IT occupations are divided into three categories: IT discipline occupations, IT application occupations and IT-related occupations. IT discipline occupation refers to the "pure" IT occupation related to IT professional skills; IT application occupation refers to the occupation that mainly uses IT professional skills to complete business in other fields; IT-related occupations refer to occupations that mainly use IT vocational skills to complete professional activities in other fields. There are 13 occupational groups under the three subclasses, and 4 1 occupation (subclasses) such as "software".
The reporter noted that 4 1 new occupation covers hundreds of fields of IT industry such as computer software and hardware, network, information system, manufacturing and application system development. The classification reflects the increasingly refined employment of IT enterprises. For example, the software professional group is currently divided into four occupations: system analyst, programmer, software tester and software project management division. Its predecessor is a degree in software design. This is due to the increase of software practitioners and the refinement of some professional activities, and a new fixed division of labor has emerged, thus forming a subdivided occupation.
2. What knowledge preparation should I do to do IT now?
First understand what IT is: the basic concept and scope of IT: IT (information technology).
It actually has three levels: the first level is hardware, which mainly refers to the host computer and network communication equipment used for data storage, processing and transmission; The second layer refers to software, including all kinds of software that can be used to collect, store, retrieve, analyze, apply and evaluate information. Including ERP (enterprise resource planning), CRM (customer relationship management), SCM (supply chain management) and other business management software, as well as WF (workflow) management software to strengthen process management and DW/DM (data warehouse and data mining) to assist analysis. The third layer refers to the application, which refers to the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, application, evaluation and use of all kinds of information, including the application of ERP, CRM, SCM and other software to directly assist decision-making, and also including the use of other decision-making analysis models or the use of DW/DM and other technical means to further improve the analysis quality and assist decision-makers to make decisions (to emphasize one point, it only assists rather than replaces people's decisions). Some people understand that it combines the first two layers into one, which refers to the storage, processing and transmission of information, while the latter refers to the application of information; Some people combine the last two layers into one, which is divided into hard front and soft back.
Usually, the third layer has not been paid enough attention, but in fact, only when information is effectively applied can its value be fully exerted and the goal of informatization be truly realized. Informatization is not an end in itself, but a better means to achieve the goal in the current era background.
Carl's. What does that mean? In that article, he didn't make it clear, but he mentioned the core functions of information technology-data storage, processing and transmission. From the logic of his reasoning, that is, from the infrastructure construction such as steam engine, railway, telegraph and telephone, electric power, Moore's law has also been used to prove the development of mainframe and optical fiber.
If he stops here, only from this point, his logical argument is very rigorous. Those who comment that "it is no longer important" basically agree with this (except those hardware and network vendors), and the author also agrees with this. In the whole article, he paid a lot of attention to the materialized IT infrastructure construction, and basically did not pay attention to the application level.
But later, when he talked about the trend of popularization, he also mentioned that "information technology is easy to be copied", which pushed it to commercial software, which has taken a "dangerous" step. In 2004, when he published the book of the same name, he defined the IT he studied and compared. "When I use' IT', I mean all the hardware and software used to store, process and transmit information in digital form. It is particularly emphasized that I only refer to the technology itself, and the' it' I refer to does not include the information flowing in the technology and the skills of people who use the technology ",so he refers to its first two layers.
If we stop here, there may not be much controversy (this time plus those uncomfortable software vendors). Objectively analyzing the characteristics of software itself does not have three of the four criteria of core competitiveness, namely scarcity, difficulty in copying and difficulty in substitution. Carl himself does not deny that he has the fourth criterion of core competitiveness, namely value.
But he just decided that the topic was "It doesn't matter anymore" and wanted to kill it with a stick! Unfortunately, he often confuses the concept of IT: one refers to the host network and the other refers to the software. In his later books, he even "accidentally" went to the third floor, which completely violated the IT scope defined by him at the beginning of the book, such as discussing the application of information technology and questioning CIO. Many readers, including the editor of Harvard Business Review, pointed this out at that time.
