1, Aesthetics: 1750 The publication of the academic monograph Aesthetics by German rationalist philosopher and aesthetician Baumgarden marks the formal establishment of aesthetics as an independent discipline. Baum Garden is called "the father of aesthetics". Aestetica means "sensibility" in German. Aesthetics is an independent humanities discipline, which is fundamentally a discipline about people's aesthetic value.
2. Aesthetics is an independent humanities discipline, which is closely related to philosophical epistemology (which provides a basic theoretical framework and worldview basis for aesthetics) and other disciplines: philosophy, literature and art, psychology and ethics.
N philosophy provides the foundation of ontology, epistemology and methodology for aesthetics, and any aesthetic theory is based on certain philosophical theories.
Art is an important object of aesthetic research.
Aesthetic problems involved in aesthetic research are one of the basic theoretical problems of aesthetics, and the study of aesthetic feeling cannot be separated from the study of psychology.
In aesthetic activities, aesthetic judgment is often closely intertwined with ethical judgment, which has an important impact on the formation of aesthetic feeling of aesthetic subjects.
Aesthetics, as an independent discipline, is a humanities subject in its basic nature. Aesthetics is inseparable from people and has an important connection with the value of life.
3. The development of aesthetics has gone through three stages: aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic thought and independent aesthetic discipline.
4. The formation of aesthetic consciousness comes from the transformation of human labor. The emergence of human aesthetic consciousness is a historical process, which is fundamentally inseparable from human productive labor.
5, the difference between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic thought:
A: Aesthetic consciousness is not aesthetic thought, because it has two basic characteristics, which it does not have. These two basic characteristics are: (1) should be spread by language, that is to say, aesthetic thoughts exist in ancient books and documents in the form of language and can be passed on to future generations. (2) Aesthetic thought has a theoretical form, which is not a perceptual and intuitive understanding like aesthetic consciousness, but a profound and rational understanding that can reveal the inherent nature of aesthetic phenomena. Aesthetic thought has clear theoretical viewpoints and conceptual categories.
6. The development process of western aesthetics: eight stages.
1) ancient Greek aesthetics, represented by Plato and Aristotle, the beginning of western aesthetics;
2) In the Middle Ages, people believed that all good things came from God.
3)15-16th century, during the Renaissance, there were no aestheticians.
4)/kloc-In the 8th century, rational aestheticism and empirical aesthetics were published by Baum Garden.
5)/kloc-In the early 9th century, German classical aesthetics represented by Kant, Schiller and Hegel represented the golden age of western aesthetics.
6)/kloc-In the late 9th century, Chernyshev was the representative of experimental aesthetics, empathy aesthetics and life aesthetics. He believed that beauty was life.
7) 20th century, psychological aesthetics, Freud.
8) In the 20th century, aesthetics was discussed from the perspective of language and symbols.
7. "Bottom-up": from offline to offline, from concrete research to abstract theoretical research methods.
"Top-down": a research method from abstract theory to concrete phenomena.
8. The aesthetic nature of aesthetic objects will change with different historical times.
Example: ① The aesthetic phenomenon of "being fat and thin" typically implies the historical changes of female beauty.
②/kloc-the image of Rodin's works (Old Omer), a great French sculptor in the 9th century-turning ugliness into beauty.
9. Object of Aesthetic Research: (Name/Jane)
A: The research object of aesthetics is mainly art. Through art, the aesthetic relationship between man and reality is studied, and then various aesthetic objects, aesthetic experiences, aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic categories and aesthetic thoughts are studied.
First of all, the relationship between human aesthetics and reality is a universal objective phenomenon, from which aesthetics must start.
Secondly, aesthetics must also study aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic category and aesthetic thought, which are one of the components of human ideology and ideological things.
Third, aesthetics should take art as the main research object.
10, why aesthetics takes art as the main research object;
First, art is the concentrated expression of human aesthetic consciousness.
