First, the basic connotation of rural industrial structure and the importance of adjustment
The rural industrial structure is a multi-level composite system, which refers to the relationship structure between industries and levels in rural areas, including the relationships among the three major industries in rural areas, among various departments within industries, among projects within departments and among products within projects. Rural industrial structure and agricultural industrial structure are not the same concept. The rural industrial structure emphasizes that the industry is in the countryside, which is a regional concept, while the agricultural industrial structure emphasizes the industrial composition in the industrial structure. From the composition content, agricultural industry mainly refers to planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and rural industry consists of primary industry-agriculture, secondary industry-rural industry and tertiary industry-rural service industry. Therefore, the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure is too limited, and the adjustment of rural industrial structure is to change the uncoordinated situation among agriculture, rural industry and rural service industry, and at the same time change the internal relations of various industries. In the past, we narrowly understood the rural industrial structure as a single agricultural structure mainly based on grain planting, and developing the rural economy according to this idea led to extremely unreasonable rural industrial structure and relatively slow rural economic development. The level of rural industrial structure is formed in the development process of rural economic activities from simple to complex and from low to high. It is determined by the level of social productive forces, and at the same time influenced by production requirements such as consumer demand, natural resources, labor force, capital and technology. Adjusting the rural industrial structure to make it more reasonable and advanced is the objective requirement of the development law of productive forces and the evolution law of industrial structure. Reasonable rural industrial structure can realize the optimal allocation of various resources, which is the main driving force for the development of agriculture and rural economy, and also the source of increasing farmers' income, enhancing social stability and ensuring the sustainable development of rural social economy. The rural industrial structure is an important part of the national industrial structure, in which the agricultural structure is the foundation. The development of rural non-agricultural industries extends the agricultural industrial chain and connects the industries in the whole country (including between urban and rural areas and between different regions).
There is an inherent and inevitable relationship between rural industrial structure and rural economic development and rural economic benefits. On the basis of constant economic aggregate, a reasonable industrial structure can make various factors of production more rationally allocated, thus achieving good economic benefits. Although the industrial structure is unbalanced, it is possible to achieve a higher economic growth rate in a certain period of time, but from the overall and long-term point of view, the quality of economic development is poor, the efficiency is low and the stamina is insufficient. Whether the rural industrial structure is reasonable or not is directly related to the quality of rural economic development and the stamina of sustainable development. Therefore, adjusting the rural industrial structure and making the whole rural social production basically adapt to the total social demand level is a strategic issue that needs serious study in rural work at present.
Second, the strategic objectives and positioning principles of rural industrial structure adjustment in China.
According to the actual situation and long-term development needs of China's rural economy, the strategic objectives of rural industrial structure adjustment should mainly include five aspects: first, actively increase grain production, ensure the safety of grain supply, and realize the basic balance of the total supply and demand of agricultural products; The second is to increase the proportion of high-quality varieties and products of agricultural products, so that the varieties and quality structure of agricultural products can meet the needs of changing market demand; Third, through the development of high-quality and efficient agriculture, promote the development of rural secondary and tertiary industries, achieve agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income; Fourth, realize the reasonable regional division of labor and layout of agriculture and rural economy, and form a specialized production pattern with different characteristics in different regions; Fifth, by adopting modern production tools, technologies and management means, rural resources can be rationally allocated and utilized among various industrial sectors, and the relationship between economic growth, social stability, technological progress, environmental protection and national security can be scientifically handled to realize the sustainable development of rural economy. In order to achieve the above objectives, adjust and optimize China's rural industrial structure, we should follow the following basic principles:
1, taking the principle of adapting measures to local conditions and comparative advantage. A reasonable rural industrial structure must meet the requirements of local natural and economic conditions. Whether the rural industrial structure in different regions can adapt to local resources, geography, ecological environment, technological progress, economic development and market conditions is the basis of whether the rural industrial structure has long-term rationality. The first sign to measure whether the rural industrial structure is optimized is whether the advantages of local resources can be fully and effectively exerted, whether their advantages can be maintained for a long time and whether resources can be continuously utilized. Therefore, when adjusting the rural industrial structure, we should adhere to local conditions, ensure better utilization of various resources, aim at maximizing economic benefits, make the industrial structure in different regions have their own emphasis and characteristics, and develop their own advantageous industries and fist products. We should not only give full play to the resource advantages, but also emphasize the transformation of resource advantages into economic advantages and regional advantages.