Many people attacked him for it, and some even said that Carl didn't understand it at all, which may be true because he didn't do it after all. This also gives us researchers great enlightenment and vigilance, and we should be especially careful when applying other methods in areas we are not familiar with, otherwise many jokes will be made.
Here, I want to emphasize that software vendors (both at home and abroad) often claim that they can strengthen the core competitiveness of enterprises through informationization (anyway, they just follow the popular things and "keep pace with the times"). I don't know whether they are intentional or unintentional, nor do they infer according to the four standards of core competitiveness. Try to ask a few simple questions: what will happen if they go informatization? How many de-informatized enterprises have lost money or even closed down? Especially those software companies that claim that hundreds of thousands of customers use their software should ask themselves.
What if it's informationized? If all information such as warehousing, warehousing, sales and inventory are assumed to be accurate, can sales be automatically increased and inventory reduced? If before informatization, the boss may still be confused because he can't see but live happily, what about now? It's just painful to know that so many goods have been kept in the warehouse for so long, and so many goods have occupied the counter for a long time without bringing any sales, let alone profits! There are only two conclusions to analyze the phenomenon that software manufacturers publicize that "information technology is the core competitiveness of enterprises": either these enterprises don't understand what core competitiveness is (I think most of them do, and I hope they do and they don't), and the result is that software enterprises can at least understand some management concepts instead of burying themselves in purely technical companies, and I hope that they don't understand because they have no professional ethics and can be attacked less by others, so people who don't know can't stand it, or they have other reasons. There is a serious information asymmetry between general enterprise customers and IT enterprises.
The final result of the game between IT enterprises and enterprise customers is often the suboptimal choice, the so-called "lemon effect". At this point, in addition to IT enterprises and employees to improve their professional ethics, * * * or industries must strengthen the training and education of informatization construction, improve enterprises' understanding of informatization construction, and introduce management consulting companies and supervision companies to change the outcome of this game, so as to achieve a new balance and promote the healthier development of IT industry.
Information technology itself is just a tool, like a sword or a good pen. Buying it does not necessarily guarantee your martial arts.
3.3. What is the common sense? What IT administrators need to master?
1. Computer domain management
If you know how to add a computer to a workgroup, then you should know how to add a computer to a domain on Windows. This is the basic thing, which will help you manage all the computers in the company domain in a unified way. A domain is an administrative boundary for a group of computers to share a secure database. A domain is actually a set of servers and workstations. Using domain management can make our daily management very convenient and centralized, and at the same time provide the security of the whole enterprise, let users enjoy information and facilitate daily management.
Solve the printing problem
Printers can be said to be the necessary equipment of every company, but they are the common curse of IT administrators. Generally speaking, printers are always on standby. You need to find a suitable PC or server for the printer to connect to. You also need to know all the methods to solve local and network printers, and how to delete printers in the Windows registry.
Printer failures often occur.
3. Enter "Safe Mode" to start.
It is a common problem that machines are infected with viruses. We often use some tools, such as boFix software, to understand these malware. When this happens, you need to enter "Safe Mode" to start the computer. Safe mode is a special mode in Windows operating system, and friends who often use computers will certainly not feel strange. In safe mode, users can easily fix some errors in the system, which will get twice the result with half the effort.
Install the operating system
Installing the operating system is a necessary ability for every IT administrator. You should know how to install Windows 7/8, Windows Server, Linux operating system and Mac, which is the minimum standard. If possible, you also need to know how to install dual systems, how to install virtual systems and so on.
5. Manage users in Active Directory
Active Directory is a centralized directory management service in Microsoft Windows Server, which is responsible for the large-scale network environment in the architecture. User management in Active Directory is an ongoing task-adding, deleting, editing, locking, unlocking or just resetting passwords. You need to find your own solution to Active Directory and how to manage AD users.
6. Reset the password on the server
This is not always a simple Active Directory password reset. It may be when the administrator password needs to be modified in the non-advertising machine (know how to modify things that affect it, such as Acronis backup). You should also know how to reset passwords on Linux servers/desktops and Mac desktops. 7. Create a configuration email account
Email is a very common tool in today's work. You need to know how to create an email account. When special circumstances occur, you need to know how to delete damaged configuration files, add correct configuration files, and learn how to transfer files in the mail.
