In order to achieve the goal of "harmonious Shenzhen and beneficial Shenzhen", it is necessary to realize the harmony between urban development and geological environment and natural environment. Carrying out urban geological work is the need to solve these urban geological problems, rationally develop and utilize geological resources and realize the harmonious development of cities and geological environment.
As mentioned above, the time is ripe for Shenzhen to carry out urban three-dimensional geological survey, which can serve for a new round of urban development, unprecedented development of underground space resources, protection of geological environment and revision of urban master plan.
It is suggested that the three-dimensional geological survey of Shenzhen city should be organized and implemented by the Municipal Bureau of Land Resources and Real Estate under the leadership of the municipal government. On the basis of understanding the demand of urban development for geological work and the existing geological work, according to the requirements of the Outline of Urban Geological Survey Planning and the Key Points of the Annual Geological Survey Plan of the Ministry of Land and Resources (Project Guidance), the project proposal is compiled.
Among them, the preparation of project proposal includes the following contents: urban development status and trend, urban geological background, comprehensive analysis of previous geological work and existing data, project basis, overall objectives, tasks and main work contents, project feasibility analysis, overall deployment plan and work stage division, main physical workload and budget estimate, etc.
After the completion of the project proposal, the municipal government shall submit an invitation letter to the China Geological Survey for investment cooperation in urban geological survey, with the project proposal attached, and promise the proportion of investment. China Geological Survey decides whether to cooperate with the urban geological survey according to the comprehensive factors such as the compilation points of the annual geological survey plan of the Ministry of Land and Resources (project establishment guide), the annual urban geological survey fund plan and the necessity of project establishment.
After China Geological Survey and Shenzhen Municipal Government reached the cooperation intention, the relevant managers of both sides immediately formed a joint project leading group to coordinate and manage the implementation of the project. After that, the work can be carried out according to the procedures, including the preparation, review and approval of the project feasibility study report, the signing of the cooperation agreement, the release of the task book, the preparation and review of the work plan design, the implementation of the project, the review, submission and release of the results.
In view of the upcoming three-dimensional geological survey in Shenzhen, the following suggestions are put forward:
1) The three-dimensional urban geological survey in Shenzhen will be a basic work around the overall urban development planning and urban construction expansion. Through high-tech and methods, the formation and evolution mechanism of geological environment and the mutual feedback mechanism with urban human activities are studied from a high starting point, a high level and a new perspective, so as to solve major or important urban geological environment and engineering problems related to it, build a Shenzhen urban geological information management and evaluation system, and provide decision-making basis for the Shenzhen municipal government and urban development. Therefore, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the project and meet the needs of the local economy, there must be an effective organization and management organization (government-designated organization-implementation unit) to coordinate and supervise the normal development of the project.
2) Three-dimensional geological work is different from the previous two-dimensional geological work, and the work content is temporarily divided into two aspects: plane and vertical. Planarly, it is divided into three parts: key area-sub-key area-urban peripheral area; Vertically, it is divided into four layers: surface layer, engineering construction layer, loose sedimentary layer and bedrock geological layer. At the same time, according to the development and utilization plan of underground space in Shenzhen, the three-dimensional geological structure of key areas such as subway lines in Shenzhen is studied.
3) The existing predecessors' achievements in Shenzhen are rich and can be fully utilized, which is of great help to save work costs and speed up work progress. After years of geological survey and urban construction, Shenzhen has accumulated a large number of regional geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, environmental geology, seismic geology, geophysics, geochemistry, disaster geology, remote sensing and other materials and data from the surface to the underground. These materials and data are mainly distributed in land, urban construction, transportation, water (benefit), design, geology, survey, archives and other departments, and some of the results can be directly used or comprehensively cited. Therefore, only by collecting, screening, sorting, analyzing and recording the database can a systematic and complete data system be formed, which will lay a good technical condition and a solid technical foundation for the implementation of the project.
Two, the establishment of the city's geological database and three-dimensional visualization information system.
The sustainable development of a city is restricted by geological environment factors, and urban planning, site selection, design and construction, operation and maintenance of ground buildings and underground projects all depend on an accurate understanding of the geological environment. Therefore, the municipal construction departments and land and resources departments have obtained a large number of geological environment data related to urban sustainable development through field investigation and geological environment investigation, including basic geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, disaster geology and ecological environment. The acquisition of these data reveals the basic characteristics of the geological environment of each city and provides scientific decision-making basis for urban planning and development. However, due to various factors, the geological environment data management of most cities in China is still in the state of paper documents and manual management, and it is scattered in various departments, which makes it difficult to query and retrieve the relevant data quickly in urban planning and geological disaster prevention, and there are a lot of geological environment data loss and management confusion, which brings inconvenience to the rapid decision-making of urban planning, geological disaster prevention and ecological environment protection. This management method is extremely unsuitable for the rapid development of modern cities. It is necessary to establish an environmental geological database and adopt modern, automated and standardized management methods to meet the requirements of rapid urban development.
