Britain imported opium from China for a long time, and by the end of 1930s, the import volume had reached an alarming level. This dirty opium trade not only made the British East India Company, the British Indian government and opium dealers gain huge profits, but also formed a close interest relationship with the British government and the entire British bourgeoisie. 18391On June 3, Lin Zexu, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, ordered a ban on smoking, which shocked the destruction of opium in Humen at home and abroad.
1840 In June, the British invaders, relying on their ships to protect the opium trade, launched the opium war of aggression against China. British troops successively captured Zhoushan, Humen, Xiamen, Ningbo, Wusong, Zhenjiang and other places, and occupied Hong Kong Island. 1842 (the 22nd year of Daoguang) On August 4th, the British army advanced on Nanjing and demanded a ransom of 3 million yuan. The Qing Dynasty, which was defeated militarily, was represented by Niu Jian, an imperial envoy and governor of the two rivers, and Jian Ying, deputy commander-in-chief of Zhapu, who negotiated with the British side. Sino-British peace treaty negotiations began.
During the treaty negotiations from August 1842 to August 1 1 29, the representatives of the Qing Dynasty were unable to resist under the British military pressure. The British side did not allow the Qing side to make any changes to its conditions, and repeatedly threatened to attack Nanjing. The Chinese and English versions of treaty of nanking are entirely produced by the British side. On August 29th, the old citizen, Elib and British plenipotentiary Pu Dingcha signed a peace treaty on the British warship Khan Gorgeous on the Nanjing River. Nanjing was called Jiangning at that time, and treaty of nanking was also called Jiangning Treaty. Now, it is usually called treaty of nanking.
Sino-British treaty of nanking *** 13, the main content is: 1. Declare the war over. Relations between the two countries have changed from a state of war to a state of peace. 2. Trade with five ports. The Qing government opened five trading ports, including Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, allowing British consulates to stay and allowing British businessmen and their families to live freely. 3. compensation. The Qing government paid 2 1 10,000 yuan to Britain, including 6 million yuan for burning opium, 0/0.2 million yuan for British military spending, and 3 million yuan for repaying merchants' debts. The payment will be paid in four years. If it cannot be paid in full and on time, the annual interest will be 100 yuan plus 5 yuan. 4. Cut the land. The Qing government ceded Hong Kong to Britain. 5. Separate tariff rules. The Qing government will issue new tariff rules on the principle of fairness, so that British businessmen can pay according to the rules. 6. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen and China businessmen to trade freely.
Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty imposed on the people of China by modern western capitalist countries. Britain forced China to accept its aggression demand by military aggression, which destroyed China's independent status as a sovereign country. The occupation of Hongkong damaged the territorial integrity of China. The trading ports became the center of colonial plunder and unequal exchange of China by western capitalism. The huge compensation increased the financial burden of the Qing government, and at the same time it was passed on to the working people, making their lives more difficult. After the signing of treaty of nanking, western powers took advantage of the fire to rob and forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties. Since then, China has gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Treaty of nanking original:
1842 August 29th Daoguang July 24th 22nd Nanjing.
Because the Qing emperor and the British monarch wanted to explain the recent discord and stop the trouble, they agreed to establish a permanent peace treaty. It is based on the Qing emperor's special envoy, Prince Shao Bao, an honest minister, guarding the imperial clan of Guangdong and Guangxi and wearing a red ribbon. The plenipotentiary minister of the monarchs of Britain, Ireland and other countries, the hereditary baron Park Dincha, the third-class general of India and other places belonging to Britain; It is good to read the imperial edicts to each other and grant them full authority. Even if the provisions are put forward, they are also displayed on the left:
1. Later, the great emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the great monarch of Britain lived in peace forever. China and Britain belong to each other, and people living in other countries will be blessed by that country.
1. From then on, the Great Emperor allowed the British and their families to live in five ports along the coast of the Qing Dynasty, such as Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, with no obstacles to trade; Moreover, the great British monarch also sent consuls, butlers and other officials to the five cities to deal with merchant affairs and communicate with local officials. The British are required to pay goods tax, paper money and other expenses in accordance with the following terms.
1. If the British merchant ship is often damaged by crossing the ocean and needs to be repaired, it should be given a place along the coast to repair the ship and save the used materials. Today, the great emperor, Brigadier General Hong Kong Island, gave the great British monarch and later the hereditary throne, Chang Yuan, who was in charge of the master's palm and made it subject to legislative jurisdiction.
First, because the Qing imperial envoy Daxian was equal to Daoguang in February of 19th year, British consular officers and civilians were forced to stay in Guangdong. They were scared to death and demanded opium for atonement. Today, the great emperor must pay the original price with six million foreign silver members.
