The main feature of speech expression is "speaking". For an orator, writing a speech is not necessarily good, just as a composer is not necessarily a singer. People who are literate and good at writing speeches may not be eloquent or beautiful. A real speaker should be good at not only writing, but also speaking, that is, he should be literate and eloquent. In a sense, eloquence is more important than literary talent. If the speaker is whining and procrastinating and has a string of "this" and "that", even if he has extraordinary wisdom and profound and extensive ideological content, it will not help. Today's society is an open information society. New talents should not only have pioneering spirit, but also have outstanding eloquence.
"Rome was not built in a day." Good eloquence is often cultivated through strict oral training. The training of speech eloquence should be practiced diligently and painstakingly as well as skillfully. We should practice the law properly, find out the rules and master the essentials. Reciting and acting are the best ways to use oral and body language comprehensively.
From the perspective of oral expression, the language of the speech must be pronounced correctly, clearly and beautifully, with fluent, accurate and easy-to-understand words and appropriate, natural and emotional intonation.
(a) the pronunciation is correct, clear and beautiful
Taking sound as the main material means requires very high pronunciation, not only to accurately express rich and colorful thoughts and feelings, but also to be pleasant and clear. Therefore, the speaker must carefully study pronunciation and strive to make his voice reach the best state.
Generally speaking, the best language is:
(1) is accurate and clear, that is, the pronunciation is correct and clear, the tone is appropriate and the rhythm is natural;
(2) Clear and mellow, that is, loud, powerful and pleasant to hear;
(3) rich in change, that is, prioritize and change with emotional changes;
(4) It has the power of communication and penetration, that is, the sound has a certain loudness, so that the audience present can truly hear and understand.
The common problems of speech language are voice spasm, trembling and erratic; Shouting loudly, the volume is too high; The syllables are vague and mixed with obvious breathing sounds; The voice is high and low, and the voice is out of tune; Recite tones, stiffness, etc. All these will affect the audience's understanding of the content of the speech.
In order to achieve the best language effect, generally speaking, we should do the following:
1, clear pronunciation and mellow voice
Pronunciation is the basic requirement of speech language. Pronunciation should be accurate, loud and strong. Pronunciation should conform to the standards of initial consonant, vowel, tone, syllable and sound change in Putonghua, and strictly avoid local sounds and misreading. Such as "shoes" for "children", "dry" for "dry solid" and so on. On the one hand, mispronunciation and mispronunciation directly affect the audience's understanding of a word, a sentence or even the whole content; On the other hand, it directly affects the reputation and prestige of the speaker and reduces the audience's trust in the speaker.
The cavity is round, that is, the sound is round and clear, euphemistic and sweet, full of musical beauty. Speak loudly. When speaking, syllables with even teeth (vowels starting with I and I) and syllables with a pinch of mouths (vowels starting with U or U) are silent and the sound is not bright because of the small mouth opening and closing. When preparing the manuscript, try to change it to an open syllable (vowel with a or a) and a closed syllable (vowel with o or o). For example, change "to" and "to".
2. Distinguish word boundaries
Words are divided into monosyllables and polysyllables. Monosyllabic words will not be split and read, while disyllabic words may be split and cause ambiguity. For example, "Feng Jicai, 1.9 meters tall, stands in an empty valley." The original meaning of "one meter and nine heads" in this sentence is that "one meter and nine heads" should be pronounced as "one meter and nine heads". If the word boundary is not properly divided, it will easily become "one meter and nine heads", and the word "head" (number) will be divided into "one" (quantifier) and "head" (noun). If the speaker makes such a mistake, it will make people laugh.
3. Pay attention to pronunciation collocation
Chinese pays attention to tone, which can produce rapid changes in intonation and is full of musical beauty. A good speech is smooth, uneven and pleasing to the ear.
(1) Disyllabic. Some monosyllabic words in Chinese have complex and profound meanings. If you can change it into a disyllabic word, it will be easier to understand and more popular. Moreover, the two syllables are loud and clear, cadence, and it is easy to express the musical beauty of the language.
