1 Architectural integration design concept
"Holistic thinking" is a scientific way of thinking with the characteristics of subjectivity, integrity and pluralism. It emphasizes the integration effect of two-way interaction between the system and the external environment as well as the internal elements of the system, and has obvious characteristics of modern thinking. "integrated design" (integrated design sim? Fan? Delane put forward in the 1980s) is to use integrated thinking mode to guide the design work [5]. Based on the idea of overall design, according to the different nature of the interaction between the building and the external environment, the subsystems inside the building are divided differently. For example, in a building envelope system composed of subsystems such as roof, wall, doors and windows, the stability and thermal performance of each subsystem reflect the comprehensive performance of the building envelope; Another example is the appearance modeling system that reflects the visual aesthetic requirements of architecture, which is composed of architectural elements with different shapes, sizes, materials and colors through a certain proportion and scale. The integrated design of architecture regards architecture as a whole system composed of several subsystems, and classifies and combines various influencing factors (Figure 1). In the process of architectural integration design, fully analyze the advantages and mutual influence of each subsystem, coordinate their contradictions and optimize their structural logic through a dynamic evolution process, so that the performance of the whole system can be optimized while giving full play to their respective advantages. Moreover, through system integration design, the overall performance index can often be improved, even better than the simple superposition of the performance indexes of each part (Figure 2).
2 passive integration design principles
2. 1 system principle
From the perspective of macro-strategic system, the overall macro-performance of a building is the embodiment of the micro-performance of its internal subsystems at all levels. Similar to the description of the "short board" principle, due to the obvious defects of individual micro-performance, macro-performance will always be greatly reduced. For example, as long as one door and window has poor thermal insulation performance in winter, the indoor heating effect will be significantly reduced. Therefore, the design and integration of passive strategies need to be systematic and comprehensive, and the perfection of any local performance can not be ignored. From the point of view of single strategy combination, in the process of optimizing the thermal insulation performance of glass, the improvement of thermal insulation performance is quite small, only less than1%; However, if the glass with the same total thickness is divided into two parts, and a gap is left between the glasses to make vacuum glass, the thermal insulation performance will be doubled, reaching the effect of "1+ 1 > 2" [6]. Therefore, a strategic plan with systematic integration can often get twice the result with half the effort. In the case that there is little room for improving the effectiveness of a single strategy, the integrated design of multiple strategies can be carried out to achieve the purpose of improving performance. Systematic principle helps architects to establish a systematic view, carry out passive integrated design with the thinking of system integration [7], and flexibly use various effective technical strategies to solve problems comprehensively and systematically.
2.2 the principle of openness
The integrated design of passive strategy is a great test for the comprehensive ability of architects, because the integrated design is an open platform system, and the internal system of the system is disintegrated and reconstructed with the design process, thus optimizing the internal relationship; At the same time, the continuous emergence of passive new technologies and methods has created new variables for the internal relations of the integrated design system. By combing and integrating these variables, the system can realize updating, optimization and upgrading. For example, the trend of functional compounding subverts the single spatial function mode of traditional museums, which mainly focuses on exhibitions, and is replaced by a flexible and complex spatial mode that integrates a large number of services and commercial functions. This is both an opportunity and a challenge for the development of passive design strategy. The new functional space mode and different indoor environmental climate requirements will inevitably change the internal relationship of passive strategic integrated design system. The principle of openness requires architects to constantly absorb new passive technical strategies and other aspects of design innovation related to strategies. For passive strategic integration design, we should adopt a more flexible and open attitude to treat the development and transformation of architecture.
2.3 innovation principle
The systematic and open principle of integrated design requires architects to have innovative ability and use innovative thinking to solve design problems comprehensively. In the past, the traditional passive design mode put too much architectural design creativity into the architectural scheme design stage. Under the guidance of innovation principle, architects need to participate in the whole process of architectural design, and comprehensively consider the application of passive design strategies in site selection planning, architectural design and structural design. At the same time, architects should clarify the relationship between passive strategies and other technical problems such as function, space, structural equipment and so on, and finally complete the specific architectural scheme. The architectural scheme formed by various factors needs the creative planning and design of architects. This form is no longer a simple carving and shaping based on the principle of formal beauty, but a concrete expression of the essential characteristics of architecture from the inside out. This process of design and thinking is itself an innovation.
