Release time: 2006-09-2717: 04:14 Source: Beijing-Kowloon Evening News Text display: large, medium and small.
Xuanniao sculpture
The hand-carved work "Xuanniao Shengshang" provided by Tao Zhiyao's manual studio.
The origin of Shang nationality is still controversial. Some people think that the Shang nationality originated in Hebei province; Or people from Donghu, such as Yanbo Shanrong in the northeast; In recent years, it has been suggested that the Shang nationality originated in the north, that is, the Shang culture in Youyan area. However, for thousands of years, people believed in the legend recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji, that is, people in Shang Dynasty said that they were born from the eggs of mysterious birds. Although merchants frequently migrated to Shangqiu eight times on the vast plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, they all returned to Shangqiu soon. Therefore, it can be said that from Qi to Shang Tang 14th, Shangqiu was a base area and gradually prospered.
Documentary records:
Xuanniao is the totem of Shang nationality.
Shangqiu is an ancient and famous city in the Central Plains and one of the birthplaces of ancient culture in the Central Plains. 1986 was named as a national historical and cultural city by the State Council. As an ancient symbol of the city, the city wall is also a national key cultural relics protection unit. How did the name "Shangqiu" come from? "Shang" takes the surname first, then the place name. Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in the Yin Ruins is known as "Yi Yi Shang" and "Shang". According to textual research, these all refer to Shangqiu. "Qiu", according to Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi", says: "The height of the soil is also what non-human beings do." In Zhou and Qin documents, the word "mountain" is used as the meaning of ruins. Therefore, it was the merchants who lived here for a long time and then migrated. Later generations called the site where the merchants lived Shangqiu.
Shang nationality is one of the pioneers of Chinese civilization, and Shang culture occupies a very important position in the history of Chinese civilization. Shang nationality is a tribe with a long history, which experienced a long historical development in the prosperous period of Xia Dynasty.
With regard to the origin of the Shang clan, people have been convinced for thousands of years of the legend of "the life of the divine bird" recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji, that is, the Shang clan claimed that it was born from the eggs laid by the divine bird.
"The Book of Songs, Ode to the Shang Dynasty, Xuanniao": "Xuanniao was born from the sky, born from the Shang Dynasty, and the house was full of yin." Mao Zhuan: "A mysterious bird, a bird B, a swallow, and a sound B." "The mysterious bird falls on the vernal equinox, and the ancestor of the Tang Dynasty has a female chrysanthemum butterfly with his emperor. The emperor prayed for the suburban plan and made a Covenant." "The Book of Songs Long Hair": "If there is a good general, the emperor will do things." Jian Zheng: "When Yu went to the soil, the country with the Wa people began to be vast. There was a daughter Zhu Di who swallowed a bird's egg and made a Covenant."
"The Songs of Chu Li Sao": "Looking at the station from a distance, I saw a lost woman." "JIU· Govin" comes again: "Judy is in Taiwan Province, what should I do? The mysterious bird is awkward, what is the family? "
Lu Chunqiu Ji: "Two women lost their lives, 90% of them, and their diet must be drums. The emperor ordered Yan to look at it, and the sound was as narrow as a narrow pass. Two women argued and covered with jade baskets, choosing less and watching more. Yan left two eggs and flew north without looking back. When the two women finished singing, they said,' Swallows fly', which is actually a northern sound. "
"Historical Records Yin Benji": "Yin Qi, whose mother's name is Ju Die, has the daughter of Wa family and is the second princess. After a threesome bath, Judy took the eggs of a mysterious bird and swallowed them because they were pregnant. The contract is long, assisting in water control ... The emperor ordered the contract to be Stuart ... sealed in the business and given the surname. "
Chronicle of Bamboo Slips, Yin Shang and Cheng Tang: "At the beginning, in the era of Gao Xin's family, the princess was called Zhu Die. On the day when the vernal equinox arrived, she worshipped the suburbs from the emperor and bathed her sister in the mysterious mountain. There is a mysterious bird that lays an egg, and the five colors are very good. Two people compete for it and cover it with two baskets. Judie got it first and then swallowed it, so she got pregnant. The chest was cut open and the contract was born. The dragon was Yao Situ, so he was given to the people and was sealed by the merchants. "
Documentary records:
Xuanniao is the leader of all birds.