(2) pay attention to rhyme. If you deliberately rhyme in the right place, you can produce a beautiful voice, catchy and pleasant, which seems to have the charm of prose poetry.
(3) Smooth and uniform. Chinese characters are monosyllabic, high and low, and fluctuating. The leveling tone used as leveling tone has little change, is relatively stable and easy to hear clearly; The rising tone and falling tone of Nuo characters change greatly, and the sound is short and strong. The two should cooperate with each other to make syllables fluctuate up and down. In addition, the proper use of onomatopoeia and reduplication can also achieve the effect of sound and emotion.
(two) the text is fluent, accurate and easy to understand.
The audience mainly receives information through speech activities with the help of auditory function. The information conveyed by the speaker through spoken language should be immediately understood by the audience. There is a clear gap between spoken and written language. Some people say that written language is the last thing to understand, and spoken language needs to be understood immediately. Compared with written language, spoken language has the following characteristics:
1, short sentence. Long sentences should not be used in speeches.
2, easy to understand. We should use common words and some popular spoken words to make the language full of vigor and vitality;
3, but to do some accurate enumeration, especially large numbers, divisors are often used.
4. Use more words expressing personal inclination, such as "obviously" and "in my opinion", and often use conjunctions such as "but" and "except" to make the speech vivid, vivid and imposing. Of course, we should pay attention to the conciseness of spoken English, and we must not add or subtract syllables at will, drag our feet and say nothing, as usual, which will damage the health and beauty of spoken English and destroy the integrity of the language.
(3) The intonation is appropriate, natural and emotional.
Intonation is an important means of oral expression, which can well assist the expression of language. In the same sentence, people who express firmness, courage, heroism and anger can express different thoughts and feelings in different contexts due to different changes in intonation, height and urgency. Thoughts and feelings, sudden tone and heavy voice; Express happy, warm, considerate and comforting thoughts and feelings, with a soothing tone and a brisk voice; Express elegance, solemnity and satisfaction, and try to be weak before being strong. Only in this way can it be vivid and expressive.
The choice and application of intonation must conform to ideological content, language environment and field effect. Proper intonation and naturalness are the natural expressions of the speaker's thoughts and feelings in the language. Therefore, if the speaker uses intonation properly, he must accurately grasp the content and feelings of the speech in advance.
Second, the training of oral expression skills.
(A) voice training
If the speaker wants to achieve good pronunciation effect, he must strengthen pronunciation training. "Sound is the source of qi", and one of the foundations of pronunciation is breathing. A loud and beautiful voice cannot be separated from scientific breathing training. Speakers should be good at mastering their own pronunciation organs and consciously control their own breath. Generally speaking, chest breathing is better, through the contraction and relaxation of diaphragm. Large volume can provide sufficient power for pronunciation. On weekdays, you can practice in combination with real life to lay a good foundation for correct pronunciation.
Pronunciation should be correct and accurate, completely in line with the pronunciation standards of Putonghua. The so-called "echo" training in traditional Chinese opera art aims to beautify the timbre and make the pronunciation pure, clear, loud, mellow and expressive. It requires correct pronunciation of initials (that is, accurate pronunciation of initials), clear pronunciation of abdomen (that is, clear pronunciation of initials and rhymes) and accurate pronunciation of suffixes (that is, accurate pronunciation of rhymes). When pronouncing words, the pronunciation is focused on the prefix, and when echoing, the rhyme of each syllable should be read correctly, that is, it is required to be in place. In short, we should correctly grasp the pronunciation position and pronunciation method of each syllable when pronouncing. Speakers should often do this training on weekdays. At the same time, in order to make sentences smooth, clean and fluent, we can choose some tongue twisters and language fragments with certain difficulties according to our own pronunciation difficulties, and carry out rapid oral training, so as to achieve accurate pronunciation, quickness, fluency, quickness, no confusion, coherent tone and no addition or subtraction of words.