2. Adhere to the principle of dual positioning. In the adjustment of rural industrial structure, many places have turned from the past policy orientation to the market orientation, which is from one extreme to the other. In fact, in the adjustment of rural industrial structure, policy orientation and market orientation are equally important, especially in the transition period of rural economic structure adjustment, both policy orientation and market orientation should be given due consideration. For the sake of food security, the state has adopted a high-priced purchase policy of protecting the price and limiting the quantity and quality, which is a policy adopted by developed countries such as the European Union and Japan, especially China. Policy orientation is also reflected in agricultural investment policy, credit policy and tax policy, which plays a very important role in the adjustment of rural industrial structure. Market orientation is an inevitable trend of agricultural commodity production and a necessary measure to establish a socialist market economic system, which plays a guiding role in the structural adjustment of commodity production, rural industry and rural folk service industry. To adjust rural industrial structure, we must adhere to market orientation and give consideration to policy orientation.
3. The principle of proportional coordination in rural industrial sectors. At present, the development of rural secondary and tertiary industries in China is relatively backward, and the development level of primary industry is also unbalanced. The production projects between industries and within industry departments are not coordinated, and the comprehensive benefits are poor. Reasonable rural industrial structure should optimize the combination of resource utilization and allocation between industrial departments and within industries, promote each other, and realize the all-round development of rural agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, industry, commerce, transportation, construction and service industry.
4, the principle of economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits (the principle of comprehensive benefits). Economic benefits are the material basis for the existence and development of farmers, agriculture and rural areas. The formation of various emerging industries in rural areas, the construction of various rural infrastructure and the development of new agricultural products are all manifested as realistic economic activities. As an economic activity with investment, we must pay attention to the input-output ratio, that is, pay attention to economic benefits, and pursue macro and micro, direct and indirect, immediate and long-term economic benefits. According to the fundamental purpose of economic development, a reasonable rural industrial structure should promote the continuous improvement of economic benefits of production in all walks of life. Rural economy is a multifunctional eco-economic system. To develop agricultural production and various rural industries, we must also have a good ecological environment. A reasonable rural industrial structure must be able to protect and promote ecological balance and realize the benign material and energy cycle of rural natural ecology. Social benefit is also a problem that cannot be ignored in the adjustment of rural industrial structure. The basic goal of rural industrial structure is to increase farmers' income and meet their material and cultural needs. Structural adjustment should correctly handle the relationship between economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits, strive to improve the social benefits of the structure, and maximize the economic benefits of the whole society on the basis of ensuring the continuous improvement of ecological benefits and social benefits.
5, the principle of good faith. Under the background of globalization, the adjustment of rural industrial structure in China must establish a holistic concept: first, the rural industrial structure must proceed from the national integrity and realize the professional production layout; Second, rural industrial management must realize integration and marketization; Thirdly, it is necessary to innovate the rural financial organization system as a whole and establish a farmer's structural adjustment fund; Fourth, starting from the integrity of rural industrial organizations, vigorously develop intermediary organizations and establish a rural socialized service system; Fifth, from the perspective of the integrity of market economy, accelerate the reform of farmland property right system and create an independent micro-subject of rural industry marketization; Sixth, from the perspective of the overall development of rural industries, accelerate the development of rural science and technology industrialization; Seventh, from the perspective of the integrity and integration of urban and rural industries, we should promote the combination of township enterprises and the construction of small towns and accelerate the development of small towns. To adjust the rural industrial structure in the new historical period, we must always implement the principle of integrity. Integration is the basic point and destination of rural industrial structure adjustment in China under the background of globalization.
Third, the strategic focus of the current adjustment of rural industrial structure in China
1, structural adjustment of rural industrial sectors. The basic idea of rural industrial structure adjustment is to solve the contradiction of dual structure, adjust the rural tertiary industry structure according to market demand, resource advantages and industrial policies, strengthen the promotion of primary industry, optimize and upgrade the secondary industry, vigorously develop the tertiary industry, promote the optimization and upgrading of rural industrial structure, and realize the rationalization of industrial structure. Judging from the present situation of China's rural industrial structure, we should first adjust the rural industrial structure, then adjust and develop the rural service industry, and then adjust the agricultural structure. Through the adjustment of rural industrial structure, the processing problem of agricultural and sideline products is fundamentally solved, and through the adjustment and development of rural service industry, the sales problem of agricultural and sideline products is solved. Only in this way can we promote the adjustment of agricultural structure and solve the problems of relative surplus of agricultural products and farmers' income increase.
2. Adjustment of agricultural production structure. The contradiction between agricultural production structure and market demand structure is very prominent. The role of supply and demand mechanism and price mechanism makes the goal of increasing agricultural production inconsistent with the goal of increasing farmers' income. The fundamental problem is that agriculture faces such a deep-seated structural problem as the variety structure and quality structure of agricultural products. At present, the problem of relatively insufficient supply of agricultural products in China has been basically solved. The contradiction between many varieties of agricultural products, few characteristic varieties, many low-quality products, low proportion of high-quality products and low output rate of high-quality products is increasingly prominent, which cannot meet the market demand for product quality optimization and diversification. Therefore, the adjustment of agricultural production structure should focus on variety structure and quality structure. The adjustment of product variety structure is mainly to adjust the land area and investment ratio of various industries to realize the coordinated development of planting, forestry and fruit industry, aquaculture and aquaculture production; In the adjustment of variety structure, we should rely on scientific and technological progress to upgrade product varieties and improve the quality rate and output of agricultural products. In addition, there is the adjustment of agricultural regional structure.
