhui. At 3 meters from the trunk, there are three branches, the middle branch rises in a curve shape, one side of the side branch slightly bends and extends slightly downward, and the other side branch slightly becomes warped. The whole pine tree is like a phoenix spreading its wings, which is called "Phoenix Pine". There is a strange pine on Yuntai Mountain in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province. Its trunk is about 15 meters long and its trunk is more than 1 meter thick. The trunk of more than 8 meters lying on the ground looks like Wolong. After many twists and turns, it rose again and became a spectacle. Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province is famous for its exotic pines, such as the welcoming pine near Wenshuyuan in Yuping Peak, which has been recorded in the Tang Dynasty and is over 1.500 years old. Two 7.6-meter-long branches protrude from the middle of the trunk, as if welcoming guests with open arms. Many pine trees are born in crevices, with strange trunks and branches. The needles are very short. These are yellow pines. It is often famous for its pictographic shape; Such as upside-down pine, dragon pine, dragon claw pine, lianlisong and futuansong. ...
morphological character
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Pine tree photo
When the pine tree is young, the crown is pyramid-shaped and the branches are mostly wheel-shaped. When the seedlings are unearthed and the cotyledons are unfolded, the primary leaves appear first, which are solitary, spirally arranged, linear and lanceolate, and the leaf margin is toothed. It takes 1 ~ 3 years for primary leaves to function as leaves, and then there are needles, usually 2, 3 or 5 bundles, which are inserted at the top of short branches. Each bundle of needles has a leaf sheath at the base, which falls off or exists early. The position of resin channel in mesophyll tissue is relatively constant in adult plants, which can be divided into three types: exogenous, mesophyll and endogenous.
Five.
yearn for
There are 1 or 2 vascular bundles in the cross section of pine needles, and the vascular bundles can be combined in the double vascular bundle pine under special circumstances. These cones are monoecious and monoecious. Most cones are composed of seed scales and lignified when they mature. The exposed and thickened part of the seed scale is called the scale shield, and the tumor-like process at the top of the scale shield is called the scale navel. Some tree species have thorns on their scales and umbilicus, while others don't. When the cone is mature, the seed scales open and the seeds fall off; But the scales of some trees remain closed for a long time. Each seed scale has 2 seeds, the upper part has long wings, and a few have short wings or no wings.
The most obvious feature of pine trees is that their leaves are needle-shaped, usually in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 needles. For example, the leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus massoniana and Pinus taiwanensis are in bundles of 2 needles, the leaves of Pinus bungeana are in bundles of 3 needles, and the leaves of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla are in bundles of 5 needles. Pine is a monoecious plant, and its spore leaves are arranged like cones, forming female cones and male cones. Single or 2 14 female cones are attached to the top of new branches, and most male cones gather in the lower part of new branches. Pine cones usually bloom in spring and summer, but after the pollen reaches the female cones, it will not germinate until the early summer of the following year, so that the female flowers will fertilize and develop into cones (commonly known as pinecones or cones, not fruits). The cones mature after autumn, and the seed scales open, and each seed scale has two seeds.
Pine trunk
Pinus species are mostly tall and straight trees with good materials and many columns. Korean pine, the "king of wood" in the northeast of China, tall Pinus ponderosa (up to 75 meters) widely distributed in the west of North America, the fastest growing pine radial pine originated in the coastal area of California, slash pine originated in the southeast of the United States, Caribbean pine originated in the Caribbean of America, and Pinus densiflora widely distributed in the west and north of Eurasia. , are famous timber trees.
The ornamental value of pine trees is obvious to all. In China, beautiful images of pine trees can be seen from the royal classical gardens to the homes of modern residents, such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus bungeana in Beihai and Summer Palace, and Pinus pentaphylla widely used in stump bonsai. Some famous mountain resorts are famous for their majestic mountains and pine trees. Huangshan Yingke Pine, Huashan Huashan Pine, Changbai Mountain Ren Mei Pine ... all amaze tourists. In addition, large fungi often grow on the roots of pine trees. Some of them are wood rot fungi, which can decompose pine trees and cause root rot of trees; Some are ectomycorrhizal fungi, which can exchange nutrients with pine trees to prevent trees from lacking nutrients, thus affecting their growth. The height after maturity is 45 meters, DBH 1.5 meters; The bark is reddish brown, the lower part is grayish brown, and it splits into irregular scales; Branches spread flat or obliquely, and the crown is broad, tower-shaped or umbrella-shaped. Branches grow once a year, but generally twice in southern Guangdong. They are light yellow brown, without white powder, rare white powder and hairless. Winter buds are ovoid or cylindrical, brown, with sharp tips, filiform bud scales, long and tapering tips, and slightly bent down.