Second, art has grasped the essence and characteristics of human aesthetic experience more deeply.
Third, art is an advanced form of beauty.
Fourth, through artistic research, there is a multiplier effect.
1 1, the basic characteristics of aesthetic research methods:
(1) diversity.
(2) Various methods of aesthetic research are related to the value of life.
(3) The method of aesthetic research has multi-level characteristics. Materialist dialectics is the most basic method of aesthetic research. Specific methods such as philosophical methods, psychological methods, comparative research methods and archaeological methods are all useful in aesthetic research.
12. Main contents of Marxist aesthetics:
First, the theory about the essence and origin of beauty. Marx clearly put forward that "labor creates beauty" in 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts.
Second, the law of beauty. Marx pointed out: "Animals are only shaped according to the scale and needs of the species to which they belong, while people know how to produce according to the scale of any species, and can measure objects with the scale of internal factors at any time and anywhere;" So people are also shaped according to the laws of beauty. "That is to say, the basic law of creating beautiful things in labor practice is to combine people's subjective wishes and purposes, that is," inherent scale ",with the objective attributes of specific things, that is," the scale of any species ",and show people's essential strength as an image for aesthetic appreciation.
Third, the theory of the relationship between alienated labor and aesthetic activities. Marx: "(Alienation) labor creates palaces, but it creates slums for laborers. Labor creates beauty, but it makes workers deformed. " "Worried poor people are indifferent to the most beautiful scenery." It shows that although there are beautiful things, when the aesthetic subject is alienated, it is impossible to appreciate beautiful things, and aesthetics depends on the subject's conditions and state of mind.
Alienation: external objective things should be consistent with human beings, but in turn become hostile forces of human dissidents.
Fourth, the theory of artistic essence. When discussing the essence of art, Marxist aesthetics first emphasizes the dependence of art as a superstructure on the economic base: "People must have food, drink, shelter and clothing to engage in politics, science, art and religion", which is the basic truth of Marxism.
Fifth, Marxist aesthetics also discusses many other aesthetic issues, such as the social function of literature and art, the authenticity of literature and art, and so on.
13. The basic feature of Marxist aesthetics is to closely combine the essence of beauty with the essence of human beings. In the manuscript, human nature is defined as "free and conscious activity", that is, labor.
Linking the essence of beauty with labor is the essence of human beings. This paper discusses the essence of beauty from the perspective of human nature and puts forward that "labor creates beauty"
Chapter II Theory of Beauty
1, several methods to solve the essence of beauty:
First, explore beauty from the objective attributes of things.
1, the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras believes that the whole nature is shaped by numbers, so numbers are the first thing in the whole nature. Adhering to mathematical principles is the fundamental position of all principles, and beauty is bound to be subject to the nature and power of numbers. Beauty comes from the order of numbers, and music is the harmony of opposites.
The most beautiful three-dimensional figure is spherical, and the most beautiful plane figure is round.
2. The medieval theologian Thomas. Aquinas put forward his own aesthetic theory in The Complete Book of Theology: 1) Beauty is the object of cognitive ability, 2) Beauty is something that makes people look pleasing to the eye and is called beauty, 3) Beauty is in proper proportion, and 4) Beauty belongs to the category of formal reasons. He is more inclined to think that aesthetic pleasure depends on what he watches. He emphasized the relationship between beauty and the perceptual form of objective things, and emphasized that beauty became the object of understanding because of its essential objective basis, and beauty was regarded as the objective attribute of those things that caused pleasure.
3. In Huo Jiasi's analysis of beauty, the curve is more beautiful than the straight line, and the serpentine line in the curve is the most beautiful.
4. Fechner's experimental aesthetics opposes the metaphysical aesthetics from top to bottom in the past in a scientific and empirical way, and advocates the aesthetics from bottom to top that attaches importance to experiments.
Exploring the rationality and one-sidedness of beauty from the objective attributes of things?
Rationality: its greatest rationality lies in grasping the characteristics of beauty in perceptual form. Beauty is inseparable from the objective attributes of things.
