What kind of people were scholars in the Warring States Period? What are the famous "scholars" in history and their stories? Key point. Famous scholars in history and their stories are as follows.

In ancient China, a certain social stratum with a certain status later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. At first, it may refer to the samurai who belonged to the same clan as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society. After entering the class society, they became a part of the ruling class. Because learning was in the government in ancient times, only the aristocratic children above the scholar level had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the name of people with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries fought endlessly, the role of infantry increased, the role of chariots and warriors decreased, and the status of scholars changed. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some big officials tried their best to attract scholars to show off, and many scholars took refuge in them. There are also some scholars who go to funerals as gifts, or run businesses to solve economic difficulties; Others give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge. Since then, a number of taxis specializing in cultural activities have appeared in the history of China. They traveled around the world with active thoughts, and made great contributions to the emergence of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient academic field and the development of cultural science. During the Warring States period, the war of hegemony and merger became more intense, so the constantly turbulent lobbyists came into being. They travel between countries and act as lobbyists, and strategists are their representatives. At this time, the wind of cultivating scholars in various countries is also very popular. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar changed further. Scholars, when called scholar-officials, can refer to soldiers in the army, often collectively referred to as officials serving in the central government and counties; Known as a scholar, it generally refers to intellectuals with high feudal cultural literacy and engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han dynasty, scholars attached great importance to their fame (that is, personality, integrity and academic ability). Once a celebrity, the utilitarian position will follow, so the literati will either focus on integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world, and abide by feudal ethics. Or make friends with glitz, make friends with friends, brag about each other, and seek fame and reputation. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, discussion words were very popular among scholars. This kind of personal problem belongs to the folk scope. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Nine Grades System was established, and the right to judge scholars was returned to the government. People who are judged by Zhongzheng are given different grades (native products) according to their virtue and family values, and then awarded various official positions. A person who has not been appraised by Chiang Kai-shek may not be an official. So scholars have the meaning of a certain class. The opposition between scholars and ordinary people is gradually emerging. All officials with nine grades or above, those who win the first place in authentic products are all scholars, otherwise they are ordinary. Among the scholars, there is also a family, which can be an official by virtue of its parents and grandparents, and an official from generation to generation, especially for the gentry. The gentry reached its peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and declined in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of the gentry as a specific class still existed. After the Song Dynasty, the word "scholar" gradually became the general name of ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to qualified officials.

[Morale] The fighting will of the army generally refers to the enthusiasm and drive of the masses.

A team must have high morale to have the hope of winning.

More information about this word:

Stone (knowing. From one to ten. Good at doing things, from the beginning to the end of ten. Original meaning: the reputation of ancient men)

be synonymous

Teacher, things are the same. -Shuo Wen

Through ancient and modern times, arguing without arguing is called a scholar. -"White Tiger Biography"? feel

Learning to learn depends on ranking. -Han Shu? Food records

Those who use their talents are called scholars. -were? Biography of Zhong Changtong

Prince Jin, an adult, can rule Shangguan and is called a scholar. Zhou Shu

I thought the doctor was a gentleman. -"book? Pastoral oath

A doctor of all nations, when he enters the country of the son of heaven, is called a certain scholar. -Book of Rites? Qu Li

The woman who let Ye Tao cross the Yuhuatai was wrong. -Ma Lingchuan

Try to say to everyone: "A good man, a good man." The person who should respond must be the same person. Don? surname

Giving and caring refers to men, especially unmarried men: I ~ female (caring for).

4. The lowest stratum of Shang and Zhou nobles in China is a stratum between Qing Dafu and Shu Ren.

3. refers to readers: learning ~. Shuo ~. ~ Agriculture, industry and commerce.

4. Rank and name. Below the rank of captain: go up. Medium. Also refers to soldiers: war. Stimulate ~ qi.

5. People with certain professional skills or qualities: nursing. Skills ~. Hospital. It is called ~ by (because of) smart users.

A good name for people: people. Strong ~ Fierce ~

Third, the source of scholars.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars, as a rank, had relative stability, and Jpua was the "scholar among scholars". By the Warring States period, although scholars still had the meaning of hierarchy, they gradually became a social class. This stratum becomes the intermediate zone of communication and transformation between the upper class (rulers, officials and exploiters) and the lower class (ruled, people and exploited).

Undoubtedly, the evil of nobility is still an important source of literati. Zhang Yi, who is kind to others, was born in "Wei Jia Yu Zi". My son is a supporter. He is also a "Liang" person. Shang Yang was originally "the evil son of Wei Zhi". "Han Fei is from The Son of Han. Such examples abound. In short, the evil deeds and descendants of most nobles and officials belong to this class. Although it is impossible to make specific statistics at present, the number of such figures will not be small. For example, Tian Ying in Guo Jun, Qi Jing has more than forty sons, and it is conceivable how many sins there are. The first stop for these villains is a taxi.

