I. Total investment and total workload of marine geological survey in China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period.
During the period from 2006 to 20 10, marine geological work in China carried out marine survey, comprehensive research and experimental simulation around marine regional geological survey, oil and gas and hydrate resources survey, environmental geological survey of key coastal zones and investigation and evaluation of marine sand resources.
(1) marine regional geological survey
Focus on investigating the compilation of 4 1: 1 10,000 and1:250,000 comprehensive geological and geophysical maps. The total investment is about 263 million yuan, and the investigation of two 1: 1 10,000 maps and the compilation of 1: 1 10,000 geological and geophysical series maps have been basically completed. See table 1 for the main physical workload completed.
Table 1 2005-20 10 Statistics of Geological Workload in Sea Area
(2) Environmental geological survey of key coastal zones
Carry out basic investigation of environmental geology in key coastal areas, monitoring of geological environment in major estuaries and coastal areas, comprehensive geological investigation and evaluation of coastal wetland system, and comprehensive study of marine geological environment evolution, with a total investment of 87 million yuan in 2006-20 10. See Table 2 for the physical workload invested.
Table 2 Statistical Table of Marine Environmental Geology Workload from 2005 to 20 10
(3) Investigation of sea sand resources
The investigation and evaluation of marine sand resources in key offshore blocks in China, the environmental impact assessment of mining and the planning for setting exploration rights of marine sand resources were carried out. The investigation and evaluation of marine sand resources in the Pearl River Estuary in the South China Sea, Zhoushan in the East China Sea and Chengshantou in the Yellow Sea have been completed, and the investigation of Liaodong Bay in the Bohai Sea is under way. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the total investment in marine sand survey is * * * 34 million yuan.
(4) Investigation of oil, natural gas and natural gas hydrate
Focus on the investigation of oil and gas hydrates in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Supported by geological survey, oil and gas strategic selection project and national marine geology project, the total investment is more than 2 billion.
(5) Others
During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the "908" project of the State Oceanic Administration carried out offshore marine geological environment survey and coastal geological environment survey, with a total investment of about 250 million yuan. The investment of marine geology in marine scientific investigation and resource investigation is about 200-300 million.
2.20 1 1 Total demand for marine geological work in China's social and economic development by 2020
2 1 century, earth science developed from land to sea, and became "earth system science" combining land and sea. With the economic globalization and the rise of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, the ocean has become an important field for the development of high-tech industries, and has increasingly become the focus of economic, military and scientific and technological competition among countries. In order to alleviate the three dilemmas of population, resources and environment faced by mankind, governments all over the world have issued a series of marine policies, which have strengthened the investigation and study of the oceans and the development and utilization of marine resources. In the past 50 years, China has made great progress in solid earth science, but the focus has been on land, while the ocean is quite weak. China's marine geological work lags behind not only developed countries, but also land geological work, forming an "introverted" earth science pattern, which is difficult to adapt to the new situation of earth system science in which the earth is studied as a whole system in the world today.
With the increasing demand for marine geological work, the Ministry of Land and Resources, as the competent department of national geological work, and China Geological Survey, as the main organizer and undertaker of national geological work, should comprehensively cover the "blue land" of the ocean and become the leader, organizer and undertaker of national marine geological work. According to the urgent needs of the country's social economy, science and technology, military affairs, etc., on the basis of marine basic geology, mineral resources geology and ecological environment geology, study and formulate the medium and long-term development plan of the national marine geological work, and the development strategy of strengthening the capacity building of offshore institutions, improving the independent innovation ability and national core competitiveness.
(a) 20 1 1 ~ 2020 social and economic development needs for marine geological work
In 2 1 century, the development of marine economy entered a fast lane, with an average annual growth rate of 20%, which played an extremely important role in social economy. The demand of social and economic development for marine geological work is highlighted in the following aspects.
1. Marine regional geological basic information guarantee
It is urgent to complete the geological survey of China's sea area 1: 1 10,000 marine areas as soon as possible, and carry out the geological survey of coastal and offshore areas of key economic zones1:250,000 marine areas. Improve China's marine basic geological information and provide necessary basic data for national rights and interests, marine military affairs, resource protection, environmental protection and marine development planning.