The change of volume is conducive to accurately expressing thoughts and feelings. Speakers should learn to accurately control and grasp the change of volume. In places where emotions are stirring and meanings are repeated, the volume should be louder, and vice versa. The volume should be natural and smooth, if the feelings are naturally revealed. At the same time, the volume change should be appropriate and moderate, not too big to be hoarse, nor too small to be heard clearly. In addition, the speaker should learn to accurately grasp the application rules of treble, alto and bass in order to properly express his thoughts and feelings. Treble has the characteristics of high voice and high brightness, and is often used to express indecision, joy, admiration and other emotions. The alto is rich and colorful, and the multi-purpose industry expresses soothing feelings; The bass is deep and generous, and is often used to express depression and suppress sadness. These exercises are best done by reciting.
Scientific pronunciation depends on scientific luck. Some speakers lack self-confidence, dry mouth and hoarse voice after a long time. At this time, they have to concentrate their breathing on the larynx, which makes the vocal cords compressed and become guttural.
"Qi is a handsome voice." Breath is the driving force of sound. Scientific use of luck pronunciation can make the sound sweeter, clearer, more lasting and more powerful. To achieve this goal, we should strengthen training at ordinary times and master the chest-abdomen combined breathing method. The main points are: look straight, relax, relax your voice and have a stuffy nose. Whether standing or sitting, the chest leans forward slightly, and the lower abdomen naturally adducts.
Inhalation method is: expand ribs, lift upward and outward, feel the belt getting tighter and tighter, and open the lower back. The diaphragm compresses the abdomen to enlarge the volume of the chest cavity, and the abdomen is adducted, and the air penetrates the "Dantian". Inhale through your nose, fast, slow and steady.
The method of exhaling is: control the ribs to make the abdomen have a kind of pressure, spit out the gas evenly, and use your mouth when exhaling to achieve uniformity, slowness and stability.
(B) intonation training
Intonation includes pause, stress, rise and fall, speed and so on. Intonation training is the key and difficult point of oral expression training. Speakers should strengthen their training in this field.
1. frustration
In oral expression, pause is not only a linguistic symbol, but also a rhetorical device. Generally divided into grammatical pause, emotional pause and special pause.
Grammatical pause can not only satisfy the speaker's need to breathe naturally and moisten things quietly, but also make the sentences and paragraphs of the speech distinct. Grammatical pauses are generally expressed by punctuation marks, but sometimes pauses can be made between a longer subject and predicate, between a verb and a longer object, between a longer additional component and a head word, and between a longer joint component, although there are no punctuation marks. This pause is often to emphasize a point or highlight something.
Emotional pause is to express complex or subtle psychological feelings. Emotional pause is often expressed by prolonging syllable pronunciation, wanting to stop or extending time appropriately, and is often supplemented by body language, so that feelings can be expressed more naturally and clearly.
Sometimes, in order to strengthen some special effects or meet some special needs in the speech scene, speakers often use special pauses. The most famous example is the above-mentioned case. The British politician William Le Buys gave a speech on labor issues at a counselor's meeting in London and suddenly paused for 72 seconds. This expression is a special pause in the design, which is unique and superior, and has received a surprise effect. There is another example of imitating this practice: once in a speech contest, a lady went to the podium and wrote a striking title on the blackboard. She stuck to her post, walked off the platform and walked away. At this time, there was an uproar, anxiety, anger, speculation and discussion, and everyone was puzzled. About three minutes later, the speaker came to the stage again and said sincerely and solemnly, "Comrades, if I can't tolerate leaving during the speech, shouldn't I be accused of lax working hours, dereliction of duty and leaving the production post without authorization?" My speech is over. "At this time, the audience suddenly realized. As a result of the review, she won the first prize for her extraordinary speech performance and unique creativity.