Another source of scholars is from below. This situation appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was more common in the Warring States Period. "On Mozi Shang Xian" said: "People in industry and agriculture, if they can." The so-called "lifting it" first refers to the selection of scholars. Some people who study, the first step is to become a scholar through learning. Ningyue is a typical example of taking learning as a scholar and taking scholars as public servants. "Xunzi Wang Zhi" said: "Although Shu Ren's descendants are also well-written, sincere and can belong to courtesy, they belong to Qing Xiang literati." "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" contains: "A simple and hard-to-learn scholar will certainly become a scholar." Park Ye refers to farmers. In addition, there are other kinds of lower classes who enter the ranks of scholars through learning. "Xunzi Outline" contains: "Zi Gan (Zigong) and Lu Ji, so I also treat them with courtesy and justice. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Respecting Teachers" contains: "The person is the humble family of Lu; Yan Zhuoju, the thief of Liang's father, studied under Confucius. "Duan Ganmu, a great genius in Jin State, studied from Xia Dynasty." Biography of Old Fei in Historical Records says: "Shen Buhai was a capital, so Zheng was a modest minister." Academically, it's a question of being a Han Zhaohou, showing it and using it. Biography of Historical Records and Gan Mao: Down to Cai. Zheng's counselor is "the son of Liang Jianmen". A historical event that has been active in politics for a period of time is "Shangcai Jian". From the late Spring and Autumn Period, especially after Confucius, the trend of running schools privately prevailed, and dozens, hundreds or even thousands of students were scholars' reserve troops or scholars. The above are the scribes. Samurai are mainly cultivated from the battlefield.

Scholars are the intersection of the upper and lower classes. The greater the traffic, the greater the taxi queue. During the Warring States period, the upward and downward mobility was relatively large, so the ranks of scholars developed rapidly. In addition, the development of scholars is directly proportional to the development of bureaucracy. Scholars are candidates for bureaucrats, and the expansion of bureaucratic ranks will inevitably lead to the expansion of scholars. The Warring States period was a period when bureaucracy was widely implemented, which was a powerful driving force to promote the development of scholars.

Fourthly, the role and occupation of scholars in politics.

As we all know, the Warring States is an era of constant war. There are many contradictions in the internal affairs, diplomacy and military affairs of all countries. Of course, strength plays a decisive role in dealing with complex contradictions and struggles, but strength must rely on human wisdom. So pay special attention to people's intelligence. "Guanzi Eight Words" said: "The husband always makes the country safe, and the one who benefits each other is holy; Those who are in danger of the country, those who can live long, are wise and sage. It is the teacher of the late king and sacred; His reward is Ming Sheng. " My husband says he will live for his country, but if he doesn't listen, his country will perish. If he does, so does the Great Sage. Here, "sacredness", "Tessa" and "Great Sage" are the highest terms for wisdom, which belong to the category of cognition and have nothing to do with mysticism. In my opinion, the key to the rise and fall of a country lies in whether the strategy is appropriate. When talking about war, the article also said: "People in the world cannot be attacked and taken. They must make a plan first, and then use the terrain to weigh their rights. " "If a country is strong, it must first compete." "The division of the tube" said: "Being strong may not win, but you must know the reason to win. "The author points out that strength may not win, but only by knowing the principle of winning can we win." "The Warring States Policy, Qin Ce, I" said that when Su Qin practiced the strategy of union, he did not spend a single soldier, which made Qin afraid to go out to the east. From this, the author said: "The wise man is in the world, and one person is in the world. "What we are talking about here is not the power of individuals, but the wisdom of these people will be transformed into great power." "The Warring States Policy and Qin Ce III" also said: "People from all over the world gather in Zhao and want to attack Qin", which worried the king of Qin. This shows the power of ingenuity. Jing Chun once commented on the roles of such figures as Su Qin and Zhang Yi: "Aren't Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi real men? "When you are angry, ministers are afraid. When you live in peace, the world dies. " What is discussed here is not the power and material strength of scholars, but the wisdom of these scholars is enough to make powerful monarchs tremble with fear.

"Everything is done in Naner" records a sentence by Zhao Jianzi: "It is better to ride a thousand times with me when pedestrians say a word." Candle Line is Zhao Jianzi's personal consultant. In Zhao Jianzi's view, the trick of passing candles is more powerful than flocking. The article "On Balance and Efficiency" reads: "At the time of the Six Kingdoms, the ministers of the sages were deeply involved and lightly involved, and finally they were exposed and hurt Wei Wei." It shows that intelligent strategy plays a decisive role in competition. Intelligence not only plays a commanding role in the development of the situation, but also often makes things change strangely. A proper plan is more powerful than a tribe.