3 passive integration design content
From the system point of view, the content of passive strategic integration design is divided into two levels. Firstly, the integrated design in the passive design strategy system directly affects the external climate regulation performance, indoor thermal comfort and equipment energy consumption of the building. Secondly, the integration of passive strategy system and other architectural system design, including functional design, structural technology design and modeling design, determines the overall performance of architecture in applicability, safety and aesthetics.
3. 1 physical performance integration
The ability of passive climate regulation reflects the physical properties of buildings. In the design of roof insulation, a single strategy such as adding insulation layer, installing overhead ventilation roof, storing water roof or planting roof can be adopted, or a variety of strategies can be adopted to increase the function of overhead ventilation roof on the basis of insulation layer roof, or a roof storage plantation can be set up in combination with the practice of storing water and planting to realize roof insulation [8]. What is the best effect of one-way strategy, and can the application of multi-strategy be more ideal? This requires a comprehensive design of the physical characteristics of passive design strategies. In the design of physical integration, we need to consider the contradiction and coordination between strategies. Contradiction reflects the influence of mutual restriction and balance, and synergy reflects the mutual promotion and multiplier effect of strategy. For example, shading and natural ventilation can be used for indoor cooling in summer. If the form of external shading is improper, it will affect the opening of windows or prevent natural wind from entering the room; Another example is the combination of water storage and planting mentioned above. Under the premise of ensuring the improvement of roof thermal insulation performance, the water retention of soil is improved by using the reservoir, which makes the roof planting effect more ideal. Therefore, the physical integration design of passive strategies requires architects to fully understand the functions and usage of various strategies, adopt reasonable architectural forms, avoid contradictions among strategies, and promote coordination among strategies.
3.2 Function Usage Integration
The use functions in the building are coordinated by different systems, and space is needed to meet the functional capacity, lighting, functional equipment and facilities, comfortable temperature, humidity and clean air. These factors put forward different requirements for the adoption of passive strategy. Taking the exhibition hall of a museum building as an example, the requirements of the exhibition object for spatial scale and indoor environment are the basic standards for the internal functional requirements of the exhibition hall. For the exhibition hall that requires constant temperature and humidity, it is obviously unreasonable to adopt the strategy of natural ventilation and large-area natural lighting, and the fluctuation of temperature and humidity caused by ventilation and light violates the functional requirements; Increasing the heat storage capacity of the exhibition hall wall is a reasonable strategy to keep the internal temperature stable and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. On the contrary, as far as the exhibition hall of convention and exhibition building is concerned, the exhibits have no environmental requirements of constant temperature and humidity, and natural ventilation and natural lighting can be used to save energy for air conditioning and lighting [9, 10]. Of course, using functions is not limited to passive strategies. On the contrary, in some cases, it can promote exhibition halls. For example, the exhibition hall of natural ventilation and skylight has a large space, which is conducive to natural ventilation in the form of hot pressing, while the natural lighting port at the top increases the effect of hot pressing ventilation through solar radiation, providing an air duct for heat dissipation and ventilation.
3.3 Structural Technology Integration
The passive design strategy of architecture should be realized through concrete building components, and the realization of these needs the strong support of structural technology. On the premise of the same performance, different strategies have different effects on structural technology. Reasonable strategy can not only simplify the difficulty of structural design and reduce the load of the structure, but also improve the effectiveness of the strategy by using the original physical characteristics of the structural system. To put it simply, it is a reasonable method to simplify the structural form and conform to the structural characteristics to set up the external sunshade louver of glass curtain wall by using the separation relationship between curtain wall keel and frame material. Similarly, without sufficient reason, if the strategy of thickening the wall is adopted to improve the heat storage, the load of the structural system will increase, so it is best to use the light wall with air interlayer. In addition, the passive strategy can also use the heat storage of the structure itself. For example, the reinforced concrete long-span structural beam and the traffic core with shear wall structure are good heat storage bodies. The reasonable arrangement of these heat accumulators in buildings can greatly improve the overall thermal stability and reduce the energy consumption of internal air conditioners [1 1].