Generally speaking, the pause before listing examples can arouse the audience's independent thinking; After making a witty and amazing answer, a short pause can make people chew and aftertaste; After talking about anecdotes and wonderful ideas, the audience will pause after being amazed, which will deepen the audience's impression and arouse association; When the topic changes or the atmosphere in the venue is warm, a short pause can deepen the memory of the audience and give them a chance to understand the lyrics. At the same time, a proper special pause can also give the speaker a chance to adjust his mood.
2. Weight
In speeches, people tend to emphasize some words more or less than ordinary words, which can play a prominent role.
According to the strength of the sound, stress can be divided into light and heavy sounds.
Stress can be divided into emotional stress, logical stress and grammatical stress according to the expression of thoughts and feelings, content focus or sentence grammatical structure.
(For details, please refer to the handout "Reading Skills in Putonghua")
3. Rhythm
Intonation can be roughly divided into four types, namely, straight tone, high tone, tortuous tone and falling tone.
(For details, please refer to the handout "Reading Skills in Putonghua")
4. Combination of priority and relaxation
The change of speech speed is also an important expression and expression means. Normal conversation, about 120- 150 words per minute. Don't speak too fast, which will make it difficult for the audience to understand and make people suspect that the speaker has stage fright. Because people tend to speak faster when they are timid. Of course, you can't speak too slowly. Too slow seems to be slow, giving people the feeling that they are stupid, slow and uneducated. The mistake of the first speaker is that it is too fast, like "setting off firecrackers", with one tone and one speed. They remind themselves that after "slowly", they tend to be slow and flat, with no change. The speed of speech can't always be "all at once", be urgent and slow.
Generally speaking, the speed of speech can be divided into three types: fast, medium and slow.
Appropriate speech speed, appropriate content, appropriate environment, appropriate psychological and emotional sentences and appropriate rhetorical devices.
Quickly describe the drastic changes of things; Questioning and reprimanding, eloquently expressing one's position; Describe the character's witty, lively and enthusiastic personality. Cheerful, urgent orders, quick actions, heated arguments. Shortness, tension, excitement, fear, resentment, joy, excitement. An unimportant sentence. Parallelism, rhetorical question, irony, reduplication.
Medium speed is generally described and narrated, with little emotional change and calm mood. Calm and objective. Ordinary sentences. General statement.
Slow lyricism, discussion and narration of calm and solemn things. Quiet and solemn. Uneasy, quiet, heavy, depressed, sad, mourning. Important sentences. Metaphor, quotation, pun, duality, conjunction.
5. rhythm-ups and downs combination
For art, rhythm is an orderly, regular and rhythmic change of various elements. Zhu Guangqian pointed out in his book Letters on Beauty that rhythm is the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, as well as the unity of psychology and physiology. It is the medium of inner life (thoughts and feelings). According to this analysis, the rhythm of speech is formed by the loose structure of the ups and downs of the speaker's thoughts and feelings, the combination of intonation, priorities and the order, law and rhythm of the speaker's behavior. Common speaking rhythms are light, heavy, slow, urgent and low restraint.
The main characteristics and adaptation range of rhythm types
Cheerful, lively and fast-talking welcome speech, toast speech and congratulatory message.
Be serious, calm, dignified, and speak slowly. Theoretical report, work report, opening and closing remarks
Gentle, fluent, relaxed, and the speed of speech are general academic speeches, discussions, and discussions.
Quick words, passionate and generous, fast speech. Emergency mobilization and backchat debate.
The low inhibition type has a deep voice, low mood and slow speech. Commemorative speech
Third, the design of speech language.
(a) link the former with the latter
Speech, especially the speech of the competition, generally speaking, the contestants have designed the beginning, middle and end of the speech comprehensively and completely. It is impossible and not easy to make too many changes on site. But if you can find another way, skillfully take over the topic of the last or previous player's speech, or arouse their views and actions in the speech, the effect will be extraordinary. This kind of improvisation will leave a good impression on the audience.
