Before talking about water and fertilizer management, let me talk about the yield structure of winter wheat.
Grain yield = number of ears per mu × number of grains per plant × grain weight (1000 grain weight)
In order to obtain the ideal yield of wheat, we should have a reasonable population structure and obtain a reasonable population. First of all, we should talk about winter wheat varieties, sowing dates and sowing amounts suitable for the local area.
1. Winter wheat variety: JD.COM No.8 (8866) red grain variety.
2. Sowing time: the end of September/the beginning of 10/0 (at that time, wheat was planted in autumn with white dew early and cold dew late. This agricultural proverb was for reference only at that time. Now the temperature is high in late autumn.
Third, the amount of sowing:
Thousands of seedlings per catty: One catty of wheat seeds can grow 10,000 wheat seedlings. According to the 1000-grain weight of 40g, there are 12500 grains in 500g wheat seeds. According to the emergence rate of 80, 1 10,000 wheat seedlings should be grown. According to the sowing time, determine the sowing amount and germination rate, sow early at the right time, sow late with less species, and the range is 15-25 kg. Sow less in high-yield fields and multicast in middle-low yield fields, because high-yield fields have high ear-splitting rate and middle-low yield fields have low ear-splitting rate. In a real high-yield field, 800- 1 10,000 seedlings (including main stems) have about 500% ears. Finally, there are about 400,000-500,000 ears. If 15 kg/mu of wheat seeds are sown, and each main stem has one ear, only 300,000 ears, then the remaining 10-20 ears are all ears made of seedlings.
Four, water and fertilizer management:
(1) Rational fertilization:
1, mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer;
Applying 5000-7000 kilograms of organic fertilizer to 500 kilograms of output can improve soil quality with low cost, wide fertilizer source, complete nutrients, long fertilizer efficiency and high organic matter content. However, organic fertilizer has low nutrient content, large dosage and slow fertilizer efficiency. When crops are in urgent need of certain nutrients, they must be supplemented with chemical fertilizers.
2. The base fertilizer is the main fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing (agricultural proverb: topdressing three times is not as good as topdressing once, and topdressing outside the year is not as good as topdressing once). Applying sufficient basal fertilizer can promote the early development of budding seedlings, cultivate strong seedlings before winter, increase effective bracts and make ears bear fruit. In addition to farmyard manure as the main base fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should also be used as the base fertilizer. 30 kg of phosphorus nitrate (or hydrazine). When sowing wheat, using a small amount of chemical fertilizer as seed fertilizer and using 5 kilograms of phosphorus nitrate or diammonium phosphate per mu can ensure that wheat absorbs nutrients in time after emergence, which has a good effect on increasing the growth of bracts and secondary roots before winter.
3, according to local conditions, see mu fertilization.
Fertilization is to supply plant nutrients through soil quality, and different fertilization methods have different fertilization amounts. Sandy land has poor water and fertilizer conservation, so it is necessary to "eat less and eat more meals" to prevent premature aging: clay land has strong fertilizer conservation, and more topdressing can be done at one time, but the fertilization period should be appropriately advanced to prevent green greed and late maturity. Top dressing time: chemical fertilizer should be applied in the maximum effect period (the first jointing stage of winter wheat) with little application in low-yield fields, and the amount of chemical fertilizer used in high-yield fields is more; Topdressing should be based on seedling conditions; Topdressing is divided into two stages: topdressing in winter and topdressing in spring.
(1) Top dressing in winter: Generally, no quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the vigorous wheat seedlings before winter to prevent them from growing white. A small amount of available nitrogen fertilizer can be applied with frozen water. 65,438+00 kg urea, the fertilizer applied with frozen water this time, except for a small amount of nutrients needed for slow growth in winter, is basically used in winter and spring, which can promote winter wheat to take more roots and turn green early, consolidate bud leaves before winter and improve bud emergence rate before winter.
(2) Top dressing in spring: including turning green, getting up and topdressing at jointing and booting stage. The effect of turning green manure is to increase effective bud division, increase the rate of ear formation and increase the number of ears. However, in general high-yield fields, if the chemical fertilizer is topdressing in winter, in order to control the population, it is not necessary to apply fertilizer during the greening period, but to pay attention to the protection and control of intertillage and harvest. The specific method is to scrape the wheat seedlings clean, clean up the debris and dead leaves between rows with a three-year-old rake, cultivate the soil between rows, keep picking and keep warming. The application of jointing fertilizer after the heading peak of winter wheat can promote panicle formation, improve the rate of panicle formation, promote the differentiation of non-panicle and non-flowering, strive for large panicle and more grains, and also promote the top growth and elongation of the second, third and fourth nodes at the base. This fertilization is very important, and it is the maximum effect period of winter wheat fertilization. 20 kg of phosphorus nitrate can be applied per mu.