One-sidedness: ① Talking about the essence of beauty from the practice of human social life. Although it is considered objective, it is not considered as created by human labor, but as natural; The perceptual form of objective things is an important factor that constitutes beauty, but it cannot be guaranteed that things that conform to the law of formal beauty are beautiful, and the same form can also be a factor that constitutes ugliness or ugliness; The view that beauty lies in the formal characteristics of things does not apply to all beautiful things, especially the beauty of many things in human social life. In a word, the objective attribute of things is an important factor of beauty, but if we can't see the connection between beauty and people and their social life, it is not feasible to explore beauty only from the objective attribute of things or directly regard beauty as the perceptual form of things. Primitive people seldom think that flowers are beautiful, and they seldom take plants as the object of description, because plants have not become a part of human activities, so they are not the object of aesthetic feeling.
Second, seek beauty from the objective spiritual world.
1, Plato was the first to put forward the theory of ideas. It is believed that beauty is objective and spiritual, and all beautiful things are beautiful because they share the idea of beauty. Idea is the essence of beauty. This concept of beauty "is eternal, with no beginning or end, no birth or death, no increase or decrease." 2. Hegel inherited Plato's ideas about "idea" and thought that beauty was an idea. On the one hand, beauty is an idea, on the other hand, it must be the perceptual expression of the idea. Hegel believes that "beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas", and the essence of beauty lies in the concept of objective movement development. In Plato's view, the idea of beauty is unchanged, while in Hegel's view, the idea develops, realizes and creates itself in self-contradiction according to the logic of dialectics.
Third, looking for beauty from subjective state of mind: to attribute beauty to a subjective state of mind depends on people's subjective feelings.
1, the British empiricist Hume believes that because the external harmonious order and structure "is suitable for making the soul happy and satisfied, this is the characteristic of beauty. Taking beauty as pleasure is the physical and psychological pleasure caused by things. 2. American Marshall: Beauty lies in the pleasure of human senses. 3. Santayana: Beauty is an objective pleasure. 4. Freud believed that human beauty is pleasure, and the essence and source of beauty is unconscious desire, especially sexual desire. The beauty of works of art is because it is a symbol of sex and shows people's unconscious sexual instinct impulse. Contribution: It is the first time to discover the close relationship between beauty, aesthetic activities, art and the repressed unconscious of human beings. 5. Jung put forward the theory of "collective unconsciousness", arguing that human psychological structure includes three levels: consciousness, individual unconsciousness and collective unconsciousness.
Fourth, seek beauty from the relationship between things:
Diderot, a French enlightenment thinker, regarded "relationship" as the essence of beauty and the fundamental reason of beauty. The greatest contribution of his statement that "beauty lies in relationship" is to break through the past concept that beauty is regarded as a single phenomenon or an isolated factor, and to understand beauty from various relationships between nature and social life. He believes that "beauty comes down to the feeling of relationship, and you will get the development history of beauty since ancient times." Disadvantages: the "relationship" he said is abstract and general, and he has been in the groping stage and has never made it clear.
Fifth, explore beauty from human social life itself.
1, Chernyshevski, a Russian revolutionary Democrat, put forward the proposition that "beauty is life" for the first time, trying to correct Hegel's prejudice that "beauty is the perceptual expression of ideas".
Discussion: Why does the proposition "beauty is life" conform to the common sense of life, but not to the dialectics of life?