The development of a city has its spatial position, and the corresponding geological environment conditions are different in spatial distribution. The suitability of geological environment conditions in different regions of the city is quite different. The suitability of regional geological environment conditions for urban planning depends on basic geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology and disaster geology, which is the comprehensive result of spatial superposition analysis of basic geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology and disaster geology. Therefore, the information reflecting the urban geological environment is not only a kind of attribute data, but also has the characteristics of spatial distribution. If paper documents and manual management are still used to reveal the relevant data of urban geological environment, there are great limitations in spatial information collection and spatial information superposition analysis, and it is impossible to get comprehensive analysis information of geological environment in a certain area in time.
Urban engineering geological survey data are not only valuable to exploration and research units, but also an important basis for economic activities of social enterprises and institutions and decision-making of sustainable development of economy, resources, energy and society of government organs at all levels, so it is necessary to preserve them for a long time. Because the cost of obtaining exploration data is high, and it is universal for different exploration objects, different exploration purposes and different exploration stages, it is necessary to enjoy geological data. How to integrate and make full use of the existing massive urban engineering geological data is also the requirement of urban informatization. The project of "Digitization of Geological Environment" enables people to better understand the geological conditions. Before urban planning and construction, it is very necessary to carry out urban engineering geological survey and foundation safety consultation. Many departments in the municipal government institutions, such as Urban Construction Bureau, Seismological Bureau, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Agriculture Bureau, Water Conservancy Bureau, etc., are all or partially involved in the collection, management, processing and application of this information. It is of great significance to estimate the loss of urban geological disasters in the next few years. Topological superposition of urban geological environment distribution map derived from geological environment information system and urban planning map (including urban economic distribution, population distribution, industrial type, etc.). ), combined with vulnerability analysis, we can further estimate the loss of urban geological disasters in the next few years, and delineate key prevention and control areas and key monitoring areas. The "Digital Geological Environment" project can help people reduce the response time of accidents and control the degree of geological disasters. When urban geological disasters occur suddenly, the urban geological environment information system provides an abstract model of the real world composed of spatial data, which can help emergency engineers and technicians quickly understand the cause of the accident and its impact on surrounding buildings and personnel, and then make emergency plans. In view of this, it is more urgent to establish a spatial database of urban environmental geology based on geographic information system (GIS), which can provide data support for quickly extracting comprehensive information of geological environment in a certain area of the city.
The application of engineering geological database is realized by engineering geological management information system, which can realize data query, various data analysis, automatic generation of engineering geological profile, etc. At the same time, the spatial visualization model of underground engineering geological body can be established based on engineering geological database, and the model can be rotated, cut and excavated to display structural information (occurrence, groundwater level, lithology, etc.). The internal structure of the model.
Integrate the existing resources to form the Shenzhen geological information management system, and provide basic geological data for the protection of underground space geological environment. Unified development of urban environmental geological spatial database and survey information system software, and establishment of spatial database and information system according to different levels of the region; Complete the basic database construction of environmental geological maps with different scales, and realize the informationization of the whole process of urban environmental geological survey information collection, processing, storage and analysis; Popularize and apply efficient and practical field information collection and processing technology, and initially realize the informationization of the main process of urban environmental geological investigation and evaluation; Establish a meta-database of urban environmental geological survey information, carry out online services, and establish an open query system for urban environmental geological information; Improve the rapid response ability of urban environmental geological work to urban development and improve the socialized service of geological information.
At present, most of the geological survey data are mastered by various technical units, so it is necessary to study the legal issues related to data collection.
Third, the geological environment protection and management countermeasures in the utilization of urban underground space
1. Strengthen the understanding of geological environment protection in underground space development.
As a basic geological work closely related to human survival, urban society, economy, environment and information, urban geological environment research provides targeted, practical and advanced basic geological data and achievements for urban planning and construction, disaster reduction and prevention.