In addition, topdressing the roots with 0.3-0.5 in the booting stage and the early stage of milk maturity can supplement the nutrients needed in the later stage of wheat growth, promote the transportation of photosynthetic products to seeds, and have a good effect on improving the grain weight and quality of wheat.
(B) the demand of wheat for water
The distribution of precipitation in Tangshan area is very uneven, with less precipitation in autumn, winter and spring and more rain in summer. The precipitation during the wheat growth period only accounts for about 30% of the annual precipitation, and can only provide 1/4 of the water consumption during the whole wheat growth period. Especially from jointing to filling, the water consumption of wheat is the largest, but the drought is early at this time, so the whole growth period of wheat is threatened by water shortage. Therefore, water is an important factor affecting wheat yield.
L, the principle of irrigation:
Under normal circumstances, for seedlings with too many groups, water should be taken late or not.
2. Irrigation techniques and methods of wheat in different periods.
(1) Irrigation before sowing: Sowing seeds with sufficient water is the key to cultivate strong seedlings and win high yield of wheat. When soil moisture should be kept below 55% of field capacity (water content 16- 18), seedling emergence will be slow and incomplete. There are two methods: one is to water the stubble before turning the ground; One is to turn over the ground and then pour it, which is called water collapse. The former has less water, but the irrigation period is advanced, which is beneficial to early sowing of winter varieties; The latter irrigation quantity is large, which makes the soil moisture more abundant and is beneficial to seedling emergence. Under the condition of not delaying sowing date, the effect of increasing yield of strong seedlings is remarkable.
(2) Winter irrigation: decide whether to irrigate in winter according to air temperature, soil moisture and seedling condition. The suitable temperature is about 3C. Irrigation in winter is too early, the temperature is Shang Gao, the evaporation is large, water can not be stored, which increases soil moisture, and at the same time, it will cause wheat seedlings to grow white and not be frozen. Winter irrigation is too late, the temperature is low, the soil freezes, and the water can't seep down, which will freeze or suffocate the wheat seedlings. There is an agricultural proverb, "It is early to irrigate without freezing day and night, late to irrigate with freezing day and night, and just right to irrigate with freezing day at night". In Tangshan area, there is a light snow in early winter. When the temperature drops below OC, the ground temperature of winter irrigation is higher than that of winter irrigation. This is of great benefit to the safe wintering of wheat seedlings. Irrigation in winter should be carried out according to the soil moisture content at that time. If it is less than 70% of the field capacity (water content is less than 16), winter irrigation should be carried out. If it is higher than 70, winter irrigation can be postponed or not. However, in order to cultivate strong seedlings, we should strengthen the measures of loosening soil and preserving moisture, improve the ground temperature and promote the solid root system of wheat. Seedling condition is also an important condition to consider whether to carry out winter irrigation. Wang Miao is generally not short of water and fertilizer, and it doesn't need irrigation in winter. Weak seedlings (especially late stubble; It is also not suitable for winter irrigation to prevent seedlings from freezing to death. The amount of irrigation water in winter should not be too large, so as to avoid water accumulation on the ground, and ice shells will form at low temperature, which will freeze and suffocate the aboveground parts of plants.
(3) Irrigation in spring: Generally, low-yield winter wheat fields should be watered with green water, but it should not be watered too early. After the spring, the main method is to increase the ground temperature by hoeing, which can promote the early green of wheat seedlings. When the ground temperature of 5cm rises to about 5, it is necessary to irrigate green water again, which plays a great role in promoting the effective panicle number. In order to control the large population and prevent lodging in high-yield fields, generally, on the basis of winter irrigation, fertilization and watering are not used when turning green, and only measures such as loosening soil to preserve moisture and deep ploughing are taken, and then fertilization and watering are combined when the wheat field begins to divide into poles at jointing stage. The booting stage (that is, the formation stage of pollen, the sex organ of wheat) is also the key period for wheat to need water. If there is no water at this time, the pollen will be aborted and unable to bear fruit.
