catalogue
1, morphological characteristics
2. Distribution range
3. Planting techniques
4. shopping tips
5. Nutritional value
morphological character
1. culture time and preparation of culture materials
Pumpkin is an annual creeping herb. Most of them are oval, oblong, with stems several meters long, jointed roots, thick, ribbed and short bristles, and tendrils divided into 3 ~ 4 forks. Simple leaves alternate, the leaves are heart-shaped or broadly ovate, 5-lobed and 5-angled, slightly soft, about 15 ~ 30 cm long, densely covered on both sides, with irregular serrated edges and white spots along the edges and leaves.
Triangular, densely covered with yellow and white bristles and fine hairs, usually with white spots and raised veins. The midvein of each leaf often extends to the top, forming a small tip, the back is lighter in color, the hair is more obvious, the edge teeth are small and dense, and the top is slightly blunt. Tendrils are slightly stout, covered with short bristles and petiole-like hairs, 3-5 forked.
The fruit stalk is stout, angular and grooved, 5-7 cm long, and the pedicel expands into a trumpet. The shape of Broussonetia papyrifera is diverse, and varies with varieties. There are often several longitudinal grooves or no longitudinal grooves on the outside. Most seeds are ovoid or oblong, grayish white, with thin edges, length 10- 15 mm, width 7- 10 mm. Like orange petals, from orange yellow to orange red. The fruit stalk has a groove, and the pedicel expands into a trumpet. The seeds are ovoid or ovoid, 1.5 ~ 2 cm long, grayish white or yellowish white, with thin edges. The flowering period is from May to July, and the fruiting period is from July to September.
Unisexual flowers, monoecious ectopic. Male receptacle short. Calyx lobes are linear, and the top expands into leaves. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow, 5-cleft, lobes abduction, wrinkled. Three stamens. Anthers connivent, regular S-shaped. The calyx of the female flower is obviously cracked, the ovary is round or ovoid, the cell is 1, the placentation of the lateral membrane is short, the style is short, the stigma is 3, and there are 2 cracks. Fruits are oblate, pot-shaped, cylindrical and so on. There are longitudinal grooves and protrusions on the surface, smooth or tumor-like protrusions.
distribution range
Originally from Mexico to Central America, it is widely cultivated all over the world. Introduced to China in Ming Dynasty, it is now widely planted in north and south. The other is Central and South America, which was introduced to China a long time ago, so it is called Chinese pumpkin.
In China, the northeast region is the most widely planted, especially Hubei Province in the middle and Heilongjiang Province in the northeast. China is the second largest pumpkin producer in the world, with abundant raw materials, cheap labor and many other advantages, and has the ability to occupy the international market.
In Korea, it is mainly distributed in the south of Incheon.
Planting technique
1. Soil preparation, fertilization and film laying
Apply 4000 ~ 5000 kg of high-quality farm manure and compound fertilizer 10 ~ 15 kg per mu. Fertilization is 15 to 20 cm in the middle of the night, and the width should be 50 cm with the radius of acupoints. It is best to dig ditches and apply them to increase.
After the base fertilizer is applied, spread it again.
2.
3. Sow the north in time.
4. The management of Indian pumpkins is mainly based on the main vines, and there are no root melons left. Leave 1 ~ 2 melons more than 2 meters away from the root, or 10 ~ 12 pairs of leaves. If you want a single melon, you'd better leave it at 1. If you want more seeds and melons, you can choose to keep two or three. When the remaining melons sit firmly, the other melons will be removed.
When the main vine grows to 10 ~ 12 leaves, cut the head, leave the vine about 4 meters, leave more leaves in front of the melon, increase the nutritional area, and evenly smooth the lateral vines. Indian pumpkins with vines grow vigorously and vines have big leaves. In order to prevent seedlings from being blown off by the wind, increase root growth and promote the growth of melons, vines should be pressed with the length of vines and covered with soil for 3 to 5 cm. Can be pressed into an arch at the joint of melons, so that melons
Spraying hormone topdressing When the young melon grows above 10 kg, topdressing should be done in time. 2-3 kg diluted manure water per plant, top dressing with diammonium 100 g for 3-5 times, and irrigation after application. You can also furrow and fertilize vines to promote the growth of roots, melons and leaves. In the growing period of pumpkin, 1000ppm fengnong 10000 times phytochemicals can be sprayed, with good pleiotropic effect (1 6 grams per acre) and so on.