2. Protection of oil and gas resources
It is urgent to intensify the exploration of offshore oil and gas resources in China, find new oil and gas resources in new fields and deep new horizons (Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata), improve and stabilize the existing oil and gas development reserves in offshore areas, and improve the ability to guarantee oil and gas resources; It is urgent to make breakthroughs and new discoveries in the field of deepwater oil and gas exploration and development, improve resource reserves and sustainable development capabilities, and develop corresponding exploration and development technologies; It is urgent to speed up the trial production in the field of exploration and development of marine natural gas hydrate. Vigorously improve the investigation level of natural gas hydrate, and scientifically evaluate its resource sustainability in the post-oil era in China. Vigorously carry out research on hydrate development technology, carry out trial production and environmental impact assessment; It is urgent to carry out technical research on exploration and development evaluation of shallow natural gas in the sea area, carry out resource investigation and evaluation, scientifically evaluate the development potential of shallow natural gas resources, and carry out experimental research on development technology.
3. Guarantee of solid mineral resources
Investigate and evaluate the sand and gravel resources in the offshore waters to meet the needs of coastal construction, reclamation and coastal protection. Carry out the investigation of sand and mud resources for backfilling and scientifically evaluate the impact of sand and mud mining on the ecological environment of the sea area. Investigate the resources of heavy sand mines in coastal areas and offshore areas. The investigation of heavy sand resources, mainly ilmenite, rutile and zircon sand, will serve resource evaluation, scientific exploitation, coastal zone planning and environmental protection, and scientifically plan and prevent environmental impact and damage caused by disorderly exploitation. Conduct a survey of marine mineral resources. It is urgent to speed up the investigation and evaluation of polymetallic nodules, crusts and hydrothermal sulfide mineral resources in international sea areas and mid-ocean ridges, apply for new national seabed mining services for China, and speed up the development of deep-sea mineral resources and environmental impact assessment research.
4. Coastal geological environment protection
Since 2008, the State Council has successively approved or issued 1 1 coastal economic development plan. On the basis of the original development plans of Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beibu Gulf, the regional development plans of Liaoning Coast, Tianjin Coast, Yellow River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, Jiangsu Coast, West Coast of the Taiwan Strait and Hainan International Tourism Island have successively become national development strategies. These strategic plans cover industrial layout, infrastructure construction and environmental protection in coastal areas. The economic growth in coastal areas urgently needs to break through the bottleneck constraints of resource guarantee and spatial expansion. First, vigorously develop resources in coastal areas, including traditional mineral resources, groundwater, geothermal energy, wind energy and other new energy sources, seawater and brine chemical resources, marine fishery resources and so on. It is urgent to strengthen geological resources investigation and support the development of pillar industries. The second is to expand into the marine space, vigorously develop ports and port-facing industries, and develop and build coastal new cities, nuclear power and major sea-related projects. It is urgent to carry out investigation and evaluation of basic geology, environmental geology and engineering geology in coastal areas to provide geological science support services for coastal construction and development.
At present, the problems existing in geological work in coastal areas of China include: ① the large-scale basic geological survey is weak, and the existing geological data can not meet the needs of detailed planning of economic development and major infrastructure construction in coastal areas; (2) The separation of land and sea geological survey shows that there is a big blank zone in the coastal zone, especially in the intertidal zone, which is the key scope of marine engineering construction and land reclamation, but the basic geological work is seriously insufficient; (3) The deterioration of geological environment and frequent geological disasters in coastal areas should be highly concerned, and it is urgent to build a coastal geological disaster monitoring system; (4) The ecological environment in the coastal zone is seriously damaged, and some regional economic development plans are divorced from the basic characteristics of the natural environment in the coastal zone and have no basis for sustainable development; ⑤ The socialized service level of geological data is low. On the one hand, geological data are owned by geological prospecting units, and there is insufficient technical support for management departments; On the other hand, the service of some geological survey objects is not strong.
Therefore, it is urgent to carry out coastal geological environment investigation, geological disaster monitoring and geological information socialization service system with key economic zones as the core. In the first half of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, we will continue to complete the medium-scale survey of coastal geological environment, promote the large-scale environmental geological and engineering geological survey of key areas, integrate historical data, carry out joint surveying and mapping of land and sea, and submit a number of national and local basic geological maps with strong application as soon as possible to provide support for coastal construction planning and environmental protection.