(4) Late irrigation: Grouting water can promote the formation of wheat seeds, speed up the grouting, and pay attention to wind and rain to prevent lodging during grouting, so as to grasp the high grain weight (2-3g higher than that without irrigation). In order to save water, sprinkler irrigation is generally used: sprinkler irrigation generally uses 20-30mm water (about 13-200 cubic meters per mu) to spray water once, which saves about 50% compared with surface irrigation, and can save more than 70% for sandy land with strong water permeability and poor water retention. In arid and water-deficient areas, it is beneficial to expand irrigation area, reduce soil and water loss, adjust field microclimate, and prevent or slow down the harm of light drought cushion wind. Replenish frozen water according to soil moisture: After "light snow", replenish frozen water in time according to soil moisture in wheat field. Compared with previous years, there is more rain and snow this year, and loam and clay have more water content, so there is no need to pour frozen water. Sandy land has poor water retention capacity and is dry, so it should be watered with frozen water in time. When pouring frozen water, we must pay attention to the weather change, fill the frozen water well before the cold current comes, reduce the change of soil temperature, and prevent the occurrence of wheat freezing injury.
(5) Cover the wheat with sand in winter and roll the wheat in winter: After the "heavy snow", the wheat field can be covered with sand and coarse fertilizer.
Chemical deodorization technology of wheat before winter
First, weeding time:
(1), according to the sowing date of wheat, the suitable control period is determined. Generally, weeds basically emerge 25-30 days after sowing (accounting for about 95% of the total grass), and when wheat is about 4-5 years old, it is the best time for chemical weeding in wheat fields.
(2) Determine the control time according to the temperature, control the daily average temperature above 8℃, spray herbicides on the cold tail and warm head, and ban herbicides before the cold current comes to prevent phytotoxicity.
At the end of June, 65438+ 10 to the end of June 165438+ 10 in our county, most weeds have emerged in the field, with tender leaves, poor drug resistance, relatively stable temperature and suitable soil moisture. At this time, it is easier to control weeds in wheat field with efficient herbicide varieties than in spring. Therefore, we should seize this favorable situation and carry out chemical weeding in wheat fields in time.
Second, choose the right herbicide:
According to the types of weeds (monocotyledonous weeds and dicotyledonous weeds) in wheat field, select efficient herbicides that are absolutely safe for subsequent crops. In the field with more monocotyledonous weeds, herbicides should be selected to kill monocotyledonous weeds. In the field with more dicotyledonous weeds, herbicides should be selected to kill dicotyledonous weeds. Dicotyledonous weed wheat field uses 10% tribenuron-methyl 10g or 75% superstar 1g per mu. The monocotyledonous weed wheat field can be sprayed with 30 ml of 3% Shima oil suspension concentrate, 50 ~ 100 ml of adjuvant or 2 ~ 3 g of 70% huwei and 40 ~ 50 kg of water.
Third, scientific application.
The key to herbicides is to use herbicides evenly, use specific methods and dosage correctly, and spray them at noon on sunny days with a temperature above 5℃ after selecting herbicides. When applying pesticides, the secondary dilution method will increase the water consumption of low humidity fields.
According to the survey, many farmers in our county are short of water, and the water consumption per mu is only 15 ~ 22 kg (a sprayer). Because of the small amount of water, it goes fast when spraying, which leads to missed spraying and affects the overall weeding effect. The water consumption per mu is generally 30 ~ 45 kg to ensure good control effect.
Symptomatic treatment of wheat seedling yellowing
The soil is dry. Most of them occur in wheat fields with insufficient soil moisture or ventilation. Tillering occurs slowly, the leaves are grayish green, the heart leaves are short, the growth is slow or stagnant, the middle and lower leaves gradually turn yellow and dry, and the roots are few and thin. Management should be combined with watering, and 7 ~ 8 kilograms of urea should be applied per mu.
Yellow seedlings are damaged by waterlogging. Low-lying, poor drainage and high groundwater level. Due to long-term waterlogging, the organic matter in the soil decomposes slowly and nutrients cannot be absorbed by wheat seedlings in time. At the same time, the root system is waterlogged, stunted, shallow and poor in absorption capacity, which leads to yellowing of wheat seedlings and even the phenomenon of rotten roots and dead seedlings.
The soil hardened. Due to the lack of water and air, the root system is difficult to stretch, which makes the leaves of wheat yellow and short, and tillers can't appear on time. In management, water should be given in time before intertillage to loosen the soil and break the soil hardening.
The broadcast volume is too loud. Plants are yellow, emaciated and malnourished, competing for glory, fertilizer and water, thus forming yellow and weak seedlings. In management, the seedlings should be thinned first, and then a small amount of available nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be applied with watering to make up for the excessive consumption of soil nutrients and promote the wheat seedlings from weak to strong.
The soil lacks fertilizer. The soil lacks fertilizers, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron and magnesium. Nitrogen-deficient plants are yellow and thin as a whole and grow slowly. The loss and excess of magnesium will cause plants to lose their green and yellow colors. Iron deficiency can also cause plants to turn yellow. The solution is to adjust measures to local conditions and apply fertilizer according to the principle of filling vacancies.