3.4 Aesthetic integration of modeling
The passive design strategy is finally implemented in the concrete architectural form. Taking all kinds of spaces, components and materials that conform to the passive design strategy's climate regulation performance as aesthetic design elements, and considering their formal beauty relationship with the combination, the architectural appearance modeling that conforms to visual aesthetics and regional cultural expression is the aesthetic integration of passive design strategy. For example, the horizontal sun visor is selected in the sunshade design of building exterior windows. The shape of the sun visor can be a thick cubic concrete plate or a thin streamlined or curved metal plate. When designing and selecting models, architects should not only consider whether the shape of the sunshade component itself is beautiful, but also consider whether the scale and proportion relationship between the sunshade component, the window and the whole building facade is harmonious. The trend of aesthetic diversification provides a positive creative environment for the integrated design of plastic aesthetics with passive strategy, which makes architects' creativity more free; The passive strategy based on regional climate adaptability can also dig deep into the regional characteristics of architecture and promote the continuation and development of the regional characteristics of architectural culture.
4 passive strategic integration design mode
The integrated design mode of passive strategy is a dynamic evolution process of design-analysis-evaluation-design, which needs to comprehensively consider more design influencing factors, and the process of analysis, comparison, judgment and system integration is more complicated. The introduction of integrated design mode needs two aspects: one is to fully understand and analyze the relationship between various components of the building and many factors that affect the design, to carry out comprehensive and objective basic data (including climate and culture), and the other is to build a strong integrated design platform. If you want to do a good job, you must sharpen your tools first. For the system integration and optimization of design factors with different types and requirements, the traditional manual design evaluation system can only play a role of a drop in the bucket, and it is of great significance to establish an efficient integrated design platform integrating design, analysis and evaluation.
4. 1 passive strategic integration design process
4. 1. 1 assembly preparation stage This stage is the basic stage of passive strategy integration design and the preparation for the subsequent design stage. Its work includes the following four aspects: First, according to the collection and arrangement of climate and environmental data in the design area, it analyzes and puts forward applicable environmental coping strategies, including available environmental climate resources, passive design strategies and active equipment technology [12]. Second, interpret the design task book, investigate and interview the owners and users, understand the basic functional combination relationship and use requirements of the design project, analyze the use characteristics, spatial scale and energy consumption standard of a single functional space, distinguish the use differences of different functional spaces, and list more alternatives that are beneficial to the overall functional combination relationship of architectural integration design on the basis of satisfying the use of the project process and studying its historical evolution and development trend. Thirdly, list the structure selection and technology that may be used in the design project, collect and sort out the local available construction technology resources, and analyze the regional suitability of structure and construction technology and the reasonable range of structural system selection on the basis of weighing feasibility, safety and economy. Fourthly, collect and sort out the space modeling cases of the same type of projects, and analyze the characteristics and laws of their design techniques and artistic treatment; Excavate the cultural and regional characteristics of the buildings in the project area; Collect existing local materials and judge their strategic synergy; This paper puts forward the key intentions that need to be expressed in formal aesthetics, and summarizes the design possibilities of various forms, spaces and symbols in combination with regional characteristics. 4. 1.2 analysis and design stage If the collection and preparation stage is an enumeration of all kinds of resources and possibilities of passive strategy integrated design, then the analysis and design stage is to integrate these resources with possible complex systems to form an architectural design scheme, and comprehensively express all kinds of factors affecting architectural design in specific architectural forms. This process is a process of establishing a dynamic balanced order system through the contradiction and cooperation, differentiation and reconstruction of the internal factors of the system. For architects, the work at this stage needs to be handled in two ways: subject-oriented and object-oriented. 1. Themization is based on the subjective idea of the design subject, that is, architects usually determine a main conceptual scheme intention through rational thinking analysis by virtue of their own understanding and analysis of a large number of materials, study and research of design theory and long-term engineering practice, and then deepen and adjust on this basis, and finally form a design scheme. Its advantages are clear design direction led by architects and short design deepening period, so as to quickly obtain a formed design scheme and improve work efficiency. But the disadvantage is that the correctness of the design scheme depends entirely on the architect's personal ability, which puts forward extremely high requirements for the architect's comprehensive quality. This method is suitable for projects with small scale, simple function and low design complexity. Second, objective optimization is a way to optimize the comprehensive performance of design schemes. Through the comparative analysis of multiple design schemes, the final scheme is formed by optimization or merger. Usually, there is not only one solution to all the design problems of an architectural design project, and each solution has its own advantages and disadvantages. Comparing several schemes, optimizing one scheme or combining several schemes reasonably can reduce the probability of unreasonable design and make the final design scheme perform well in all aspects. However, this method will also lead to a doubling of the design workload, and the optimization of the scheme will become a long process step by step, the design cycle will be extended, and a large amount of manpower and technical input will reduce the efficiency of the work. Therefore, this method is suitable for large-scale engineering projects with complex functions, difficult design and long design cycle. 