"Biography of Women" said: "The mother chrysanthemum butterfly is the eldest daughter of Wa. When Yao was born, she bathed in the water of Xuanqiu with her. A mysterious bird fell on the egg, and the five colors were very good. Judie and his sister Di competed to get it, but Judie got it and swallowed it by mistake, which resulted in a contract. Zhu Di is good at managing people, knows astronomy, is willing to give benefits, and has a long contract to teach. The nature of contract, wisdom and benevolence, can educate its teaching. The pawn made his name, Yao made it Stuart, and he was sealed in Bo. When Yao Beng and Shun acceded to the throne, they said,' Qi, the people are not close, and the five virtues are not bad. You should be respectful as Stuart, tolerate the five religions and spend the rest of your life in Boan.' With Alvin Tang as the son of heaven, a gentleman calls it benevolence and courtesy. "Poetry" said:' Only with a good general can we start a business. This is also called. "Judy is a great woman. She goes down in history because she gave birth to a businessman's male surname.
Qi is the earliest male direct ancestor who offered sacrifices to Shang clan in the transition from matriarchal clan to paternal clan. Businessmen have a tradition of father-son inheritance from the beginning of the contract, and then they really enter the patriarchal society.
From the above literature, with the passage of time, the story gradually evolved from simple to complex, but the theme of "Xuanniao Shengshang" has never changed. That is to say, businessmen believe that their ancestors were born because of the orders of the mysterious birds in the sky, that is, the mysterious birds are their totems. In primitive society, because of low productivity, people can't understand all kinds of phenomena in nature, and always believe that some kind of animals and plants or gods such as thunder and lightning are deciding or dominating themselves, so they worship this supernatural force, that is, the totem worship of businessmen or businessmen. People gain the superhuman strength or skills of totems by eating them. They strengthen the power of totems by worshipping totems, thus increasing their own strength.
So, what is a mysterious bird? Or phoenix, or swallow, more meteorites and meteors. Recently, some people think it is a rooster. (Zheng: New Explanation of Dark Birds, academic journal of zhongzhou) Some people even think that the Qin people used the dark birds-swallows as their totems in ancient times, and the eggs laid by dark birds were meteors and meteorites. In the historical period, blackbirds evolved into roosters and finally unified into phoenixes. There are many explanations about the mysterious bird, and it is still difficult to reach an understanding. But one thing is certain: the story of "the mysterious bird is still alive" embodies the belief of spawning in totem fertility belief. The important symbol of oviparous belief is the legend that its ancestors were born by oviparous or swallowing eggs. The myth of spawning is also common in ethnic materials. The ancient Dong song "Where Do Dong People Come from" said that the first mother and grandfather of Dong people were hatched by turtles. Li people are also laid by eggs. Legend of Hani people living in Honghe Prefecture: After the flood era, thatch grew on the ground, and a big egg appeared in the thatch, which hatched from quail and became the ancestor of Hani people. (Ho: China's Totem Culture) In the concept of oviparous belief of ancient humans, "eggs and eggs are the highest expression of life, and all other expressions are subordinate to it". Therefore, the custom of getting married and having children and dyeing eggs red is still circulating in the Central Plains.
What does the literature say about blackbirds? Wang Yi's "Songs of Chu Lisao" notes: "The mysterious bird is also a swallow." Xuan means black. The poem Swallow says, "Swallows fly." "Biography" said: "Yan Yan, Bird B also." Therefore, the mysterious bird, bird B, swallow, one thing and two covers. Shan Li's annotation in Zhang Heng's Four Fu Xuan thinks that "a mysterious bird is also called crane", because crane stands out among birds and is the first among birds. But in modern times, Guo Moruo thinks it is a phoenix, because there is a saying in Li Sao that "the phoenix emperor is flattered, but he is afraid of high spirits in front of me" Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi said, "Phoenix is a divine bird. The old man said: the image of the phoenix is also like a deer in front of the forest, a snake neck and tail, a dragon turtle back, a swallow-jawed chicken beak, and five colors.