(1) "Beauty is life" is an aesthetic proposition put forward by Chernyshevski, a Russian revolutionary Democrat, aiming at correcting Hegel's prejudice that "beauty is the perceptual expression of ideas" is divorced from concrete life. The connotation of this proposition is that beauty is the most lovely and precious thing that people think. What is beneficial to life and can express life is beauty; On the contrary, anything that is not conducive to life and can't show life is ugly. The significance of this proposition lies in that beauty is not as an attribute of things, nor as a perceptual manifestation of ideas, but as human life itself, and the attribute of beauty is the attribute of life, thus clearly taking beauty in life as the main object of aesthetic research for the first time, which is of great significance to the theoretical development of materialistic beauty later. (2) Conclusion: Although the proposition of "beauty is life" is easy to understand and conforms to common sense of life, it does not conform to dialectics of life. Reason: ① Life contains many possibilities, including beauty and ugliness. We cannot say that all life is beautiful, so we cannot simply say that beauty is life. The statement that "beauty is life" is contradictory and cannot be justified. On the one hand, he said that everything that can express life is beautiful, on the other hand, he said that only "according to our understanding, we should live like this" is beautiful. So, according to our understanding, is life beautiful without it? If it is not, it violates his first sentence, if it is, it violates his second sentence. (3) He also regards personal love for his loved ones as the standard of beauty, so that subjective love and physical satisfaction become the two pillars of "beauty is life" in aesthetic theory. Of these two pillars, the first tends to slide to subjective idealism, and the second tends to slide to vulgar physiological views. Therefore, although he correctly started from objective life, he eventually fell into a mixed situation of subjective idealism and vulgar physiology. (3) In short, "Beauty is life" can't be the correct proposition about beauty.
Sixth, there is a new logical starting point to solve the aesthetic theory of American and Malaysian historicism and even the whole aesthetic ideology from the aesthetic practice of socialized people, that is, based on the aesthetic practice of socialized people.
Seven, the situational grasp and effectiveness analysis of the theory of beauty.
1, Burruro published "Psychological Distance" on 19 12, and put forward "Psychological Distance Theory". It is believed that the acquisition of human aesthetic feeling is related to the psychological distance between man and reality. Psychological distance is used to explain aesthetic phenomena, and the psychological distance between man and reality produces aesthetic feeling. ) 2. Gadamer, a German aesthete, put forward the theory of "time distance" in Truth and Method, arguing that people's understanding of art is related to time distance. It is difficult for us to make a correct aesthetic evaluation because of our short time distance from contemporary literary and artistic works and too close interest relationship. )
2. Several viewpoints in China's contemporary aesthetic research;
(1) advocates that beauty is subjective, represented by Lv Ying and Gao Ertai.
(2) Advocating that beauty is objective, represented by Cai Yi. Cai Yi published a book "New Aesthetics". Cai yi said: beautiful things are typical things ... the essence of beauty is the typicality of things.
(3) Advocating that beauty is the unity of subjective and objective, represented by Zhu Guangqian. Put forward that beauty is the unity of subjective and objective.
How does Zhu Guangqian distinguish the meaning of "things" and "images of things"?
"Things" refers to the objective reality that exists independently of people: "The image of things" is the result of things reflected in people's consciousness under the influence of people's established subjective conditions, so it is not a pure natural thing, but something mixed with people's subjective components, that is, it is already a social thing.
Enthusiasm: correctly point out that "the image of things" and external objective things cannot be equated.
Disadvantages: the "image of things" is not regarded as the product of labor, but as a production practice.
3. The definability of beauty: the logical pursuit of negation of negation.
A: It is unrealistic and impossible to completely deny the philosophical discussion of the essence of beauty and art and the possibility of denying the definition of beauty and art.
On the one hand, beauty is always not only a problem of theoretical and technical analysis, but also a problem related to the whole human emotion and life value, which needs special discussion. Therefore, we should not deny or avoid the essence and definability of beauty.
On the other hand, the exploration of the unknown world and the understanding of complex things are the objective needs of human mind to realize self-creation, self-realization and self-liberation. So the essence of beauty is undeniable and can be discussed.
On the basis of the unity of criticism and inheritance, we insist on exploring the essence of beauty at multiple levels and angles. )
4. The concept of beauty: an open system.
Discussion: What changes do you think should be made in the concept of beauty? How to understand that beauty is a developing system? )
I think we should change the concept of beauty and regard beauty as an open system.