Establish a monitoring system for coastal geological disasters, monitor various geological disasters such as land subsidence, coastal erosion, groundwater pollution, sea level rise, earthquake, landslide, storm surge and seawater intrusion, carry out early warning and forecasting of geological disasters, and carry out research on the impact assessment and response mechanism of global change on coastal geological disasters to reduce the socio-economic impact of coastal geological disasters.
5. Marine geological survey and research capacity guarantee
We will continue to vigorously develop various technical methods such as marine geological survey and data collection, data processing and interpretation, and information system construction, and make breakthroughs in the scope, work content, depth and accuracy of marine geological survey.
Actively promote the capacity building of marine geological equipment, including accelerating the construction and updating of marine geological and geophysical survey vessels, accelerating the procurement and introduction of marine survey instruments and equipment, marine test and analysis equipment, marine geophysical data processing and interpretation equipment and software, and vigorously improving China's marine geological survey capacity.
6. Development of marine geological science
We will continue to explore major scientific issues in marine geological science, make a major breakthrough in the basic theoretical research field of marine geological evolution and resources and environmental effects in China sea area and its adjacent areas, and guide the exploration and development of marine energy and mineral resources, environmental protection, disaster prevention and the development of earth science theory.
(2) The influence factors of socio-economic development on marine geological survey.
The rapid development of social economy puts forward higher requirements for marine geological work. In order to promote the development of marine geological work, it is necessary for all departments to strengthen the awareness of marine geological work and speed up the process of marine geological survey. At the same time, with the development of social economy, marine geological work will also develop in the direction of refinement and specialization. Internationally, the degree of marine geological work in various countries is closely related to the degree of social and economic development. For example, the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries basically completed the marine regional geological survey of1:1:250,000 in the 1980s and 1990s. At present, marine geological work is mainly to carry out special surveys, such as oil and gas resources survey, fine mapping of seabed topography, marine disaster survey, coastal environmental geological survey, seabed habitat survey, geological disaster monitoring and so on. On the other hand, with the development of social economy, marine geological survey technology has also made great progress, and the application of new technologies and methods has promoted the development of marine geological science, such as deep-sea drilling, submarine observation plan, deep-water oil and gas exploration and development, and so on. Secondly, with the rapid development of social economy in coastal areas, human activities have a greater and greater impact on coastal areas, which has a serious impact on the fragile geological environment in coastal areas, making the marine environment tend to deteriorate and the geological disasters in coastal areas continue to intensify. At the same time, the socio-economic development in coastal areas makes human beings and economy more sensitive to the changes of marine geological environment, and the losses caused by geological disasters and the loss of life and property are increasing day by day. Therefore, the proportion of coastal zone and marine geological environment assessment, geological disaster monitoring and early warning in marine geological work is increasing year by year.
(3)20 1 1 Funds needed to complete the marine geological survey by 2020.
According to estimates, in addition to the work already carried out in 2008-2010, the overall implementation plan of marine protection project also requires the state to invest 7 billion yuan in investigation expenses and 2 billion yuan in equipment construction expenses for the first-stage tasks (including oil and gas resources survey, regional geological survey, marine sand resources survey and coastal environmental geological survey, etc.). ) before 20 15. The workload of coastal geological work in this scheme is quite different from the actual demand, and hydrate investigation is not considered. Therefore, considering comprehensively, the total funds for marine geological investigation and research during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period should be arranged at around 9 billion (the investment in marine mineral resources investigation is not considered here). In addition, fully implement the equipment construction cost of 2 billion yuan during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period and accelerate the equipment capacity building.
20 16-2020, continue to carry out medium and large-scale marine mineral resources and environmental geology surveys, as well as oil and gas and hydrate resources surveys, key areas, oil and gas, etc. Considering the existing work level, the investment in investigation and research should be maintained at about 5 billion yuan during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period, and the equipment construction cost should be maintained at 2 billion yuan.
Three. Existing problems and difficulties
Entering the 2 1 century, with the economic globalization and the rise of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, the ocean has become an important field for the development of high-tech industries, and has increasingly become the focus of economic, military and scientific and technological competition among countries. In order to alleviate the three dilemmas of population, resources and environment faced by mankind, governments all over the world have issued a series of marine policies, which have strengthened the investigation and study of the oceans and the development and utilization of marine resources. According to estimates, China lags behind the developed countries in the ocean for about 20 years, and the proportion of China's marine output value to the total national economic output value is lower than the world average. In addition, China has border disputes with seven neighboring countries or opposite countries. The only way to change this situation as soon as possible is to strengthen marine geological work.