3. Adjustment of rural industrial structure. Mainly aimed at the high repetition rate of rural industrial structure and urban industry, the lack of rural characteristic industries and the low correlation between rural industry and agriculture; The organizational structure of enterprises is unreasonable, the rural industrial layout structure is scattered, and the enterprise asset structure and product structure of rural industrial enterprises are unreasonable, including the adjustment of rural enterprise organizational structure, rural industrial product structure, rural enterprise property right structure and rural industrial layout structure.
4. Structural adjustment of rural service industry. China's rural service industry has always attached great importance to productive services such as production and sales of agricultural means of production and agricultural technology popularization, while seriously ignoring operational services such as the establishment of agricultural product market circulation system and the release of market information. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the rural service industry. At present, the focus of rural service industry adjustment is to transform the traditional rural service industry, and the key to transform the traditional rural service industry is to build a good agricultural circulation network and facilities. Secondly, vigorously develop modern rural service industry. Third, establish a perfect rural socialized service system.
Fourth, the strategic measures for the adjustment of rural industrial structure.
1, update business philosophy, adjust and optimize agricultural production structure. First, optimize the agricultural production structure with consumption as the leading factor, adjust the relationship between traditional grain and feed grain, and change the binary planting structure of "grain crops-cash crops" into the ternary planting structure of "grain crops-cash crops-feed crops"; Vigorously develop animal husbandry, focusing on the construction of livestock and poultry commodity bases, modern breeding demonstration projects and animal products processing industry; Develop characteristic livestock, poultry and bee industries with market prospects, improve the hygienic quality standards of livestock products and expand the export share of livestock products according to the requirements of the international market; To accelerate the development of forestry, the adjustment direction is to build a relatively complete forestry ecosystem and comprehensively develop and utilize forestry resources on the basis of protecting and developing forest resources. Second, actively adjust the agricultural regional structure, strengthen the division of labor and cooperation among agricultural regions, give full play to regional comparative advantages, implement regionalization and large-scale development, and at the same time pay attention to avoiding the similarity of regional agricultural industrial structures, and strive to form agricultural industrial belts and related industrial clusters with regional characteristics. All localities should scientifically analyze the advantages of local resources and products, make full use of their advantages, vigorously develop the production of "new, exotic, unique, excellent and famous" products, occupy the commanding heights of the international market, improve the competitiveness of the international market, turn resource advantages into commodity advantages, and then into benefit advantages, and fully realize the social and economic development goals of rural prosperity, farmers' prosperity, environmental optimization and social progress by actively participating in the great cycle of international economic development. Third, combine the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure with agricultural industrialization management to realize the second leap of agriculture. From the perspective of institutional economics, agricultural industrialization is a kind of institutional choice and innovation, and it is also a kind of institutional change. Agricultural industrialization management is an important way to realize rural industrial integration. Under the guidance of adhering to the basic principle of serving agricultural production and farmers' life, the specific measures are to adopt different business models and measures in combination with the specific situation, to link the production and operation process of Qian Qian's tens of millions of farmers with the international and domestic markets, to help farmers get rid of the position of vulnerable groups in market competition and negotiations as soon as possible through the strength of the whole society, to enhance the ability of agriculture and farmers to resist natural and market risks, and to promote the all-round development of rural production with the sustained growth of agricultural production. It is a modern organizational form of agricultural and rural economic structure, an important driving force for structural adjustment and the only way to realize China's agricultural modernization. Fourth, give full play to the role of governments at all levels in the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, and explore the establishment of a new diversified investment mechanism with government investment as the guide, farmers and collective investment as the main body, leading enterprises and various financial institutions as the backbone, and foreign capital as the supplement.