4. 1.3 Comprehensive evaluation stage The comprehensive evaluation stage is not the final stage of design. When the comprehensive evaluation conclusion of the design scheme is not ideal, the comprehensive evaluation will feedback and adjust the design analysis work at this stage, re-integrate the relationship of various design elements to form a revised new scheme, and then return to this stage for comprehensive evaluation, and form the final ideal scheme after many cycles. In the following, the work in the integration evaluation stage is divided into two categories: objective indicators and subjective factors. The evaluation of passive building strategy integration design from the aspects of physical performance, functional use and structural technology belongs to the objective index evaluation type, in which the evaluation of physical performance integration depends on the effectiveness of passive design, which is finally reflected in various computer simulation data and energy consumption data of climate adaptation adjustment. The evaluation of functional use and structural technology integration design is mainly reflected in the rationality of building indicators and structural cost. It is unreasonable that the disadvantages in use and the improvement of construction difficulty are caused only to meet the passive design strategy, and it does not conform to the basic principles of integrated design. The evaluation of plastic aesthetics is a subjective factor, including the basic principles of formal beauty, the formal expression of cultural regionality, and the aesthetic orientation of architects, owners, users and urban residents. For this part of the evaluation work, publicity and public voting are usually adopted, and more consideration should be given to the opinions of professionals and owners. The specific operation method depends on the actual situation of the project.
4.2 Digital Platform for Passive Strategic Integration Design
The digital design platform of passive strategy integrated design is a design assistant tool based on the theory and design workflow framework of passive strategy integrated design, which integrates building information modeling software, parametric programming software and building environmental performance simulation software through the programming of interface software. It uses parametric programming to realize the parameter requirements and combinational logic of the functional structure of the building on the three-dimensional model of the building, links the physical performance of the building adjustment environment with the three-dimensional model of the building on the data through the interface program, and relies on the computer's ability to efficiently process a large amount of data to realize the numerical correlation and interactive design among the three processes of building environment performance simulation, building information modeling and building form modeling (Figure 3). The digital design platform of passive strategy integrated design is divided into three parts: building performance simulation platform, building information modeling platform and parametric programming platform. The building performance simulation platform includes: climate environment simulation analysis software: AutodeskEcotectAnalysis, fluid simulation analysis software: Phoenics, Fluent and thermal energy consumption simulation analysis software: EnergyPlus, etc. Building information modeling platforms include: Rhinceros, Sketchup, 3dmax；; Parametric programming software includes Grasshopper and Rhinscript；; At the same time, we also need an interface programming software: Geco, which is used for data interaction in environmental simulation, so that data can be linked with various design platforms efficiently. GECO can import the data information of performance simulation platform AutodeskEcotectAnalysis into parametric programming software Grasshopper. Passive strategy integrated design digital design platform integrates the simulation and analysis functions of thermal environment, wind environment and light environment, so that the spatial comfort index of buildings can be analyzed and collected more systematically. Through the intuitive and vivid interactive interface, it reveals the influence of various architectural factors on energy consumption composition and the objective law of dynamic interaction between architecture and environment, so that the content of integrated design can be implemented in objective scientific data, which has important theoretical significance and application value for the integrated design of passive strategy. The passive strategy integrated design mode with digital design platform (Figure 4).
The architectural integrated design mode based on passive strategy is a beneficial exploration of green building design theory and practice under the condition of information society. Firstly, the integrated design mode improves the effectiveness of passive design strategies and gives full play to the overall comprehensive performance of various strategies, which has positive practical significance for building climate adaptability and energy saving and emission reduction; Secondly, the integrated design mode reflects the high consistency between passive strategy and functional technology, culture and art of buildings, which has far-reaching theoretical significance for the development of green building design; Finally, the construction of digital platform for integrated design greatly improves the efficiency of passive design, which has practical significance for the improvement and upgrading of architectural design methods.
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