(A) marine geological work is relatively backward
With the increasing demand of the country for marine geological work, the Ministry of Land and Resources and China Geological Survey have continuously strengthened marine geological work, and successively carried out 126, 2 15, 1 18, 420, 429, 920, 908 and special geological surveys, which have achieved important results and caused However, compared with the needs of the country and other sea-related systems, the marine geological work of the land and resources department has a slow development speed, a small team size, a low investment ratio and a low level of equipment. In particular, many major international marine geoscience programs and marine geoscience projects, including international seabed and polar projects, are mostly marginalized.
(2) The scale of the talent team is insufficient and the structure of the talent team is unreasonable.
At present, the team engaged in marine geological work in the land and resources department is far from meeting the requirements of the national marine geological survey. There are only two marine geological survey units-Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology and Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey. /kloc-a team of more than 0/000 people and outdated equipment are far from meeting the needs of the country and society. The construction of personnel team is seriously restricted, which is seriously out of balance with the current scientific research tasks and the future demand of geological survey. It is urgent to increase the construction of personnel team, accelerate the introduction of talents and team construction, so as to basically meet the needs of geological survey and scientific research.
In addition, the unreasonable talent team structure is not only manifested in the shortage of leading talents in disciplines, but also in the serious shortage of highly skilled marine survey professionals, data processing and interpretation personnel, test and analysis technicians and management personnel. The unreasonable personnel structure has seriously affected the completion of investigation and research work and geological investigation and scientific research tasks. At present, it is urgent to speed up the introduction of high-end talents and professional and technical talents, speed up the cultivation of professional and technical talents, and strengthen the construction of management talents.
(3) The ability of marine geological survey is seriously insufficient.
At present, there are some prominent contradictions in marine geological survey institutions, such as insufficient marine survey vessels and survey equipment, incomplete technical means, aging existing equipment and heavy marine geological survey tasks. Take Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology as an example. At present, there are only 1600-ton marine geological survey vessels, while 10 ~ 18 survey vessels are rented for practical work every year, and the survey platform is seriously insufficient. The main marine geophysical survey equipment is generally a single set, with insufficient spare equipment and weak investigation support ability. Moreover, there are no comprehensive geophysical survey vessels and equipment such as oil and gas resources survey and offshore engineering drilling vessels, and there is also a lack of new technical equipment, such as submarine earthquake, magnetotelluric, beach earthquake, underwater visual and deep-water remote control survey equipment. It is urgent to speed up the construction of investigation ships and ship-borne equipment; In addition, there is no fixed funding channel for equipment renovation, and there is no normal funding guarantee for the renovation; Especially in the current investigation and research funds, the control of equipment renewal is too tight. Without other sources of funds and guarantees, it is not allowed to arrange the necessary expenses for updating and maintaining marine survey equipment, and it lacks the ability of self-development and sustainable development.
(4) The construction of the base is seriously lagging behind.
At present, the space of scientific research bases in marine geological survey units is seriously insufficient, which greatly limits the development and discipline construction of marine geological survey. At the same time, with the gradual expansion of the talent team, the demand for office and scientific research rooms will continue to grow. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the contradiction between the above-mentioned demand and resources will be further highlighted, and it is urgent to speed up the construction of bases, including the construction of scientific research and experimental bases, the construction of investigation docks, and the construction of workers' housing. At present, the primary difficulty of base construction is the problem of construction land and funds. Take Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology as an example. The institute only has 18 mu of land, and the office and research rooms are seriously inadequate. Outstanding performance in the special investigation equipment laboratory, analysis and testing laboratory, natural gas hydrate simulation laboratory, geotechnical engineering laboratory, seismic processing and interpretation laboratory, marine geological data information center, geological sample library, library, popular science experiment hall and other space is seriously insufficient.
Four. Suggestions on strengthening and improving the reform and development of marine geological survey
Combined with the national marine geological work situation, the management status of marine geological work of ministries and commissions, and the development status and demand of marine geological research institutes, the following suggestions are put forward.
(1) Effectively promote the unified deployment of marine geological work throughout the country.