There is interaction and influence between human economic activities and geological environment. On the one hand, the geological environment affects and restricts the engineering construction, and at the same time, the engineering construction leads to the serious deterioration of the geological environment, causing geological disasters or diseases and causing huge economic losses. The purpose of urban engineering geological environment evaluation research is to understand geological environment problems, master their regularity, and correctly evaluate the harm and influence of disasters on human beings. The significance of evaluation is to guide people to avoid or reduce the induction and influence of various potential disasters in the city, avoid the huge governance cost and huge additional cost brought by urban disasters and low-quality environment to various engineering activities, fully tap the development potential and utilization ability of high-quality land resources and environmental resources, control the development and utilization of low-quality environment and land resources, and promote and maintain the coordination between urban environment and development to the maximum extent.
Facing the high-intensity and high-density development of urban land, how to protect and improve the quality of urban engineering geological environment and how to use and protect land resources scientifically are the basic and forward-looking topics for implementing the strategy of urban sustainable development. Especially in many cities with poor quality of inherent geological environment or serious influence of potential geological disasters, it is of great significance to correctly evaluate urban engineering geological environment in urban planning and construction. The evaluation of urban engineering geological environment can provide basis for land selection and land development sequence in urban planning. The evaluation results of urban engineering geological environment should be easily understood and accepted by non-geological disaster researchers, so as to achieve the purpose of disaster research serving decision makers.
The establishment of Scientific Outlook on Development promotes the transformation of urban construction and development mode, and also puts forward a new topic for geological work: how to strengthen ecological environment protection? How to develop reasonable underground space? How to fully recycle renewable resources? How to apply new technologies and methods to the restoration of geological environment puts forward higher requirements for urban geological work and faces new challenges.
Only by fully understanding and combining the experience and reality of Shenzhen's geological work, highlighting the principle of "protecting while developing" and adhering to the basic means of "based on the needs of this city, moderately advancing, highlighting key points, perfecting the system and relying on science and technology" can we establish a geological work system that is compatible with the development of market economy and consistent with the construction of ecological environment, and provide long-term and effective protection for the construction of ecological environment. Take Scientific Outlook on Development as the guide to provide the foundation and powerful guarantee for Shenzhen to realize a harmonious society.
At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination and cooperation between geological and mineral management departments and urban planning, construction and management departments, strengthen exchanges and cooperation between planning, construction and water affairs departments with high demand for geological information, and give full play to the role of geological work achievements in serving urban planning and construction.
2. Accelerate the legislative work and clarify the overall functions of the land department.
Perfecting the legal system of supervision and management system is the most important and effective means to strengthen geological environmental protection, and it is also the weakest link in the current geological environmental protection work in China. It is necessary to speed up the formulation of the Regulations of Shenzhen Municipality on Geological Environment Protection and its supporting laws, regulations and relevant industry standards, extend the geological environment supervision and management system to districts and streets, strictly enforce the law, strengthen supervision, effectively control unreasonable engineering and economic activities, and greatly reduce man-made environmental geological problems and geological disasters induced by human activities that affect the sustainable development of social economy.
According to the basic situation of geological work in Shenzhen at present and the arrangement of urban geological work in China, Shenzhen can consider formulating a set of long-term laws and regulations on urban geological work. In the near future, we should actively participate in the legislation of relevant departments, strive to improve government regulations, and focus on solving the current situation of lack of geological work in administrative management. For example, we should propose amendments to the Regulations on Urban Planning of Shenzhen without geological work regulations, and put forward suggestions on improving the Administrative Measures for the Development and Utilization of Underground Space in Shenzhen, which is being formulated.
Therefore, in order to change the management mode of geological environment protection in the existing underground space development and manage the underground space as a whole, it is necessary to determine the overall function of the land department for the management and protection of underground space in Shenzhen as soon as possible, that is, the land department should take the lead, consider all the management links of underground space as a whole, carry out the geological environment protection planning of underground space according to the principle of "taking the lead without taking the lead or replacing", coordinate and promote the geological environment protection construction of key underground space projects, and strengthen the peacetime utilization of underground space. Other departments perform their duties, cooperate with each other, form a joint force, and realize the comprehensive management of urban underground space geological environment protection.
3. Improve the related functions of underground space geological environment protection.
The protection and management of geological environment in underground space development involves all aspects and needs the joint efforts of all parties. In view of the weak link of geological environment protection management in underground space development, it is suggested to strengthen it from the following aspects:
1) intensify the general survey of underground space. Find out the quantity, area and usual use of existing underground projects in Shenzhen, and establish underground project management files, so as to provide basis for studying and determining underground space development strategy and planning and formulating geological environment protection management policies in underground space development. This is the basis for the land department to protect and manage the geological environment of underground space, and it is also the first step for the land department to start management. This work should be organized by the land department, with the cooperation of construction, civil defense, planning and other departments to provide relevant information.