First of all, we should break the metaphysical prejudice of traditional aesthetics, such as stillness and isolation, but explore beauty from change, movement and multi-level structure.
Second, beauty should not be regarded as a material attribute, nor as a spiritual attribute, but as the result of the aesthetic relationship between man and reality, which is the self-creation and self-realization of man in real life.
Thirdly, because beauty is explored from the viewpoint of movement change and multi-level, and is closely related to real life, beauty should be an open system in essence. When discussing the essence of beauty, we should firmly establish the concept of "beauty is an open system" and realize that beauty is not only formed by various reasons and opportunities, but also constantly changed and created in the process of interaction between subject and object.
In a word, the formation and creation of beauty is the synthesis of various laws and the unity of diversity. Therefore, we should change the concept of beauty and regard beauty as an open system.
5. Marx: "People's feelings and humanity are only produced because of the existence of their objects and humanized nature. The formation of the five senses is the product of all previous world history. " This sentence reveals the source of human aesthetic feeling, which can only come from the whole history of mankind (social practice is the product of all world history).
6. The collective definition of the essence of beauty:
1) Man is "the beauty of the world" 2) Beauty is the objectification of man's essential strength 3) Beauty is the image of freedom 4) Beauty is in creation.
Chapter III Aesthetic Sense Theory
1, aesthetic feeling comes from human social practice.
2./kloc-In the 8th century, the British aesthetician Hafez Berry believed that there were also sensory organs belonging to the mind and reason on top of human audio-visual organs, that is, human's "inner sense" or human's "sixth sense officer".
3. Imagination is a psychological activity of human beings. It is a psychological activity process that people process and transform the original memory representation in their minds and form new images under the stimulation of external objects and things.
4. Association is the basic form of imagination. Old perception and new perceptual representation overlap and combine with each other, and are triggered by new, similar or related objects in memory to produce associations.
Association has a wide range, including close association, similar association and comparative association.
(1) Proximity association is a type of association, which mainly means that two objects and images are quite close in time and space. People think that A and B are naturally linked, causing corresponding emotional reactions. For example, "Love me, love my dog", "Think of people when I see things" and "Xue Rui indicates a good year".
(2) Similar association is a type of association, which mainly refers to the similarity of two things in nature or appearance, which makes one thing think of another. Example: Frost leaves are redder than February flowers.
(3) Contrastive association is a type of association, which means that one thing leads to the association of another thing with completely opposite nature and appearance, which can strengthen the understanding and feeling of the antagonistic relationship between the two things.
5. Discussion: Illustrate the characteristics of contrastive association with examples.
(1) Contrastive association is a type of association, which means that one thing leads to the association of another thing with completely opposite nature and appearance, which can strengthen the understanding and feeling of the antagonistic relationship between two things.
(2) For example
Example 1: In Tao Yuanming's poems, there is a saying that "everything has a support, and it is helpless." From "trust" in everything to "helplessness" isolated from the world, this "helplessness" is particularly striking and impressive, showing the poet's personal situation at that time.
Example 2: "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and there are frozen bones on the road". The contrast between the courtyard of the rich and the poor who froze to death outside the courtyard reveals social inequality and social disadvantages.
Example 3: Jiangnan Qu by Li Yi in the Tang Dynasty "Since I married a Qutang businessman, he has been breaking his promise day by day. If I thought the tide was so regular, I might choose a river boy. " Describing the wife of an ancient businessman, the businessman's husband is in contrast with the hipster, and the businessman's husband is not around, which is in sharp contrast with the well-behaved and trustworthy hipster, revealing the resentment and resentment of the dissatisfied wife towards her husband.
(3) The above examples show that through comparison and association, opposing scenes or phenomena can be alternately presented or combined into one, which can make people feel the contrast in real life more vividly and deeply.