The State Oceanic Administration is a professional bureau managed by the Ministry of Land and Resources, and the Geological Survey is directly under the management of the Ministry of Land and Resources. The Ministry of Land and Resources has the conditions to make unified planning, unified deployment and overall coordination of marine geological work at the national level, deepen institutional reform, and promote the formation of a scientific and reasonable operational mechanism for marine geological work. Departments should guide marine geological work at the national level, and clarify the coordination and organization of marine geological work. Due to the late start and weak foundation of marine geological work in China, ministries and commissions should regard marine geological work as an important part of national geological work from a strategic perspective, make great efforts to study and promote institutional innovation, strengthen the capacity building of geological survey teams, and take team capacity building as the basis for promoting the development of national marine geological work. In addition, we should do a good job in the coordination of the national marine geological survey and research team, strengthen contact, communicate closely, work together and push forward pragmatically.
(2) National and local governments should increase investment in marine geological survey.
The investment in marine geological survey is large, and the requirements for equipment and personnel qualifications are high. The state should focus on public welfare funds. Local governments should also invest a certain proportion of funds in large-scale environmental geology, engineering geology survey and coastal geological disaster monitoring in coastal areas. It is suggested that the state and local governments coordinate. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, local investment in marine geological work should account for about 20% of the total national investment. With the increasing demand for socio-economic development and self-development in coastal areas during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the investment of local governments in coastal geological work should be appropriately increased, reaching about 25% ~ 30% of the total cost of work.
(3) Strengthen the construction of marine geological survey talents.
All departments should formulate plans for the construction of marine geological survey talents, rationally adjust the staffing, increase the number of personnel, speed up the introduction of talents, formulate and introduce policies and mechanisms to encourage the construction of talents in a timely manner, and create conditions for the introduction of talents. First, formulate talent team planning, strive for long-term and stable financial support from the state for talent team construction, especially for marine units that are not included in the innovation system, actively strive for national policies and get support; Second, the construction of talent team must rely on local scientific research projects to formulate corresponding policies to ensure the construction of talent team. For example, in major special projects, a certain proportion of project research funds can be used to set up an open topic of talent introduction, reserve funding channels and conditions for talent introduction, and strengthen team building and introduction within the scope permitted by the national budget policy; The third is to strengthen the training of reserve talents. Promote the construction of graduate schools, formulate corresponding policies, and ensure that scientific research units affiliated to the bureau and subordinate departments can enroll students through graduate schools. At the same time, efforts should be made to promote the construction of postdoctoral workstations in the land and resources system. Effectively improve the comprehensive strength of the talent team and build a high-quality and comprehensive professional team of marine geological survey to meet the needs of the development of marine geological survey.
(4) Vigorously promote base construction and capacity building to solve development bottlenecks.
The investment of marine geological survey ship and base equipment is large, so it is difficult to solve the problem only by updating the usual geological survey equipment. In particular, we should strive for investment in the construction of large-scale national equipment (such as measuring ships). ), speed up the construction of marine geological survey equipment, and form a long-term and stable investment mechanism for use and maintenance, so as to repair and promote purchase. At the same time, strive for national policies and moderately relax the proportion of equipment investment in the project budget. Based on the project, formulate relevant supporting policies for construction and strengthen investment in the construction of key laboratories of the Ministry and national laboratories. Strive for the stable investment of the state in the field geological science experimental station, and maintain the steady growth of the state's regular investment in geological survey.
(five) to improve the ability of marine geological survey and accelerate the construction of marine geological survey institutions.
It is suggested that all ministries and bureaus should strengthen their service capacity for coastal economic construction, study the laws and demands of marine geological work in depth, speed up the implementation of relevant plans, policies and safeguard measures for the construction of "Northern Marine Geological Survey Center", give policy and financial support to Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology in terms of survey vessels, equipment construction and staffing, promote the construction of Qingdao Marine Geodetic Center, and make good support for the Bureau to co-ordinate the national coastal geological work. At the same time, it is necessary to effectively solve the problem of base construction that restricts the development of Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, especially to vigorously support and help coordinate and promote the establishment of base construction projects and construction land. We should also actively promote the construction of scientific and technological innovation platforms such as national laboratories and key laboratories of the Ministry. On this basis, through various channels and ways to solve the problems of investigation ability, information and data processing ability, and form the ability of sustainable development.
(Expert Advice 20 10, No.54, former Consulting and Research Center of Ministry of Land and Resources, written by the author in cooperation with Yu, Zhu, Wang and Qinling. )