Disease Prevention Any pest is found at the end of the growing period of Indian pumpkins.
When the Indian pumpkin grows to 20 to 30 kilograms, use straw rope or wicker to form a circle to pad the pumpkin. Each melon pad is 2 to 3 (stones are also acceptable), so that it is 3 to 5 cm from the ground to prevent rotten melons and the color is even.
5. Harvesting in time When the body of the melon turns orange and the surface of the melon is ribbed, it is regarded as mature and should be harvested, processed or stored in time.
cultivation techniques
1. Select excellent varieties with high yield, disease resistance and stress resistance.
2. Timely soil preparation and sufficient application.
3. Sow in time to ensure the whole seedling, Miao Zhuang and Wang Miao, so as to lay a good foundation for high yield in the later period.
4. Artificial pollination is carried out in flowering period to ensure fruit bearing.
5. The weather changes during the fruit expansion period, and the water should be reasonable, timely and appropriate; Pay close attention to the occurrence and development of pests and diseases, and make correct, timely and reasonable responses.
6. Timely harvest, storage and sales.
Growth management
1. Sow in time
Chestnut-flavored pumpkin is mainly cultivated in the open field in spring. It is sown in June 5438+0-February, and directly broadcast in August-September, but the virus disease is serious and the risk is high. Cucurbita pepo has strong cold tolerance, and it is planted from June 5438+February to mid-February of the following year or directly in late autumn 65438+1October.
2. Transplant in time
Vegetables that do not produce melons for 2-3 years should be selected.
Trim the vines and leave the branches.
Long vine varieties usually leave 2-3 vines per plant. When 5-6 leaves are real, you can top them, and choose 2-3 robust sub-vines with uniform size, or choose the main vine and 1-2 robust sub-vines. The rest of the lateral vines must be removed. Short zucchini are generally not pruned. Remove old leaves and leaves in time during growth.
4. Fertilizer and water management
After transplanting, water your feet. Use 0.5% after slow seedling.
Step 5 protect flowers and fruits
Pumpkin is prone to poor pollination and difficult fruit setting when it is exposed to high temperature or heavy rain during flowering, so artificial pollination should be carried out to improve the fruit setting rate. Artificial pollination should be carried out in the morning, picking the newly opened male flowers, removing the corolla and releasing them.
Step 6 harvest at the right time
Chestnut-flavored pumpkins and Chinese pumpkins are mainly collected from old melons and can be harvested about 40 days after pollination. It is best to leave 3-4cm fruit stalks when picking melons, which is beneficial to storage. Pumpkins feed on young melons and are harvested about 250g 7- 10 days after flowering, or the harvesting standard is determined according to market demand, and there is competition between cause and effect.
Eliminate pests and diseases
Common Diseases and Pests Harming Pumpkins
1. wither
(1) 2-3 years rotation with non-melon crops;
(2) Seed dressing with 2.5% Lotterin suspension: 2-4 ml Lotterin is used per kilogram of seeds. The method refers to section 4, Fusarium wilt of wax gourd (3) high border cultivation, plastic film mulching,
(4) 25% Amisi-Dy suspension 1500 times solution can be used to control Fusarium wilt, and the method is the same as in Section 2.
(5) The key point of prevention and treatment in the growth period is to pay special attention to the use of drugs at the early stage of onset, and internal inhalation therapeutic bactericides should be selected, such as 10% World High Water Dispersible Granule 1500 times solution, and sprayed once every 7- 10 days for 2-3 times in a row. When dispensing medicine, the medicine must be made into mother liquid first, and then poured into the sprayer to make the concentration of the liquid medicine uniform. It can be used alternately with 40% mirex gel suspension 500 times, or hot ratio wettable powder 2 1.2% plus 1000 times, Baike EC 2000 times, carbendazim WP 500 times, and 25% mirex EC 1500 times, every 7-7 times. It can also be mixed with 500 times of 40% mirex gel suspension and 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder.
