Edit this paragraph | Back to Top Entrepreneurship History-Content Summary
The novel History of Entrepreneurship focuses on the development of Liang Shengbao's mutual aid group, which shows the historical features and changes of farmers' thoughts and feelings in the process of agricultural socialist transformation in China.
Content of the work: It reflects the agricultural cooperative movement in Hamatan, Xiabao Township, Weihe Plain, points out the urgency and importance of carrying out mutual aid and cooperation movement and educating farmers on socialist ideology under the situation of serious polarization in rural areas at that time, and reveals the realistic possibility and historical inevitability of farmers taking the socialist road.
Two opposing camps: on the one hand, poor farm labourers such as Liang Shengbao and Gao Zengfu who resolutely follow the road of "* * * becoming rich"; On the other side are rich farmer Yao Shijie, middle farmer Guo Shifu and village head Guo Zhenshan. Among them is Liang San.
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Liu Qing said in the first sentence of The History of Entrepreneurship: "Am I writing a novel? No. I am writing history. What I want to write is the life feelings of China farmers at the moment they entered socialism. " . Therefore, the novel has a strong Shaanxi style, and the author's profound thoughts can leave a deep impression on readers.
1951may, Liu Yunhua (Liu Qing), one of the founders of China Youth Daily and editor-in-chief of Supplement, suddenly left the capital Beijing, took simple luggage and set foot on the muddy road in the last misty spring rain, and settled in Huangfu Township, Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province. This former "senior cadre of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League" (it is said that he was a very high cadre at that time) lived as a farmer in the ancient temple beside the Shenheyuan River for 14 years. Liu Qing's "History of Entrepreneurship" was published in China Youth Publishing House at that time, and it is said that the manuscript fee was100000. Liu Qing donated all his money to the countryside, buying chemical fertilizers, agricultural machinery and installing electric wires for the countryside. In short, he is a completely selfless writer.
The famous story "Liang Shengbao buys rice seeds" actually comes from Liu Qing himself. 1956, Liu Qing exchanged his manuscript fee and savings for Japanese elite rice-dwarf japonica rice. After the success of the small-scale planting experiment, the following autumn, Wang Jiabin (Liang Shengbao prototype) Shengli Cooperative 100 mu of rice achieved a bumper harvest, with an average yield of 7 10 kg per mu, which set the highest grain production record in Shaanxi history. 1960, one month before China Youth Publishing House published its first novel "The History of Entrepreneurship", Liu Qing donated all the payment of 16065 yuan to Shengli People's Commune. As the industrial infrastructure cost of the commune, the commune used this "huge sum" to build the agricultural machinery factory, and later built the Wangqu Health Center. In order to wire the village, Liu Qing paid part of the manuscript fee for the second novel (four books were originally planned for the History of Entrepreneurship), so Liu Qing almost spent the rest of his life in debt. Like all ascetics, one of the writers with the highest circulation in contemporary China died penniless.
At that time, before the "Cultural Revolution", The Story History of Three Red Stories published by the China Youth Association was the best and influential work in China literature. Liu Qing's novels not only won praise from readers, but also won acclaim from literary circles. Liang Shengbao, Xu Gaixia, Liang Sanhan and other artistic images created in the history of entrepreneurship have become the object of discussion in the literary world.
Liu Qing's History of Entrepreneurship was actually influenced by the so-called three red flags before the Cultural Revolution. Although he devoted a lot of sincere feelings to farmers and rural areas, he could not get rid of some explanation of social process from the mainstream theory at that time. Liang Shengbao was also controversial at that time, and many people thought that this character was flattering by the author. Now it seems that this statement is still appropriate. However, this is the limitation of history, and no one can develop independently without history. In fact, from the research point of view, the historical concepts of important writers are influenced by political factors, which is exactly what literary research must contact.
Changning Palace in Chang 'an. There is a cave there. It is said that this is the real address where Liu Qing wrote The History of Entrepreneurship.
The History of Entrepreneurship is an epic masterpiece reflecting the movement of agricultural cooperation, which occupies a prominent position in the history of contemporary literature in China.
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Through the life evolution of toad beach, a small village in the northwest of China, the History of Entrepreneurship summarizes the social contradictions and conflicts in the early stage of the agricultural cooperative movement in China, and focuses on the social, ideological and psychological changes in this revolution of changing private ownership into public ownership.