Schedule a backup on Windows Server.
8. run chkdsk
Sometimes, IT administrators will encounter disk failures, disk errors and so on, which requires us to check the disk. You need to know how to force chkdsk to run at startup, and be able to make the command automatically fix the error.
9. Plan to back up on Windows Server.
There are many reasons why you need to back up Windows Server. Even if you use a third-party software backup solution, you still need to use the only tool-Exchange, and you need to know how to schedule Windows Server backups.
10. clear disk c space.
Many times, due to too much office software, drive C is often occupied. If it is on the server, this will be a very bad problem. You need to know what to do to make drive C reasonable, such as running a simple tool, such as clearing temporary files in CCleaner, or using WinDirStat to help you save space on drive C.
4. Basic computer knowledge
Computer common sense (there is a brain teaser at the end) Computers, also known as electronic computers, were first invented by Americans in 1946.
The computer family is huge, which can be divided into supercomputers, mainframe computers, medium-sized computers, small computers and microcomputers, and there are also special-purpose computers and general-purpose computers in application. The microcomputer we want to learn is PC, which is the abbreviation of personal computer.
The PC is small, which can be put on the desktop, and it also has a smaller mobile phone, which is convenient for travel. The main models of PC are 286, 386, 486, Pentium and multimedia Pentium.
The composition of a computer is composed of hardware and software. The hardware includes various devices, and the software consists of various programs.
Computer hardware Computer software input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.). System software (operating system, compiler, database, etc.). Host (CPU, memory, etc.). ) application software (word processor, etc. ) output devices (monitors, printers, etc.). ) application software (calculation program, etc. ) bus (information transmission channel in computer) application software (game program, etc. ) 2. Computer hardware. Arithmetic unit: complete all kinds of arithmetic and logical operations. Controller: It is the command center of the computer.
What to do first, what to do later, and what to do in various situations. They are all tested in advance, written in computer language and input into the computer.
According to these programs, the controller sends out various control signals to direct all parts of the computer to coordinate their work and complete the designated information processing tasks. Memory: The data used to store programs can be divided into internal memory and external memory. According to its working characteristics, memory can be divided into read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM).
After power failure, the information in ROM will not be lost, but all the information stored in RAM will be lost. The amount of information that a memory can store is called storage capacity.
Its units of measurement are bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and so on. , and their conversion relations are as follows: 1MB = 1024 KB, 1024 KB = 1024b. We often hear that there are several megabytes of memory and hundreds of megabytes of hard disk, which is what this means.
Input device: used to input the original data, materials, images or programs to the computer. Such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.
Output device: used to display or print the input information or the result of computer processing. Such as monitors, printers, drawing boards, etc.
The arithmetic unit and the controller are the core of the computer system, called the central processing unit (CPU). For a microcomputer, it is also called a microprocessor. It is an integrated circuit with models 286, 386, 486 and Pentium (586 for short). CPU and memory, collectively referred to as the host.
Input devices and output devices are collectively referred to as input/output devices or I/O devices. Input/output devices and external memories are collectively referred to as external devices or peripherals for short.
(2) Appearance composition of microcomputer hardware From the appearance point of view, the microcomputer hardware system is composed of four parts: host, monitor, keyboard and printer. Host: In order to reduce the size, the host and some peripherals (I/O interface, hard disk, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive) are usually installed in the main chassis, which can still be called the host. Display: single display and color display.
Printer: There are monochrome and color printers, which can also be divided into needle printers, inkjet printers and laser printers. Keyboard and mouse: the most commonly used input devices.
Keyboard: 10 1 standard keyboard, and keys 104 and 107. Each keyboard has a main keyboard (left) and an auxiliary keyboard (right-off numeric keyboard). The main keyboard includes 26 English letters, punctuation marks, * * numbers and their surrounding function keys.