For example, going out of the country of oriental gentlemen, flying across the four seas ... and seeing world peace. "Therefore, it is not only the leader of birds, but also the floorboard of birds. Moreover, "Seventeen Years of Zuo Gong" did record that "my great-grandfather was young and loyal, and the phoenix bird was suitable, so he was trained by the bird and took the bird as the name of the bird man". In Shangqiu area, there are the most images of phoenix birds on the stone carvings of Han Dynasty portraits, which are often carved in a prominent position outside the tomb door, playing an auspicious and peaceful role. It shows that the phoenix bird was still worshipped as a god bird in eastern Henan until the Han Dynasty. This is in stark contrast to the Chinese people who worship dragons as totems. Swallow said that it seems to have a closer relationship with Shang nationality. Swallows come at the spring equinox every year and return at the autumn equinox, which is very regular. Therefore, farming season and farming are closely related to human survival. Bokui, who was sealed in Shangqiu, was also named "Huozheng" for managing "Big Mars", observing the stars and teaching farming, and became the ancestor of businessmen. If so, at the vernal equinox, swallows will build nests and have children. Businessmen think the arrival of swallows is a good day for breeding. Therefore, in the mid-spring when the swallows come, both husband and wife will go to the wilderness in the suburbs to hold a sacrifice activity. The son conceived during this period is called "mysterious bird life".
The cultural relics unearthed underground also prove that "being born of birds is a feature of Yi legend". (A General History of China, edited by Guo Moruo) The ancestors of businessmen are Dongyi people, and the ancestors of Dongyi people are Shao Hao. Shao Hao people take birds as their totem, and they are a tribe composed of several phratries. Among them, the five clans in the first phratry take phoenix bird, mysterious bird, (old), bluebird and Dan bird as totems respectively, among which mysterious bird is the totem of businessmen. Hu Houxuan, an ancient writer, found the word "sea" in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, a sacrifice to Wang Hai, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty. The shape of the word "sea" follows the bird bow, and the bow is also bird-shaped, which is the proof that businessmen take birds as totems. The inscription of bronze money in the late Shang Dynasty has the word "Xuan Bird Symbol", which is the evidence that the ancestors of Shang Dynasty used birds as totems.
Documentary records:
Shangqiu is the base of Shang nationality.
According to historical records, kiku, Qi's mother, was the second princess. Born to kiku, she was naturally Qi's father and the ancestor of Shang clan. According to Shi Ben, Shi Ji and other books, there are four concubines, and the eldest concubine has the female name of Tai Yuan. Born in Hou Ji, he is said to be the ancestor of Zhou. The second princess Zhu Die was the biological mother of Qi, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty. The ancestor worshipped by the Shang people seems to be related to the second princess Zhu Die who swallowed eggs.
Qi, the ancestor of Shang clan, said in Records of the Historian Yin Benji: "Qi was at the time of Tang Yu ... Qi Chang Zuo Yu made great contributions to water control, but Shun Di still sealed Qi Situ." Qi was sealed in Shang Dynasty for his meritorious service in helping Dayu control water, and his clan was Shang. After the establishment of Xia Dynasty, Shang clan was directly subordinate to Xia. With the growth of the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty gradually developed the desire to win the championship. Although they apparently surrendered to the summer, they secretly developed their own power around the summer. In this way, Shangqiu emerged from the ground like a bud.
According to Mr. Sun Miao, the Shang Dynasty experienced fourteen generations from its ancestor to Shang Tang. According to historical records, at the beginning of the 24th century BC, Zhuan Xu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, made Shangqiu its capital. According to Jinshui Geography, "Zhuan Xu moved from poor mulberry (now Qufu North) to Shangqiu." The Gao Xin family, the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, now Di Ku, has its capital in Bo (now Gushu Town, Yucheng County) in the southeast of Shangqiu City. "Justice of Shangshu" contains: "Di Ku, the father of the deed, is a resident of Bo." For Shang Tang, Bo is still the capital. "National Records" says: "Nanbo ancient city, 35 miles southwest of Gushu County, Songzhou, is the settlement of the sub-surname clan (Shang clan) in the south." During the Qi Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty was entering the patriarchal society stage, and there was still a period of time before the class differentiation and the establishment of the Shang Dynasty. Therefore, during the reign of Xia Dynasty, the emerging merchants were only vassals of Xia Dynasty in the East. In this14th century, although merchants frequently migrated to the vast plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River for eight times, they all returned to Shangqiu soon. Therefore, it can be said that from Qi to Shang Tang 14th, Shangqiu was the foundation and gradually flourished.