At the beginning of the novel, in the preface, the tragic history of three generations of Liang San's old man is described. This period of history is a typical summary of the historical road taken by farmers in China for thousands of years. "Ming" is intended to show that on the basis of private ownership, it is difficult for farmers to really get rich, even if they put all their energy into it. Only by taking the socialist road under the leadership of the Party can farmers have their own bright future. However, it is difficult to start a business, and the road to socialism is not smooth sailing. The text of the novel revolves around the consolidation and development of Liang Shengbao's mutual aid group until the establishment of Lighthouse Society, which completely summarizes the complex struggles encountered in the agricultural cooperative movement. The author concretizes the main opposites of this struggle into three forces: first, Guo Shifu, a well-to-do middle peasant, is a representative figure who insists on individual economy in rural areas. With his rich personal economic strength, he attracts individual farmers with his "role model" and openly opposes agricultural collectivization; Second, the reactionary rich peasant Yao Shijie, a vicious class enemy, stood behind Guo Shifu and sabotaged the mutual aid group with conspiracy; Third, Guo Zhenshan, a representative of the spontaneous forces in the Party, is a new middle peasant after the land reform, who is keen on personal enrichment and secretly resists the cooperative movement. The social status of these three people is different, and there are contradictions among them, but the author shows that they formed an alliance unintentionally in their intention of "taking the capitalist road". It was in this struggle that Liang Shengbao's mutual aid group, under the leadership of the Party, relied on, united and educated the peasant masses, won successive victories, and showed the superiority and strong vitality of socialism.
The author's construction of the novel's contradictory framework obviously followed the generally recognized understanding of the basic contradictions in rural areas during the socialist period at that time, that is, the struggle with the spontaneous forces taking the capitalist road, the struggle with the hidden class enemies, and the struggle with the party representatives taking the capitalist road. The author turned his understanding of the nature of social contradictions into an artistic conception. But what is commendable is that these struggles are not simplified and superficial in the artistic description of the novel. First of all, it boldly reveals the intricacies of these contradictions and struggles. In the writer's works, even the poor peasants are not monolithic, and there are activists Gao Zengfu and Feng who stand firmly with Liang Shengbao and take the socialist road. There are also some who lag behind the revolutionary trend of the times to varying degrees, such as Liang San, an old man, and Wang Er. Liang San, an old man, has long been skeptical about mutual aid groups, and Wang Er refused to accept socialism until he died. The concept of private ownership in their minds also posed resistance to the agricultural cooperative movement. Secondly, it profoundly reveals the contradictions and conflicts among various classes, strata, families, neighbors and party organizations in rural areas. Some of these conflicts between thoughts and personalities are manifested in actions, some in thoughts, and some are only manifested in psychological changes. Both of them are directly or indirectly related to the two road struggles in the cooperative movement, which truly reproduces the complex social relations during the socialist revolution.
It is also worth noting that when the author unfolded this historical picture, he reflected his unique views on the nature and characteristics of the socialist revolution. The agricultural cooperative movement is different from the land reform movement. Land reform can deprive landlords of the means of production by political coercion, because they are class enemies. The struggle between the two roads in the agricultural cooperative movement is mainly reflected among the people to a great extent. The struggle against the spontaneous forces of capitalism and guiding farmers to get rid of the shackles of private ownership can only rely on educational methods. Therefore, the novel did not write thrilling events, nor did it create a vigorous struggle scene. Instead, through a series of "life stories" such as "buying rice seeds", "raising seedlings with new methods" and "chopping bamboo on the mountain" of Liang Shengbao's mutual aid group, it vividly and profoundly shows that when the production mode in rural society is facing historical changes, we can only actively develop production and create a kind of rich peasants. The History of Entrepreneurship truly shows life by fascinating artistic means, and the profound thoughts revealed are of great enlightening significance, which makes it stand the test of history in similar works.
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The novel "The History of Entrepreneurship" has created a number of vivid characters in sharp and complicated conflicts.