Mouse: There are two-button mouse and pc mouse, the most commonly used is the left mouse button, which is used to complete general operations. Specific operations are divided into two types: click and double click; Right-click is mainly used to realize some shortcut operations. Generally, as long as you right click, a shortcut menu will pop up for you to choose from. Regarding the structure principle of the mouse and the cleaning of the mouse, you can open the lower cover of the mouse to observe and tidy it up.
3. Computer startup, shutdown and cold start: Turn on the power, press the power switch on the host, and a "Please enter the network password" dialog box will pop up later. If you don't want to enter the network, you can directly press the "Cancel" button; If you want to enter the network, you must enter the user name and login password, and press "OK" after logging in to enter the Win98 desktop; Hot start: when the computer crashes, if you want to re-enter Win98, press the reset button; Shut down: Before shutting down, you must quit all running programs. If some programs can't quit normally, you can press Ctrl+Alt+Delete to end the corresponding programs at the same time, and then select the "Shut down the system" command in the start menu, and then select "Shut down the computer" in the pop-up dialog box and click the "Yes" button until the words "It is safe to shut down the computer" appear.
5. What does it need to learn and how long will it take?
The knowledge involved in the IT field includes the following categories:
First, the operating system. Operating system is something that IT people must master skillfully. There are many kinds of operating systems, including traditional PC operating systems, such as Windows series, Linux series and Mac OS series, as well as mobile phone Android system, iOS system and WP system, as well as various embedded systems (EOS), such as RTX, Windows CE and embedded Linux (Raspberry Pie).
Second, the computer network. Computer network knowledge is an essential basic knowledge for IT personnel, including network architecture (OSI model), functions of network devices, design of network topology, configuration of switches and routers, and so on. Engineers engaged in operation and maintenance positions have higher requirements for network knowledge, and usually operation and maintenance personnel need to be trained by professional manufacturers before they can take up their posts (with certificates). Like Huawei and Cisco, they all have corresponding engineer certification systems.
Third, the database. Storage is an important content in IT field, and the use of database is one of the most common operations of IT personnel. Common data include Mysql, Oracle, SQL Server, DB2, etc. In addition, in the era of big data, there are many NoSql databases that Secondary Neo4J to master, such as Redis, MongoDB, Secondary, HBase and other products.
Fourth, programming language. Most IT personnel need to master at least one programming language. Professional programmers need to master at least two programming languages. At present, the popular programming languages are Java, Python, PHP, C, Scala, OC, Swift, JavaScript, Ruby and so on. Different languages have different application scenarios. For beginners, it is recommended to start with Python.
Because the knowledge in the IT field is updated very quickly, IT is necessary to have strong learning ability and hands-on ability to work in the IT field. In the future, the number of employees in the IT field will be very large. With the development of big data and artificial intelligence, there will be great room for development in the future IT field.
The study time varies from person to person.
6. Who knows the information about 6? It?
It actually has three levels: the first level is hardware, which mainly refers to the host computer and network communication equipment used for data storage, processing and transmission; The second layer refers to software, including all kinds of software that can be used to collect, store, retrieve, analyze, apply and evaluate information. Including ERP (enterprise resource planning), CRM (customer relationship management), SCM (supply chain management) and other business management software, as well as WF (workflow) management software to strengthen process management and DW/DM (data warehouse and data mining) to assist analysis. The third layer refers to the application, which refers to the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, application, evaluation and use of all kinds of information, including the application of ERP, CRM, SCM and other software to directly assist decision-making, and also including the use of other decision-making analysis models or the use of DW/DM and other technical means to further improve the analysis quality and assist decision-makers to make decisions (to emphasize one point, it only assists rather than replaces people's decisions).
Some people understand that it combines the first two layers into one, which refers to the storage, processing and transmission of information, while the latter refers to the application of information; Some people combine the last two layers into one, which is divided into hard front and soft back. Usually, the third layer has not been paid enough attention, but in fact, only when information is effectively applied can its value be fully exerted and the goal of informatization be truly realized.