6. Synaesthesia: It is a special psychological phenomenon in people's aesthetic activities. It refers to starting from the overall feeling, on the basis of the unity of various psychological functions, using imagination to make the feelings between different feelings move, and the senses use each other to change the sensory field. This is an auxiliary psychological function. (Simply put, it refers to the convergence between different feelings. )
For example, it is difficult to explain it by sight and hearing. They have both visual impression and auditory impression, and are not limited to visual impression and auditory impression, but also related to touch and taste, which reflects the mutual convergence of various senses and is a synaesthesia phenomenon.
7. The deep psychological characteristics of aesthetic activities.
Unity of physiological and psychological contradictions
(2) the unity of personality and social contradictions
Personality should be a combination of human independence and freedom of expression. But personality should be independent and free, while society should be standardized and restricted. How to solve the contradiction between the two? It should be solved through aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities.
(3) the unity of concrete contradiction and abstract contradiction
Aesthetics is always inseparable from concrete images, but it should rise from concrete perceptual perception to rational understanding. In aesthetic psychological activities, abstraction is not only unified with clarity, but also combined with concreteness. Qian Zhongshu, for example, is like salt in water and flowers in honey.
(4) the unity of the contradiction between consciousness and unconsciousness
Discussion: discuss the relationship between consciousness and unconsciousness with examples (or try to talk about the deep psychological characteristics of aesthetic activities)
① Artistic creation and aesthetics have two characteristics: on the one hand, they are highly conscious behaviors, that is, they have clear rational or conscious guidance; On the other hand, it is often unconscious or unconscious, that is, unconscious, not necessarily acceptable or conscious control, which embodies the characteristics of unconsciousness. Both are contradictory and highly unified, so aesthetics is often the unity of conscious and unconscious contradictions. The reason for this contradiction comes from the complexity of people's social practice. On the one hand, people appreciate beauty through feeling, and people's feeling is conscious, which is combined with people's thinking ability and rational ability, thus forming a sense of beauty; On the other hand, when people can get aesthetic feeling depends on the constraints of various realistic conditions of subject and object, which are unpredictable and can not be completely controlled by personal consciousness, thus resulting in the unconsciousness of aesthetic feeling.
(2) For example 1, Zhang Xiaoxiang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote "Crossing Dongting Lake", which is "carefree, beautiful and difficult." Among them, "carefree heart" shows that people have accumulated aesthetic ability and formed the feeling of feeling beauty through long-term social practice, so they can have a leisurely state of mind. It is an instant aesthetic feeling, an intuition, and conscious: "Beauty is hard to tell you", but the wonderful feeling can't be expressed in words, can't be sorted out with clear consciousness, and is unconscious.
Example 2, Tao Yuanming's Drinking, "Building a house in a humanistic environment, without chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. There is a real meaning in this, and I have forgotten what I want to say. " Especially in the last two sentences, "true meaning" refers to the instantaneous aesthetic feeling of the poet lingering in the embrace of Lushan Mountain. This instant feeling comes from the poet's long-term indifferent life, which is the expression of his aesthetic consciousness: "I want to argue but forget what I said", but I can't express it clearly in words. Obviously showing unconsciousness.
This example shows that aesthetic activities are often the unity of conscious and unconscious contradictions.
(5) Unity of utilitarian and non-utilitarian contradictions.
The fourth chapter is about aesthetic category.
1, Sublime: Sublime is a category of beauty, also called magnificence. Mainly refers to the object with its rough and broad perceptual form, vigorous material and spiritual strength, majestic momentum, giving people a shock to the soul, making people soul-stirring, and then getting strong encouragement and agitation, causing people's admiration, admiration and feelings, thus upgrading and expanding people's spiritual realm.
The category of sublimity was formally put forward by Longinos in Roman times.
Burke, an English thinker in the18th century, clearly used the word "sublime" and juxtaposed it with beauty, making it two basic categories in aesthetics. He published a book, Philosophical Research on the Origin of Lofty and Beautiful Ideas.
Kant divides sublimity into mathematical sublimity and mechanical sublimity.