First, all British businessmen's trade in Guangdong is based on the amount of money in Shang Hong, which is also called a contractor. Today's great emperor allows that it is not necessary to do so in the future, but whenever there is a British businessman's trade outlet, no matter what business he handles, he should let it go; Take the number of Hong Kong businessmen as an example, and so on. Many people owe money to British businessmen and have no way to pay it back. Today, it was decided to use 3 million foreign banks as the amount owed by businessmen and allow China officials to repay.
1. Due to the imperial edict of the ministers of the Qing Dynasty and other unfairness to British officials and people, it is necessary to send soldiers to beg for an extension. Today, it is decided that the navy and army will pay silver12 million, and the great emperor will make up for it. However, from June 5, 20001year, Britain received the amount of silver redeemed from the city, and the British plenipotentiary was the monarch, which would be deducted according to the amount.
First, the amount of discretionary money to be paid by the above three * * * members in installments is listed on the left:
At this time, the Bank of Communications had six million employees;
In the year of Guimao, three million will be issued in June, three million in December and six million in * *;
Chen Jia had 2.5 million employees in June, 2.5 million employees in/kloc-0 and 5 million employees in February;
In June of the following year, the bank paid two million members,1February, two million members and four million members.
From the year of Renyin to the year of Yisi, the bank pays its members 21000000 in four years.
If it is not paid in full on time, it is appropriate to raise interest rates by 5 per 100 members every year.
First, all British people, regardless of their own country, the country's military and civilians, etc. Now in China under the jurisdiction of the local banned, the Qing emperor will be released.
First, all China people, all former residents of the city where the British live, or people who have contacts with the British, or people who follow and wait for British officials are all condescending emperors, recorded in the world, and completely exempted from punishment; In addition, all China victims imprisoned for British affairs will also be released with grace.
First, the second article above stipulates that the five places where British businessmen live and trade, such as Guangzhou, should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fees. The regulations should be negotiated fairly and ordered by the Ministry to make British businessmen pay according to the regulations; Today, it is also agreed that after British goods are taxed in a certain port, China businessmen are allowed to transport them to all parts of the world, and the tax regulations passed on the way must not be aggravated, only according to the valuation regulations, and the tax increase is not excessive every two.
1. Agree that the correspondence between the officials in charge of the British residence in China and the ministers of the Qing Dynasty, whether in Beijing or outside Beijing, should have the word "note"; British membership, with the words "Chen Shen"; The minister approved the word Zahang; Members of these two countries must exchange notes in parallel. If the businessmen of the two countries reach an official charter, it will not be discussed, and the word "Ming Ming" will still be used.
First, as soon as the Qing emperor allowed all the terms of the contract to be implemented, and at this time allowed six million members to pay off, the British amphibious sergeant immediately withdrew from the rivers in Jiangning and Jingkou, and stopped obstructing the trade of businessmen in China provinces. Zhaobaoshan in Zhenhai Town will also give in. Only Zhoushan Island in Dinghai County and Gulangyu Island in Xiamen Hall are temporarily stationed by British troops. After all the foreign exchange and foreign exchange are paid off and all the seaports are open to British trade, the sergeant stationed in the second place will quit and no longer occupy it.
First, all the above items are related to the discussion and offering, and should be used by ministers and other officials to explain the purposes of the Qing emperor and the British monarch respectively? Personal approval, that is, rapid intersection, so that the two countries have a total of books to show their commitment; But the two countries are far apart and can't get there once. Two copies will be prepared. First, the imperial envoys of the Qing Dynasty, the ministers who handle affairs cheaply, and the British ministers who are plenipotentiaries make decisions for the monarch, and each copy is subject to the seal of the customs, so that the implementation is carried out in accordance with the terms of the peace treaty. Someone who wants to make peace.
On July 24th, 22nd year of Daoguang, that is, on August 29th, the year of British Chronicle, the British monarch Hua Khan made an inspection tour from Jiangning, the capital. The boat bell rang.
annotations
For this treaty, see Customs of Foreign Treaties, Volume 1, Page 35 1-356; Re-transmission of Daoguang Treaty, vol. 1, pp. 34-37. See the English version of Customs Foreign Treaties, the same page as the Chinese version.
Treaty of nanking had no name at first, and it was usually called Jiangning Treaty or treaty of nanking. According to the Daoguang Treaty, it is also called the White Gate Treaty.
1843 On June 26th, treaty of nanking exchanged instruments of ratification in Hongkong.
References:
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