Here are a few examples:
"Just now, player No.8 has talked about the fact that the hard work of the national tax staff is not understood by the society, and I feel the same way with him. Here, I want to join No.8 and all the contestants to cheer for our sacred tax work, for tax workers to be recognized by the society and understood by people! "
"The times are calling, the society is calling, history is calling, and the people are calling! It is imperative and very important to promote Putonghua in China! This belongs to a few friends in front of me. Yeah! ……"
"Just now, a gentleman performed a gesture of folded hands and prostration, which reminded me of Buddhism, which is popular all over the world and has a long history. ……"
(2) Less pleasantries
The speaker likes to say some kind words when he speaks. For example, "I didn't want to say it at first, but Director Liu insisted on it. Please forgive me! " Some monks chant Buddhist scriptures, and they always say, "Under the leadership of …, under the call of …, with the help of … and under the care of …, the red flag is like a sea song." These words have no literary talent and no feelings. There are still some people who are always "this way and that way" because of habit, nervousness or forgetting words; That, that; Well, ah, let's ... "These empty words sound annoying.
Good opening remarks should be fresh, and avoid cliches, empty words, old sayings, big words, lies and mandarin.
One speaker ended up like this: "My speech is coming to an end, and I want to express my deep apologies to you at this time. Everyone was delayed for five minutes, which added up to 500 minutes. I am very sorry! "
The end of the speech should be full of emotion and sonorous tone, as American writer John Woolf said: "It is best to stop the speech suddenly when the audience's interest has not been exhausted." It gives people excitement, endless thoughts and endless reverie.
(c) Start from a slow, steady and stable state.
When talking about writing, Gao Leji said: "The most difficult thing is the beginning, which is the first sentence. Just like in music, the tone of the whole song is given by it. " The same is true of speeches. The speaker should make good use of the change of language to set the tone, so as to arouse the audience's good thinking orientation.
Generally speaking, the beginning should be slow, flat and steady. If the starting point is too high, you will scream at the strong feelings behind. If it is too low, it will be disharmonious to highlight the high notes in the future. After the tone is determined, it should not remain dull. There should be ups and downs, tension and relaxation, and endless changes.
For example, Mr Wen Yiduo's "The Last Speech":
"These days, as we all know, the most despicable thing happened in Kunming! What crime did Mr. Li commit? Killed by this? He just writes articles with a pen and speaks with his mouth, but what he writes and says is nothing more than the words of a China person who has not lost his conscience. "
Mr. Wen Yiduo was not impassioned at first, but expressed in a deep and calm tone. It seems that all the indignation is buried in the depths of my heart, with a feeling of "forbearance" to "save your strength" for the later outbreak. Then feelings gushed out, boasted and swallowed mountains and rivers.
(4) Combination of ups and downs
"The text looks like a mountain, not like peace." The same is true of speeches. Psychologists believe that people's intentional attention when listening to a speech will relax every five to seven minutes. Therefore, the speaker should pay due attention to the ups and downs of his speech and the changes should be moderate. This is mainly reflected in language, content, emotion and so on. The pitch should be cadenced, the speed should be fast and slow, the voice should be grand and fine, the timbre should be rigid and soft, and the mood should be ups and downs.
The ways to produce this effect are: the intersection of facts and truth, the intersection of arguments and lyricism, the coexistence of seriousness and ease, and the intersection of fast and slow. Like Roosevelt's speech.
(5) The examples are cordial and credible.
Facts speak louder than words. If there are no typical, vivid and touching examples in the speech, even the most beautiful language is pale and empty.
Some speakers always like to list some interesting stories about celebrities. It seems that only the words and deeds of celebrities are convincing. Of course, celebrity deeds have certain strength and can receive the "authority effect". But if it's the same, it sounds boring. In addition, these celebrities are generally not around us, and for a long time and a long distance. Listeners often have a feeling of "things outside" and "beyond their power", which leads to rebellious psychology.
So, you can also give some intimate and credible examples that happened around you. They are concrete, vivid, true and convincing. It can be said that "Xialiba people" are more likely to enter "ordinary people's homes".