2. Liriomyza sativae
(1) Thoroughly remove the harvested plant residues, burn them centrally, bury them deeply or pile them up.
(2) Properly thinning branches and leaves, removing leaves with many insect paths in the middle and lower parts, and reducing the population base;
(3) placing fly paper in the field; In the peak period of adults, fly-killing paper should be hung on hedgerow bamboo with the height of 2/3 of the plant (if it is in full bloom, artificial pollination should be strengthened), and it should be replaced every 15-20 points per mu, which can kill adults and reduce population density (4) chemical control; When the larvae are sprayed in the peak period, 3000 times 1.8% chlorpyrifos EC, 1000 times/iveden EC, 1000 times/40.7% chlorpyrifos EC and1200 times can be sprayed.
3. Powdery mildew
The pathogenic bacteria are ascomycetes, melon powdery mildew and melon powdery mildew. The disease began in early June, and hyphae or conidia overwintering or overwintering on the host, which became the source of infection at the beginning of the following year. Conidia spread on host leaves by airflow or rain, conidia
Prevention and treatment: At the initial stage of the disease, spray 15% triadimefon wettable powder 1500 times solution or 500-600 times solution of polysulfide suspension. Technical points: early prevention, prevention before noon, thorough spraying and large amount of water. Smoke method, sulfur powder smoke or 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent smoke can be used in the protected area.
shopping tips
A trick: pinch the pumpkin with your fingernails, and the water will seep out. Touch a little water with your index finger and rub it with your thumb. If there is white powder on your hand, it means that pumpkin is noodles.
Most pumpkins sold in the market are western pumpkins, which are sweeter and softer than those produced in Japan, and the content of vitamins such as carotene is much higher than that produced in Japan.
In addition, the pumpkin skin is too hard to pierce even the nails; When you buy it, it should be dark green, and the skin is not damaged. It is better to choose a heavier one. However, if you buy cut pulp, the brighter the orange of the pulp, the more carotene it contains.
In addition, if pumpkin seeds are flat, they usually have poor freshness. If you buy it outside autumn and winter, you should choose the kind with dry vines and wrinkles near the navel eye, which will be more solid and delicious.
nutritive value
1, polysaccharide
Pumpkin polysaccharide is a non-specific immune enhancer, which can improve immune function, promote the production of cytokines, and play a variety of regulatory functions on the immune system by activating complement.
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids in pumpkin can be transformed into vitamin A with important physiological functions in vivo, which has important physiological functions for the growth and differentiation of epithelial tissues, maintaining normal vision and promoting the development of bones.
3. Mineral elements
Pumpkin is high in calcium, potassium and sodium, which is especially suitable for middle-aged and elderly people and hypertensive patients, and is conducive to preventing osteoporosis and hypertension. In addition, it also contains phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, boron and other elements.
4. Amino acids and active protein
Pumpkin contains many kinds of amino acids needed by human body, among which lysine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and threonine are higher. In addition, the genotype of ascorbic acid oxidase in pumpkin is the same as that in tobacco, but its activity is obviously higher than that in tobacco, indicating that the content of immunocompetent protein in pumpkin is higher.
5. Lipid substances
It is found that the lipids in pumpkin seeds have good therapeutic and preventive effects on urinary system diseases and prostatic hyperplasia.
6. Starch
Starch will be converted into glucose after entering the human body, and the starch in pumpkin has certain other nutrients, which can enhance the body's resistance.
7. protein
Protein is the main substance of tissue cells, and protein has the function of regulating osmotic pressure, because the water between normal plasma and tissue fluid is constantly exchanged, but it keeps a balance. If the human body lacks protein for a long time, the plasma protein content will also decrease, and the water in the blood will penetrate into the surrounding tissues, thus causing dystrophic edema.
8. vitamins
Vitamin is a trace organic substance that people and animals must obtain from food to maintain normal physiological functions, and plays an important role in the process of human growth, metabolism and development. If a vitamin is lacking for a long time, it will cause physiological dysfunction and cause some diseases. Pumpkin is rich in vitamin b and vitamin C.