Liang Shengbao, the leader of the cooperative movement, is a new socialist image carefully shaped by the author. When he was a child, he begged for food. When he grew up, he survived his long-term work. Before liberation, he worked as an "underground farmer" in the barren hills. Together with his stepfather, he experienced the bitterness of starting a family and inheriting the excellent qualities of hardworking, simple and persevering workers from his parents. The young preparatory party member, under the education of the Party, once he realized that private ownership was the root of all evils, decided to take a road different from his parents' and start the great cause of socialism. Just as Guo Zhenshan, an old party member, retreated on the revolutionary journey, he bravely shouldered the heavy responsibility of leading the cultivators to take the road of mutual assistance and cooperation and became an active, wise, just and capable leader. But the novel did not write him as a "sharp-edged, aggressive figure." He is humble, simple, honest, kind and thoughtful. He never pretends to be a leader, let alone bossing and boasting. On the surface, he is even a little timid, lacking courage and wit in love life. However, listening to the Party, loving socialism and being full of sacrifice are his most valuable ideological qualities. This novel captures this most important feature of his character. It focuses on his solid and powerful actions for the cause of the party. In the early days of the establishment of the mutual aid group, when the cultivator turned his envious eyes to the wealthy middle peasants, he went to Guo County to buy rice seeds and engaged in double cropping of rice and wheat in the mutual aid group. This incident touched farmers' hearts more than the ceremony of erecting beams in Guo Shifu, and people immediately focused on measures to increase grain production. This deeply disturbed Guo Shifu. He thought, "I didn't expect his boy to run in front of us!" " When "actively lending", wealthy middle peasants are reluctant to lend food to needy families in case of spring drought. Even capable Guo Zhenshan was at a loss, but he still organized people to cut bamboo in the mountains, which solved the problems of food for poor families and fertilizer for mutual aid groups. Obviously, this is not an earth-shattering feat, but it is these seemingly "ordinary" actions that have caused waves in the hearts of farmers in Toad Beach and made them see the superiority of socialism. At the same time, the novel also reveals Liang Shengbao's inner world in depth and detail through chapters such as "on the way to buy rice seeds" and "talking at night to increase happiness", showing his lofty spiritual beauty. He is determined to devote his whole department to the cause of the party. "He feels that only in this way can he live a vibrant and tasteful life." He believes that "according to the instructions of the party, doing things for the masses, suffering is fun." The author's portrayal of this new rural image naturally has a solid realistic foundation. Although the author deliberately purified the image of the characters in order to reflect his political and aesthetic ideals, he ignored the ideology of the inevitable small producer in this young farmer, which affected the credibility of the image to some extent. However, the spirit of enterprising, persistent and selfless dedication embodied in this image, as well as the style of being strict with oneself and paying attention to being realistic, have really attracted many readers. In particular, the author's careful grasp of Shaanxi farmers' unique spiritual temperament, mode of action, emotional state and even language habits will help him keep this image touching.
Liang San is the most successful artistic image in the history of entrepreneurship. In the old society, the old poor peasant experienced three ups and downs in the bitter history of establishing a family business, so he supported the land reform wholeheartedly. As a small producer, his biggest dream is to make good use of the land allocated to him by the new society, really build his own family business with hard work, and be a Guo Shifu-style "elder of the Three Rivers Roof House". Therefore, when the social mode of production is about to undergo major changes, it is difficult for him to believe and accept it for a while. This is determined by his conservatism as a farmer who has been burdened with private ownership for thousands of years. On the other hand, he is a hardworking, kind and simple worker. His "painful memory of exploitation" and "oppressed mind" make him "close to Secretary Wang, Party branch and students in spirit". Although he doubted and opposed his son's support group, he always cared about the fate of the mutual aid and cooperation movement. The author brilliantly describes the dual character of this contradiction, and emphatically describes the difficult course of this character on the socialist road. He first opposed the mutual aid group, then doubted his stubborn old ways, and finally admitted that his son was on the right path and stood on the side of the cooperative movement. Liang San's artistic image, which once wavered between the two roads, is really amazing. Although it is not unique in the history of entrepreneurship, it can show the change of a farmer's ideological character and the hard and painful struggle he experienced in bidding farewell to private ownership. It can be said that Liang San is a rare artistic model in the gallery of contemporary literary figures.
The images of "three able men" Guo Zhenshan, Guo Shifu and Yao Shijie in Toad Beach are also shaped with their own characteristics.