Intelligence contests provide a powerful impetus and place for scholars' activities and development. From the general theory of epistemology, social practice is undoubtedly the basis of intelligence, but the development of intelligence must also meet the following two conditions: first, education; The second is to have a group of people who specialize in intelligent labor. The scholar is such a role. The political and military struggle of society urgently needs intelligence, which is mainly contained in the scholar class. As Mozi's "Dear Scholars" said, "If you enter the country without keeping its scholars, you will die ... If you don't worry about the country, you will forget your scholars, but you can protect the country." Therefore, respecting scholars, competing for scholars and cultivating scholars have become a social trend in the upper class.

Honorable person is mainly able to clearly see and deal with the relationship between power and knowledge and intelligence. During the Warring States period, some observant monarchs and dignitaries were not proud of the powerful, and they made friends with scholars actively or consciously, worshipped them as teachers and regarded them as guests. Regardless of their motives and purposes, their actions create an atmosphere of honor. Specifically, there are the following ways to respect scholars:

First, Corporal Li Xian. Wei Wenhou is a model of Corporal Li Xian. Lu Chunqiu Qi Xian wrote: "After writing a poem for a while, the servant said,' Is Jun Hu a poem?' You said: Isn't this a piece of dry wood? Duan Ganmu built a saint. Am I embarrassed? And I heard that Duan Ganmu never wants to treat others with his own advantages. How dare I be arrogant? Duan gan mu guangde, I am bare; Duan Gan's mother is rich in righteousness and I am rich in wealth.' His servant said, "Then why don't you talk to him?" So, you invited me to meet, and Duan Ganmu refused. "Wei Wenhou put forward here how to deal with the relationship between power, wealth, morality and knowledge. Not only do you look down on a poor intellectual who relies on power and wealth, but you should help him and pay attention to him when he passes by Duan Ganmu's house. This move caused strong repercussions throughout Wei. There are also some monarchs who, in order to gain wisdom, exempt scholars from the ceremony of monarch and minister and salute the host and guest. For example, the king of Qin "respects the guest of honor" to Fan Sui. Zou Yan "adapted to Liang, benefited Wang Xiaoying, and held a ceremony for the guests and the host". The son of Wei bowed to Hou Ying, Mao Gonghe and other well-known ceremonial corporal. Although only a few prestigious scholars were exempted from the courtesy of the monarch and ministers at that time, this line of movable property had a wide social impact.

Second, treat each other as teachers. Some monarchs worship celebrities as teachers and perform the ceremony of disciples. Such as "Wei Wenhou Shi Xiazi, Tian Zifang". Qi Xuanwang takes Yan Yan as his teacher. Mencius said: "a great and promising king must have an uninvited minister;" If you have a plan, just do it. " In the face of strategy and morality, the relationship between monarch and minister has fallen to a secondary position, and the monarch should go to the door of the courtiers for advice. Mencius under Zhang Wan recorded a story of Lu Miaogong and Zi Si. Miao Gong wanted to see Zi Si, and said, "One country can ride thousands of times, so why should we be friends?" Zi Si was unhappy, saying,' What is an ancient cloud, a cloud of friends?' The displeasure of Zi Si does not mean to say,' If there is a son, there is a gentleman; Minister, minister also; How dare you be friends with Jun? With virtue, my son is my business, and Xi can be my friend? "It is also said here that the relationship between scholars and monarchs is based on power theory; As far as virtue is concerned, a monarch should learn from scholars. In Mencius' view, making friends with scholars by Lu Miaogong is a sign of disrespect for scholars. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Persuading Learning" says: "There are saints, and the world is justified. On the right, heavy on the right, heavy on the left, heavy on the left. It is an ancient holy king, and there is no disrespect for teachers. "The monarch's behavior of respecting scholars as teachers and the theory of taking scholars as teachers reflect the high social status of some scholars.

Third, wait for equality. Meng Qi county is a typical figure. "Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun" said: "There are thousands of diners, no distinction between noble and low." On one occasion, "Meng Changjun used to entertain guests at night and build a fire by himself. The guests were so angry that they stopped eating and resigned. Meng Changjun is not as good as he is. Being a guest is awkward. With these, many scholars returned to Meng Changjun. The guests in Meng Changjun have no choice but to meet them. Everyone thinks that Meng Changjun loves himself ". Qi Ce Si contains: Meng Changjun Shi Hao, "Diet, Clothes and * * *".