2. Take a multi-pronged approach to optimize the rural industrial structure. To adjust the organizational structure of township enterprises, we must first break the community restrictions, take the market as the guide, vigorously promote professional development, and form a reasonable division of labor and cooperative relationship between enterprises of different types and sizes, especially large, medium and small enterprises, on the basis of strengthening the industrial ties between urban and rural areas. Secondly, we should completely overcome various institutional and conceptual obstacles between urban and rural areas and between enterprises formed under the planned economy system, and carry out extensive professional division of labor and cooperation under the role of the market. The main ways to upgrade rural industrial products are: first, to improve the quality and performance of traditional products through technological transformation, while continuing to occupy and expand the market through scale operation and brand competition; Second, vigorously develop new products and constantly develop marketable and famous new products; Third, increase investment in science and technology, introduce and train all kinds of talents needed by enterprises. Restructuring is an effective measure to adjust the property right structure of township enterprises. The restructuring of large enterprises is mainly to solve the contradiction between large assets and limited social investment ability, the contradiction between surplus workers and weak social acceptance ability, and the contradiction between tight township financial revenue and expenditure and the supporting role of large enterprises. Specifically, on the basis of careful evaluation of the total assets of the enterprise, we can calculate the contribution of community collectives (which can be quantified to villagers), operators and employees (including retired employees), and convert them into corresponding shares on this basis to transform the enterprise into a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company. On this basis, standardize the restructured enterprises, especially improve the company system and reform the corporate governance structure.
Developing small towns is the key link to adjust the layout structure of rural industries. Excessive dispersion of township enterprises has become an important reason restricting their development. Through the development of small towns, township enterprises can gradually concentrate from decentralization, completely change the decentralized situation of "township lights and villages" and realize contiguous development. At the same time, the construction of small towns will "start a second venture" for township enterprises, accelerate the urbanization process of China, form a unified industrial chain between urban and rural areas, and provide more space for China's economic development. The construction of small towns in the next 10 year must be combined with the adjustment of rural industrial layout and industrial structure, and must be combined with the reform and innovation of urban construction system.
3. Develop modern rural service industry and improve rural socialized service system. The development of modern rural service industry inevitably requires us to transform the traditional rural service industry. The key to transforming the traditional rural service industry is to establish a good circulation network and facilities for agriculture. To build a circulation information network serving agriculture, we should focus on three things: first, establish an internal economic information center. In an administrative region, several "leading companies" or group companies unite to form a consortium, establish an economic information center, and set up information stations in large and medium-sized cities and major sales stations across the country with the information center as the core to collect, screen, analyze and synthesize information, form scientific choices, guide production and communicate production and sales. The second is to improve the service system of economic information market. While establishing internal economic information network, we should constantly strengthen the construction of non-governmental information network, improve systematic service function, pay attention to information value and use value, speed up the transmission of economic information, improve the timeliness and accuracy of information, and promote the more valuable circulation of agricultural and sideline products. Third, create conditions to build an "information superhighway" to achieve the effect of fast, accurate, complete, new and special information transmission of agricultural and sideline products. The construction of circulation facilities serving agriculture focuses on four aspects: first, improving storage conditions; The second is to increase the necessary processing facilities; Third, we should strengthen the operation of functional facilities; The fourth is to establish a multi-level professional market. Modern rural service industry must improve the service level and technical content, vigorously develop rural information, finance, accounting, consulting, law, tourism services and other industries, and improve the overall level of service industry. At present and for a long time to come, in addition to vigorously developing modern rural information, consulting and legal services, we should also focus on developing modern rural finance and tourism. The overall goal of perfecting China's rural socialized service system should be to establish and improve agricultural service organizations, strengthen service functions and improve service quality. Specifically, it is necessary to improve the rural circulation service system, rural science and education service system, rural capital service system and rural legal service system. Of course, to improve the rural socialized service system, we must standardize the government service behavior. From the organizational structure of the current rural socialized service system, there are government-run agricultural service organizations, rural collective service organizations, new cooperative service organizations and private service organizations, among which government-run agricultural service organizations are the decisive force in the rural socialized service system.
4, do a good job in the construction of small towns in rural areas, and fully realize the modernization of rural economy. Developing small towns can promote the adjustment of rural industrial structure, employment structure and ownership structure, and accelerate the upgrading of rural industries. The relative concentration of township enterprises is the inherent law of industrial development, and small towns are an important carrier and support for rural industrial development. By developing small towns, township enterprises can gradually concentrate from dispersion and form agglomeration effect. The development of tertiary industry is based on a certain population size and agglomeration. To change the situation that the proportion of rural tertiary industry is too low, we must focus on developing small towns. Therefore, it is promising to combine the adjustment of rural industrial structure with the construction of rural small towns. Strengthen the construction planning of small towns, highlight key points, and strive to upgrade the system of small towns; Focus on development, strengthen functions, and strive to optimize the economic structure of small towns; Deepen reform, innovate the system, and ensure the construction of small towns and the development of rural economy; Strengthen urban management and give full play to the role of urban construction. According to the characteristics of China's national conditions, in the process of organizing the construction of rural small towns, we should properly handle the relationship between industrial production and agricultural production, town size and market capacity, economic development and ecological protection, unified planning and local characteristics, material civilization construction and spiritual civilization construction, and help farmers gradually realize the industrialization of product production, urbanization of settlement conditions, ecologicalization of living environment and modernization of lifestyle, so that small towns can truly become the center of local rural economic modernization.