Caused by drug damage. Improper use of chemicals can easily cause phytotoxicity, resulting in yellow seedlings and dead seedlings. Prevention and control measures mainly include the correct use and compatible use of pesticides, and timely spraying brassinolide, indoleacetic acid, gibberellin, sodium nitrophenolate and alginic acid when phytotoxicity occurs.
Pests and diseases Wheat aphids, red spiders and other pests will cause wheat seedlings to turn yellow. When pests are found, 40% dimethoate EC 1500 ~ 2000 times should be sprayed.
The yield index of 350 kilograms per mu of wheat adopts standardized comprehensive cultivation technical measures.
1, autumn ploughing
Apply omni-directional ultra-deep subsoiling technology, increase deep ploughing layer and increase flood resistance and disease resistance.
Before freezing, the ploughed plots with deep ploughing and subsoiling foundation should be ploughed and raked in time. The harrow layer should be free of hidden sundries, and the surface should be smooth, so as to reach the state of planting.
On the basis of all-round super-subsoiling, stubble plots should be broken first and then harrowed, and the harrow depth should be 8- 10 cm, creating a good plough layer environment for wheat growth.
2. Seed treatment
(1) The wheat variety adopts the high-quality variety Long Mai 26.
(2) Seed dressing with seed coating agent, the dosage of which is 1- 1.5% of the seed amount, to prevent plant diseases and insect pests and increase trace elements; To control head smut, 40% seed dressing and double seed dressing were used, and the dosage of carbendazim was 0.2% or 50% of the seed amount, and the dosage was 0.3% of the seed amount, and the seed was sealed for 20-24 hours.
(3) The seeds should meet the standard of first-class improved varieties, with a purity of 99%, a purity of 98% and a germination rate of over 95%.
3. Fertilization technology
(1) Applying soil testing and formula fertilization technology, applying diammonium 16 kg, 8 kg of urea, 4 kg of potassium sulfate and 0.2 kg of boron fertilizer per mu, mixing them evenly, and applying them as seed fertilizer into the plough layer at one time.
(2) Increase the application amount of boron fertilizer. In the meadow soil with low available boron content in the eastern plain of China, in order to solve the problems of poor pistil development and empty ears and grains caused by boron deficiency in the later stage of wheat, it is required to apply boron technology comprehensively to wheat. In addition to adding boron fertilizer to seed fertilizer, it can also be used: foliar topdressing, spraying 0.05-0. 1% borax or boric acid solution on leaves at seedling stage, using 0.3-0.5 kg borax per hectare and adding 300-450 kg water; Seed dressing: mix with borax or boric acid powder for sowing every100kg of seeds; The application of wheat seed coating agent should choose boron-containing wheat seed coating agent.
⑶ Spraying multi-element micro-fertilizer and rooting powder at 4-6 leaf stage, applying 0.5 kg of multi-element micro-fertilizer, 3 g of No.6 rooting powder and 300-450 kg of water per hectare, and spraying mechanically.
4, sowing requirements
(1) Broadcasting date: from March 25th to April 5th.
(2) Density and sowing amount, sowing amount is 300 kilograms per hectare, and 6.5 million seedlings are protected per hectare, and cross sowing is promoted.
(3) Sowing is suppressed for continuous operation, the sowing depth is consistent, the soil is tightly covered, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm.
5. Wheat field management
(1) Press the young crops. Press the seedlings at the 2-3 leaf stage of wheat, and master the "three pressures", that is, press the seedlings when the dry land and soil seedlings are too prosperous. The "four non-pressing" soil is frozen, the ground is hard, the soil moisture is too large, and the wheat seedlings are not pressed at jointing stage. These tools are V-compactors.
⑵ Chemical weeding weeds just appeared after wheat sowing and before emergence. 2.4 grams per mu of 25% green Huanglong was mixed with 40 kilograms of water and sprayed on the green surface of soil to control broadleaf grass and gramineous weeds. For plots with serious dicotyledonous weeds, spray 2.4D butyl ester at the 3-6 leaf stage, with the dosage of 50-60g per mu and 20-30kg of water; To prevent and control gramineous weeds, spray Ma Xu at the stage of 2-3 leaves, with the dosage of 40-50ml per mu and 20kg of water.
⑶ To control pests and diseases, 40% dimethoate EC was sprayed before wheat flowering, and 2,000 times solution was used to control aphids. Spraying 1000 times of tropizine solution to prevent scab. If armyworm occurs, deltamethrin 2000 times solution can be used to prevent and control it in time and eliminate it before the third instar.
6. Mechanical harvesting
Wheat is harvested mechanically at maturity, and the wheat straw is crushed and returned to the field.