Due to the wind of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism in society, some scholars are often arrogant and even don't pay attention to the monarch. When discussing this issue, Hong Yan's central argument is that the change of dynasties and the rise and fall of a country depend on the gains and losses of policies and strategies, and these gains and losses mainly come from scholars. It is concluded that a scholar is more valuable than a gentleman. This argument persuaded Qi Xuanwang. In this atmosphere, some celebrities dare to despise the monarch by virtue of their knowledge and morality. Mencius publicly criticized: "It is heartless, Liang Ye." Mencius also publicized: "The wise king of ancient times is easy to forget the situation. Why are ancient sages exclusive? Enjoy the trend of forgetting people. " When Wang Shi saw it, he publicly declared: "Good warriors tend to regard Wang as a good power, and good warriors tend to regard Wang as a good man." In order to get the title of a good scholar, Wang Xuan "guided the situation and welcomed it".

In order to attract smart people to their surroundings, monarchs and dignitaries launched activities to win over scholars. There are many ways to compete for a scholar. If you want, you don't have to be an official, a knight, a salary, a reward or a support.

Under normal circumstances, officials, nobles and officials are trinity. Mozi made the problem very clear: "You must be rich, respected and praised, and then the good people of the country will be owned by all." He also said, "Give a high rank, give a high salary, let nature take its course and break the order." "If the title is not high, the people will respect it; Money is not thick, and people don't believe it; If government decrees continue, the people will not be afraid. " Knighthood, possession of wealth and decrees are the "three books" for recruiting wise men. Mencius also said: "The sage is respected, the hero is in power, and all the people in the world are happy and willing to stand in his court." It is repeatedly said in Xunzi Wang Zhi that the basic means of a "good scholar" is "Fuji". The State of Qi established the Jixia Academy, which recruited people from all over the world and gave them generous treatment. Qi Xuanwang gave more than 70 celebrities "the first place to be a doctor" and "open the most prosperous road, have a big house and respect them". Look at the princes and guests in the world. "Mencius is also very rich. "There are dozens of cars and hundreds of followers behind him." . Qi Xuanwang also promised Mencius the following conditions: "I will give Mencius a room in China to raise my disciples for 10,000 minutes". In order to recruit talents from all over the world, Yan Zhaowang said, "Those who humble themselves and pay a lot of money to attract talents ...' When they go out of Wei, Zou Yan comes out of Qi, Zhao plays, and scholars compete for Yan. "Guanzi Mountain Heavy" proposed to praise the literati, such as abel tamata House, "the tree looks high" (such as the memorial archway for later generations).

Cultivating scholars was a means to compete for scholars at that time, and we need to say a few more words here.

The rise of trainers began in the Spring and Autumn Period and reached its peak in the Warring States Period. The people they support are also called doormen, guests, doormen, diners and so on Zhao Jianzhu,, Qi,, and so on are all outstanding representatives who strive to train scholars, with hundreds of them. In addition to governors, high officials and nobles also generally cultivate scholars, and the Fourth Childe is the biggest one, with thousands of scholars each. There are more than 3,000 Lv Buwei scholars in the State of Qin. "Guanzi Benevolence Law" states: "I can attach myself to the people privately and enrich the people with private people." "Han Feizi Eight Traitors" says: "I am a debater of princes, and I can speak of educating the country." "Gather guests with swords, and raise mortals to show their strength." According to China's book Shang Jun, Qin officials who enjoy a tax city of 600 can "receive customers", that is, train scholars.

Some of the people they raise are think tanks, some are soldiers, and some are waiting for life. The number of teachers is directly proportional to their power. Meng Changjun's "guests are advancing day by day, and princes are smelling it". Jing Li said to Gong Xue, "You are more important than the people of the world because you have the right to win the people of the world." "Mozi's theory of respecting sages": "If you get a scholar, you won't be sleepy, you won't work hard, your fame will be successful, and you will be beautiful and evil." In a word, training scholars is out of the need of struggle and competition.

The upper rulers need scholars. Except for a few scholars who pursue certain ideals, most people are eager to enter the official career. Mencius said, "When a scholar loses his position, a vassal of Judah loses his country." "A scholar's official position is better than a farmer's accomplishment." Fan Sui made it clear that the pursuit of scholars is "getting rich". Xunzi also made it very clear that a scholar is an official, "so he chose Yi Tian". He added: "Today's so-called scholars are also filthy, thieves and disorderly, reckless, greedy, irritable, rude and obsessed with power." Judging from a large number of relevant records, this phenomenon criticized by Xunzi is indeed a universal fact. Official positions are limited, and there are far more people seeking officials than those seeking officials, so there is a contradiction between being in office and being in opposition.