2) Intensify the implementation of special rectification of underground space. Establish an existing joint working group involved in underground space management, clarify responsibilities, formulate working mechanisms, distinguish the leadership and coordination mechanisms of geological environment protection in underground space management, solve the problems of geological environment protection in underground space investigation one by one, and effectively promote the management of geological environment protection in underground space development.
3) Intensify the combing of the existing professional planning of geological environmental protection involving the development of underground space, minimize the contradictions arising from the utilization of underground space, promote the coordinated development of the ground and underground, and lay a foundation for the sustainable and effective utilization and development of underground space.
4) Strengthen the investigation of the existing management mechanism. On the basis of summarizing the special rectification work and drawing lessons from the experience of other places, the management system that meets the current and future development requirements is determined. At present, Shenzhen has not formulated the division of work functions of geological environment protection and management in underground space development. Obviously, the function of geological environmental protection is mainly the responsibility of the land department, and other departments cooperate and coordinate. Therefore, it is necessary to step up research and put forward a set of underground space geological environment protection and management mechanism in line with Shenzhen's reality, so as to promote the safe and rational development and utilization of underground space.
In recent years, with the development of cities, the rapid growth of urban population and the increasing scarcity of land resources, the focus of land development and utilization has shifted from above ground to underground space. Judging from the goals set in the overall development plan of Shenzhen, there is great potential for the development and utilization of urban underground space in the future. Taking this opportunity, we will strive to combine civil defense projects with the development, utilization, supervision and management of the whole underground space, and promote the coordination of underground space development with Shenzhen's economic construction and social development.
In addition, this kind of public geological work must be invested and managed by the government, so in order to strengthen the protection and management of geological environment in the development and utilization of urban underground space, it is necessary to establish a mechanism for the government to invest in public geological undertakings.
Establish a stable investment guarantee mechanism to ensure the implementation of key projects of geological environmental protection (prevention and control of geological disasters) and give full play to the enthusiasm of the state, localities, departments, collectives and individuals. Governments at all levels should set up special funds for geological environmental protection (prevention and control of geological disasters), invest through multiple channels and levels, and establish a stable investment guarantee mechanism. Regional basic geological environment investigation and evaluation and protection planning projects are included in the national geological exploration plan, and the geological environment protection planning projects of various industrial departments are responsible for them. The natural environmental geological problem control (geological disaster prevention) project adopts the principle of local government investment and shared by the threatened. Among them, the state gives some subsidies to those that are seriously harmful, and the environmental geological problems (geological disasters) induced by human activities are borne by the inducers. Key projects (geological disaster prevention projects) implemented for the purpose of geological environmental protection involve people's lives and property safety. It is necessary to establish a perfect quality management and technical supervision system, establish projects according to the prescribed procedures, ensure the capital investment of the projects after the approval of the state, organize the design and construction according to the standards promulgated by the state, gradually introduce the project supervision system, strengthen supervision and inspection, and ensure the quality of the projects.
As early as the late 1970s, western countries attached great importance to the protection of geological environment. For example, the U.S. government has compiled the U.S.1∶ 7.5 million environmental engineering geological map, which serves as a guide for geological environmental protection and a basis for environmental geological management in the United States. Several state governments have also set up environmental geological research management departments to make geological environment decisions for other relevant functional departments and participate in comprehensive planning and construction project management; Hong Kong is a city with frequent geological disasters. In the early 1980s, the Hong Kong Government set up an environmental geological research and management organization under the Civil Engineering Department (currently there is a geological research institute and a slope treatment team). Its main tasks are to monitor, study, deal with and issue public warnings about possible landslides and landslides on public slopes in Hong Kong, as well as to review the prevention and control plans of private slopes and supervise the owners to implement the treatment. For the land auctioned by the government, the preliminary engineering geological survey should be organized before the transfer, and the underlying geological conditions of the auctioned land should be included in the tender to inform the bidders, so as to improve the fairness of government behavior. In Hong Kong, the specialized environmental geological management department has a relatively high status, and relevant departments communicate and coordinate with it. The government is also determined to control geological disasters. In recent years, we have allocated 7.5 billion Hong Kong dollars every year, and now the situation has greatly improved. Shenzhen is adjacent to Hong Kong, and its geological environment has many similarities. We can form a set of effective management mechanisms and methods according to our own actual situation and learn from some good experiences in Hong Kong, so that the geological environment management level of Shenzhen can reach the advanced level of the whole country and even the world.