2. Elegance: Elegance is a category of beauty, also known as beauty, slim beauty, feminine beauty, elegant beauty and so on. It is often pleasant and characterized by being small, smooth and soft. Beauty, as a product of social practice, embodies the consistency of purpose and reality in social practice, is the unity of truth, goodness and beauty, and shows the harmonious relationship between man and nature, such as small bridges and flowing water, beautiful winds and sunny days.
3. Tragedy: As an aesthetic category, the fundamental feature of tragedy lies in sadness. Without sadness, it can't be a tragedy, but sadness doesn't mean crying, sadness and misery.
Historical evolution of western tragic consciousness;
(1) Tragedy of Fate: King Oedipus by Sophocles is a typical representative of Greek tragedy of fate.
(2) Personality tragedy: After the Renaissance,17th century neoclassical Hamlet.
(3) Social tragedy: 8,19th century, Balzac's The Old Man, Tolstoy's Anna. Karenina, Ibsen is a doll's house.
(4) Life tragedy: Schopenhauer thinks that life is a tragedy. Tolstoy said that the greatest tragedy in life is the tragedy between bed brothers.
(5) Absurd tragedy.
Tragedy in ancient Greek means "the song of the goat", which was originally performed by the Greeks in the form of solo and chorus when offering sacrifices to Dionysus, the god of wine.
The essence of tragic conflict lies in the contradiction between the spirit of justice represented by the subject and the reality that can never be satisfied. For example, Lu Xun: tragedy destroys valuable things in life, and comedy tears worthless things.
Connotation of tragedy: tragedy is the conflict between the protagonist and the real environment because he insists on justice or actively. In the conflict, the hero becomes the eternal value of spiritual life because of the destruction and destruction of his emotional life, thus arousing tragic feelings, purifying people's hearts and improving people's spirit.
4. Tragic effect
(1) Tragedy transforms from pain to pleasure, and purifies the mind from the perspective of the unity of body and mind;
(2) The purification function of tragic experience mainly refers to the promotion of spirit as emotion, Aristotle and Tasis;
(3) spiritual improvement, spiritual realm from low to high. The impact of tragedy is positive.
5. Mechanization of life: French scholar Bergson put forward in the book 1900 years of laughter. Starting from his philosophy of life, he thinks that life is a process of continuous creation. As the driving force of this creation, it is a blind irrational instinct "the impulse of life". General matter, as the opposite of life, is rigid, dull and institutionalized, which hinders the progress of life. The most basic value of life lies in its tension and activity. The cause of comedy lies in the mechanization of action, posture and form.
6, comedy effect-the characteristics of laughter
Discussion: Talk about your views on comedy.
The most remarkable effect of comedy is to make people laugh, and laughter is the most remarkable feature of comedy. Funny laughter has three characteristics:
(1) Funny laughter is a unique psychological phenomenon with social content.
(2) the feeling of laughter must have nothing to do with the judgment of right and wrong made by reason, and it is incompatible with strong hatred.
(3) Laughter should have a * * * sound, and laughter is produced in a certain social circle.
In a word, the most remarkable effect of comedy is laughter.
7. Discussion: the aesthetic significance (or aesthetic value) of ugliness;
As an important aesthetic category, ugliness has many aesthetic meanings:
First of all, the opposites of ugliness and beauty are interdependent and mutually transformed. Facing beauty with ugliness can make beauty more prominent;
Secondly, the development of the world needs ugliness to stimulate. Engels said: "In Hegel's view, evil is the driving force of historical development, which is obvious";
Thirdly, appreciating ugliness has always been an important aspect of aesthetic activities. Whether it is primitive art, classicism or modernism art, there are masterpieces that express ugliness; Finally, ugliness in real life can be transformed into beauty in art through the artist's spiritual touch, that is, "turning ugliness into beauty".
Example: When Rodin was young, Oumai was very beautiful, but Rodin carved it into an old, withered and ugly Oumai. When people see it,