Informatization is not an end in itself, but a better means to achieve the goal in the current era background. Carl's. What does that mean? In that article, he didn't make it clear, but he mentioned the core functions of information technology-data storage, processing and transmission.
From the logic of his reasoning, that is, from the infrastructure construction such as steam engine, railway, telegraph and telephone, electric power, Moore's law has also been used to prove the development of mainframe and optical fiber. If he stops here, only from this point, his logical argument is very rigorous. Those who comment that "it is no longer important" basically agree with this (except those hardware and network vendors), and the author also agrees with this.
In the whole article, he paid a lot of attention to the materialized IT infrastructure construction, and basically did not pay attention to the application level. But later, when he talked about the trend of popularization, he also mentioned that "information technology is easy to be copied", which pushed it to commercial software, which has taken a "dangerous" step.
In 2004, when he published the book of the same name, he defined the IT he studied and compared. "When I use' IT', I mean all the hardware and software used to store, process and transmit information in digital form. It is particularly emphasized that I only refer to the technology itself, and the' it' I refer to does not include the information flowing in the technology and the skills of people who use the technology ",so he refers to its first two layers. If we stop here, there may not be much controversy (this time plus those uncomfortable software vendors).
Objectively analyzing the characteristics of software itself does not have three of the four criteria of core competitiveness, namely scarcity, difficulty in copying and difficulty in substitution. Carl himself does not deny that he has the fourth criterion of core competitiveness, namely value. But he just decided that the topic was "It doesn't matter anymore" and wanted to kill it with a stick! Unfortunately, he often confuses the concept of IT: one refers to the host network and the other refers to the software. In his later books, he even "accidentally" went to the third floor, which completely violated the IT scope defined by him at the beginning of the book, such as discussing the application of information technology and questioning CIO.
Many readers, including the editor of Harvard Business Review, pointed this out at that time. Many people attacked him for it, and some even said that Carl didn't understand it at all, which may be true because he didn't do it after all.
This also gives us researchers great enlightenment and vigilance, and we should be especially careful when applying other methods in areas we are not familiar with, otherwise many jokes will be made. Here, I want to emphasize that there are often software vendors (both at home and abroad) who claim that they can strengthen the core competitiveness of enterprises through informationization (anyway, they always follow the popular things and "keep pace with the times").
I don't know whether they are intentional or unintentional, nor do they infer according to the four standards of core competitiveness. Try to ask a few simple questions: what will happen if they go informatization? How many de-informatized enterprises have lost money or even closed down? Especially those software companies that claim that hundreds of thousands of customers use their software should ask themselves. What if it's informationized? If all information such as warehousing, warehousing, sales and inventory are assumed to be accurate, can sales be automatically increased and inventory reduced? If before informatization, the boss may still be confused because he can't see but live happily, what about now? It's just painful to know that so many goods have been kept in the warehouse for so long, and so many goods have occupied the counter for a long time without bringing any sales, let alone profits! There are only two conclusions to analyze the phenomenon that software manufacturers publicize that "information technology is the core competitiveness of enterprises": either these enterprises don't understand what core competitiveness is (I think most of them do, and I hope they do and they don't), and the result is that software enterprises can at least understand some management concepts instead of burying themselves in purely technical companies, and I hope that they don't understand because they have no professional ethics and can be attacked less by others, so people who don't know can't stand it, or they have other reasons.
There is a serious information asymmetry between general enterprise customers and IT enterprises. The final result of the game between IT enterprises and enterprise customers is often the suboptimal choice, the so-called "lemon effect".
At this point, in addition to IT enterprises and employees to improve their professional ethics, * * * or industries must strengthen the training and education of informatization construction, improve enterprises' understanding of informatization construction, and introduce management consulting companies and supervision companies to change the outcome of this game, so as to achieve a new balance and promote the healthier development of IT industry. Information technology itself is just a tool, like a sword or a good pen. Buying it does not necessarily guarantee that your martial arts will improve and your handwriting will look good. You need to keep practicing how to dance sword, how to write and how to use information.