Guo Zhenshan's image has profound warning significance. As a native of party member, he was keen on personal wealth, looked on the mutual aid group coldly, tried his best to attack its prestige, and became a stumbling block to the cooperative movement. Although he is clever and flexible, he only cares about personal interests and runs counter to the requirements of the party, which makes him lose his prestige among the masses. He is obviously going the wrong way, but he is pretentious, unreasonable, overbearing and aggressive. Through his own words and deeds, and the sharp contrast between his words and deeds and Liang Shengbao's words and deeds, the novel profoundly and vividly reveals his ideological character. This image tells people that individualistic motives must be in sharp opposition to the party's principles and lines if they want to find a way out within the party. Party member, such a producer of * * *, seriously reshaped his thoughts as follows. If left unchecked, it will do harm to the party's cause and eventually destroy himself politically.
Guo Shifu and Yao Shijie are two villains in the author's works. They have both similarities and differences. They are consistent in the trend of resisting cooperation: however, different social status makes them have their own characteristics in motivation and behavior. Guo Shifu, a wealthy middle peasant, is a traitor, greedy, cunning and cautious. Out of personal madness, he resisted the call of the party everywhere, but engaged in a "legal struggle." Yao Shijie, a rich peasant, has a deep class hatred for the new society. He is "honest" and "active" on the surface, but insidious and cunning, secretly carrying out sabotage activities, showing the reactionary nature of class enemies.
In addition, Gao Zengfu, Feng, Ren Laosi, Ren Huanxi, Ba, Liang, Gao Zengrong, Gaixia, Su Fang, Sheng, etc. They are all characters with distinct personalities. They formed a contradictory and unified image world in an irreplaceable position, which brought rich ideological implications to their works.
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In a broad sense, the reflection and generalization of the history of entrepreneurship on social life has the characteristics and scale of epic.
In the treatment of subject matter, the novel organically combines the breadth and depth of history. The focus of the work description is to explore the historical profundity of the theme of the agricultural cooperative movement itself. The History of Entrepreneurship describes the struggle between two roads and various ideas in the agricultural cooperative movement. The tentacles of art not only touched the influential and representative figures in the countryside, but also touched the unnoticed corner of Toad Beach hut. It not only shows the rolling mainstream of the movement, but also reveals its tributaries, undercurrents and countercurrent; It not only describes people's political stance, but also describes people's ideological trends and psychological state. There is no doubt that this is a profound reflection on life. At the same time, the writer has expanded the breadth of the subject matter from the perspective of historians: on the one hand, through the introduction of "narrative" and the life history of characters, the present of Toad Beach is linked with the past of Toad Beach; On the other hand, through the plot of Guo Shifu selling grain in Huangbao Town and changing Xiaxia into a factory, the struggle in Toad Beach was linked with the national socialist revolution and construction at that time. In this way, the struggle of Toad Beach has a very broad background. Readers can see its position from the historical connection and its significance from the overall connection, and the depth and breadth of history have reached unity.
In the description of characters, the novel shows a broad artistic vision. There are many characters in the writer's works, covering almost all classes and strata in rural areas. These numerous figures spread widely in social life. At the same time, the writer pays special attention to revealing the profound social and historical roots of the unique characters and unique destiny, so that everyone has a life history. Through this in-depth description of the characters, readers can understand why they behave in this way in the real struggle and put forward social problems with universal significance. If the old man Liang San had a tragic entrepreneurial history before liberation and dreamed of being the elder of the quadrangle after the land reform, it is completely logical that he hesitated in the face of the cooperative movement and broke away from the concept of private ownership so hard. Another example is Su Fang's extremely special tragic fate and the description that she is still imprisoned by the feudal patriarchal clan system in real life, which effectively reveals the profound relationship between women's liberation and socialist revolution. Here, the personal fate of the characters is linked with the process of social history, which increases the content and thickness of the works.
In terms of structural arrangement, according to the requirements of epic scale, The History of Entrepreneurship adopts a multi-volume layout. The biggest feature of the first film is its "preface" and "ending". The "preface" provides the background for the upcoming struggle, and the "ending" plays a connecting role. The former describes the source of life, while the latter shows the destination of life, which makes the former not only an independent artistic whole, but also a life stage to be developed in the long river of history. The breadth and depth of history have been implemented in strict structural arrangements.
The history of entrepreneurship is not perfect. For example, some chapters have lengthy psychological descriptions of characters, which leads to slow development of the plot. But on the whole, The History of Entrepreneurship is a masterpiece of the perfect unity of thought and art.