1, leaf
pine needle
The needles are 2 needles in a bundle and 3 needles in a bundle, which are12-20cm long, soft and slightly twisted, with pores on both sides and fine serrations on the edges; On the cross section, subcutaneous cells are haplotype, the first layer is arranged continuously, and the second layer is composed of single cells arranged intermittently. There are about 4-8 resin channels, and there are two on the back or abdomen. Leaf sheaths are brown at first, and then gradually become gray-black and durable. Male cones are reddish brown, cylindrical, pendulous, long 1- 1.5 cm, clustered in axillary buds at the lower part of new branches, spicate, long 6- 15 cm; Female cones are solitary or 2-4 clusters near the top of new branches, which are purplish red. Annual cones are spherical or ovoid, about 2 cm in diameter, brown or purple-brown. The umbilicus of the upper nucellus has erect short spines, and the umbilicus of the lower nucellus is flat and blunt without spines. Cone-shaped oval or cone-shaped oval, 4-7 cm long and 2.5-4 cm in diameter, with short peduncle, drooping, green when immature, chestnut brown when mature, and falling off one after another; The middle seed scale is nearly oblong-obovate, or nearly rectangular, about 3 cm long; The scale shield is diamond-shaped, slightly convex or flat, with a slightly obvious transverse ridge, and the scale navel is slightly concave without thorns. Those born in dry environment often have very short thorns; Seeds ovoid, 4-6 mm long, 2-2.7 cm long, winged; 5-8 leaflets; Length1.2-2.4cm; The primary leaves are strip-shaped, 2.5-3.6 cm long, with sparse bristles on the leaf margin.
Pine is the general name of Pinaceae plants, evergreen coniferous trees, monoecious. Branches are whorled, with one or several nodes per year, obvious winter buds and many bud scales. Bud scales, scale leaves (primary leaves), stamens, bract scales, pearl scales and seed scales are all arranged in a spiral shape. Scaly leaves are solitary, linear and green when they are young, and then gradually degenerate into brown, membranous bracts, and needles (secondary leaves) are extracted from the axils of leaves; A bunch of 2, 3 or 5 needles are born on undeveloped short branches, and the base of each needle is surrounded by a membranous leaf sheath.
2. flowers
Songshuhua
Monoecious and unisexual; Male cones are solitary, with axillary buds at the lower part of new branches, most of which are aggregated, with many stamens and 2 anthers. Anther cells are longitudinally dehiscent, and pollen has two developed air sacs. The contact surface between the airbag and the body is small, the boundary is obvious, and there is generally obvious margin. There are 1-4 female cones near the top of the new branch, with many pearl scales and bract scales, and two inverted ovules are born at the ventral base of each pearl scale. Pollination in the same year will quickly grow into cones in the second year [1].
The cones mature for 2 years, and when they mature, the seed scales are open, sparse but not open, oval, oblong, nearly round or cylindrical, upright or drooping; Seed scales are woody and persistent, and the exposed parts are usually thick into scales with obvious transverse ridges or without transverse ridges. There are many nodular protrusions or concave scales at the top or center of the scale shield, with or without thorns, and there are two kinds of developed seed scales. The upper part of the seed has upper wings, and the cotyledons are 3 ~ 18, which are unearthed when sprouting.
Step 3: fruit
Songshuguo
Some tree species bear fruit earlier, and a few can bear fruit in 5 ~ 6 years, and 15 ~ 20 years increases significantly (Pinus massoniana, Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus yunnanensis, etc. ); Some tree species bear fruit very late, such as Pinus koraiensis, which began to bear fruit in 80 ~ 140 years under natural forest conditions (but it began to bear fruit in 15 ~ 20 years under artificial forest conditions). Most pine trees bear fruit at regular intervals and are harvested every 2-3 years or longer. The male cone of pine is located at the base of the new shoot, and the female cone is more common at the axial end of the main branch. It takes a long time for cones to mature.
The male and female cones of a few tropical pine trees appear from the buds in late winter, while the cones of most pine trees appear from the buds in early spring, late spring or early summer. Male cones are clustered, green or yellow to red before maturity, light brown or brown when pollen falls off, and fall off soon after maturity. The female cone appears immediately after the male cone, and the male cone is green or reddish purple. When pollinating, the female cones are almost upright. After pollination, the scales closed and cones began to develop slowly. Fertilization in spring or early summer after pollination 13 months, and then cones begin to grow rapidly. Cones generally mature in the late summer and early autumn of the following year, and the color gradually changes from green and purple to yellow, light brown or dark brown.
When most pinecones mature, the scales open quickly and the seeds fall off quickly (Pinus massoniana, Pinus tabulaeformis, etc. ); Several pine trees have their scales open and their seeds fall off for months. Some pine trees, some or all cones are closed in a year, or irregularly open on the trees. Korean pine cones are big and heavy, and are easily blown off by the wind before and after maturity.