4 give full play to the role of public welfare and commercial geological environment monitoring units.
Land and resources departments should give full play to the advantages of geological environment monitoring units in mastering the results of geological environment monitoring in the city after performing government functions and formulating geological environment protection plans. As the service provider of the land and resources department of the government, geological environment monitoring units should regularly check the implementation of the planning objectives of geological environment protection by the competent departments in their own work, find out the main geological environment problems and geological disasters that exist and restrict the local social and economic development, assist in formulating the main measures and countermeasures to be taken, and carry out their work under the leadership of the land and resources department to truly ensure the realization of the planning objectives of geological environment protection.
At present, there are about five geological environment monitoring units in Shenzhen, including Shenzhen enterprises and some foreign companies stationed in Shenzhen. The geological environment work carried out is mainly commercial projects, serving developers and aiming at profit, lacking the motivation to invest in public welfare urban geological work, which is not enough to serve the overall planning and implementation of geological work in Shenzhen.
Due to the lack of macro guidance, the public welfare geological work in Shenzhen is seriously lagging behind, and the relevant legal system construction also started late and the foundation is weak. Drawing on the experience of other cities with developed geological work, non-profit geological environment monitoring units are all subordinate institutions of the land department, which can engage in professional and non-profit urban geological work under the leadership of the land department, carry out research on related geological environment problems in urban development, and serve urban development. Therefore, it is suggested that the municipal government set up a geological environment monitoring station as soon as possible, as a directly affiliated institution of the competent department of land and resources of this Municipality, to assist the government in doing a good job in public welfare geological work and provide geological professional technical support for economic and social development.
Only in this way can we promote the rational and open development of geological work in Shenzhen and form a harmonious situation in which public welfare and commercial geological work go hand in hand.
5. Strengthen the comprehensive study of geological environment in key planning areas.
How to carry out in-depth and effective research and management of urban geological environment, and combine it with urban planning to effectively serve urban construction? This is an exploratory topic.
Shenzhen Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources has done some work in geological environment management since it was established in 1996 according to the requirements of national administrative functions, with the strong cooperation of Longgang and Baoan sub-bureaus, and has also made achievements. During the period of 1997, a preliminary investigation was conducted on the environmental geological problems existing in the whole city, and the Request for Instructions on Carrying out Geological Environment Improvement in Shenzhen was compiled and submitted, which comprehensively expounded the present situation of Shenzhen's geological environment and the importance of carrying out environmental geological work, and put forward the countermeasures and methods for gradually controlling geological disasters. 1998 organized the exploration of karst geological disasters in Longgang district, specially explored the karst distribution area of Longgang 100km2, and scientifically analyzed and studied the prominent geological environment problem of hidden karst geology, which provided excellent geological basis for land planning, development and construction and environmental protection in Longgang district. At the end of 1998, Longgang Sub-bureau made a special exploration of karst geology and shallow geological structure for a single construction block by using advanced geophysical exploration and karst geological exploration technology, and obtained some detailed data and information. It is also planned to further find out the karst development of this plot and establish a GIS geographic information system. In recent years, the government has increased investment and carried out a number of public geological work, which has provided valuable and abundant information for the development of Shenzhen.
It is necessary to carry out comprehensive research on the relationship between urban development and geological environment and give full play to the guiding role of geological environment management in urban planning and development. Combine urban environmental geological management with land planning to improve the planning level. In the past, when planning at all levels, the geological environment of the planning area was rarely considered. Some construction projects only found geological environment problems when they were implemented, so they had to modify the planning and change the planning and site selection. First of all, before planning at all levels, according to certain technical specifications and requirements, do a good job in special exploration and research of geological environment, and put forward basic data and basis for planning; Secondly, in areas with complex geological environment, prone to geological disasters, difficult governance or high governance costs, important functional areas should be avoided when formulating hierarchical regional or zoning plans to reduce possible losses; In some areas where geological disasters are moderately developed, buildings or structures with large load, large span and wide coverage should be arranged as little as possible, which needs to be reflected in the "Detailed Rules" or legal maps and controlled by planning indicators such as floor area ratio and coverage rate; The planning and site selection of important engineering projects should have the participation and suggestions of geological environment management departments.
Of course, all geological environment work must be demand-oriented, attach importance to the effectiveness of research results, and ensure that geological work research effectively serves urban development and urban construction.