7.3. 1 Build a network of national, provincial, municipal and county geological disaster monitoring and early warning stations.
The administrative departments of land and resources at or above the county level shall establish a geological disaster monitoring and early warning system, undertake geological disaster monitoring tasks in conjunction with construction, water conservancy, transportation and other departments, be responsible for business and technical management, and may be entrusted by the government to exercise some geological disaster monitoring and management functions and release geological disaster monitoring and early warning information. Geological disaster monitoring institutions are public welfare institutions.
(1) National Geological Disaster Monitoring Station
The national geological disaster monitoring station is responsible for the construction and operation of the national geological disaster professional monitoring network and information network, and undertakes the national geological environment monitoring task; Undertake the national geological disaster early warning and forecasting and related investigation and research work; Compiling national geological disaster monitoring plans, plans, work norms and technical standards; Carry out scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, and study and popularize new technologies and methods; To undertake the collection, analysis, processing and comprehensive research of national geological disaster monitoring data and results reports, and provide information services for government decision-making departments and the public; Responsible for the guidance, coordination and technical services of geological disaster monitoring at the provincial (district, city) level.
Figure 7. 1 National Geological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning Grid Planning Diagram
Figure 7. 1 National Geological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning Grid Planning Diagram
(2) Provincial Geological Disaster Monitoring Station
Provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) geological disaster monitoring stations are responsible for the construction and operation of provincial geological disaster professional monitoring networks and information networks; To undertake the early warning and prediction of provincial geological disasters and related investigation and research work; Entrusted by the national monitoring agency, undertake the national geological disaster monitoring task; Compiling the technical requirements and implementation rules applicable at the provincial level; To undertake the collection, analysis, processing and comprehensive research of provincial geological disaster monitoring data and reports, and provide information services for government decision-making and the public; To be responsible for providing operational guidance to the geological environment monitoring institutions at the city (prefecture, prefecture and league) level.
(3) city (prefecture, league) level geological disaster monitoring station
City (prefecture, league) level geological disaster monitoring station is responsible for the construction, operation and monitoring facilities maintenance of municipal geological disaster professional monitoring network and information network; To undertake the early warning and prediction of geological disasters and related investigations; To undertake geological disaster monitoring tasks entrusted by provincial geological disaster monitoring institutions; To undertake the collection, inspection, analysis and research of geological disaster monitoring data and reports, and provide information services for the local government and the public; Responsible for technical guidance and field training for county-level monitoring institutions and geological disaster group monitoring and prevention.
(4) County (city, banner) level geological environment monitoring institutions
Geological disaster control needs, especially in counties (cities, banners) with serious geological disasters, must establish geological disaster monitoring stations (points), be responsible for the monitoring of geological disasters in this county, and organize group monitoring and prevention work; At the same time, responsible for the maintenance of monitoring facilities; Upload monitoring report and monitoring data in time.
7.3.2 Construction of professional monitoring backbone network
The professional monitoring backbone network of geological disasters mainly refers to the geological disaster monitoring network established by the state, including the regional land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring network, the dynamic monitoring network of geological disasters in mountainous cities and major engineering areas, the experimental area of sudden geological disasters monitoring and early warning, and the single monitoring point of major sudden geological disasters. The selection principles are as follows:
1) disaster points in the prone areas of sudden geological disasters in China;
(two) a large-scale sudden geological disaster that threatens important cities, major national infrastructure and may cause river blockage;
3) Important hidden danger points that threaten national scenic spots or world natural and cultural heritage areas;
4) The population in poverty-stricken areas is more than 1 0,000, and the potential direct economic loss is more than 1 0,000,000 yuan, which is a sudden geological disaster of large scale or above.
(1) Geological hazard monitoring network in mountainous cities and major engineering areas
In areas with frequent geological disasters, large areas of influence and major national engineering facilities, cities and major projects with serious geological disasters are regularly monitored by satellite remote sensing images.
Before 20 10, the main monitoring objects are as follows:
1) Great rivers: The disasters of the Sino-Russian border river, the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yarlung Zangbo River are regularly monitored by using satellite remote sensing images.
2) South-to-North Water Diversion Project: The west and middle lines of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project are the main projects.
3) Traffic trunk lines: Sichuan-Tibet Highway, Qinghai-Tibet Highway, baoji-chengdu railway, chengdu-kunming railway, Nankun Railway, Qinghai-Tibet Railway, etc.
4) Pipelines: West-East Gas Pipeline, Xie Ning-Lanzhou Natural Gas Pipeline, Baocheng Oil Pipeline, Hanchuan Natural Gas Pipeline, Sino-Russian Oil Pipeline, etc.
5) Cities: Chongqing, Lanzhou, Fushun, Anshan, Tongchuan and daye city.
6) Mines: Fushun Coal Mine in Liaoning, Hongtoushan Copper Mine in Fushun, Liaoning, Qitaihe Coal Mine in Heilongjiang, Xishan Coal Mine in Taiyuan, Shanxi, Kaiyang Phosphate Mine in Guizhou and other old state-owned mines with outstanding natural geographical and geological conditions and environmental geological problems.
(2) Monomer monitoring project of major sudden geological disasters
1) monitoring site selection principle: the monitoring of major sudden geological disasters should be treated differently according to different situations. From the perspective of disaster prevention and mitigation, it can be generally divided into two categories: ① The hidden dangers of disasters can be eliminated through certain engineering measures, and there are obvious governance benefits (governance costs are compared with potential losses). This kind of disaster should be discovered and dealt with as soon as possible. Before eliminating the hidden dangers of disasters, reliable monitoring means must be adopted to monitor their dynamic changes in real time and release early warning information in time to avoid causing heavy casualties and economic losses. (2) For the hidden danger points of sudden geological disasters with complex characteristics and inconspicuous disaster symptoms, it is difficult to take effective measures to avoid or control them, the state and local governments will invest to establish professional monitoring points. It can also be entrusted by other departments to establish professional monitoring points for sudden geological disasters in major engineering areas (along the line).
2) Monomer monitoring scheme: Establish a comprehensive monitoring technology combination system with GPS measurement, borehole inclinometer, groundwater monitoring method and other monitoring technologies as the main body. Includes landslide ground absolute displacement monitoring system, landslide deep displacement monitoring system, landslide groundwater monitoring system, landslide relative displacement monitoring system and landslide inducing factor monitoring system.
Before 20 10, complete the construction of the national single monitoring network for major sudden geological disasters, and at the same time focus on the investigation of 50 hidden dangers of major sudden geological disasters that have been discovered in 3 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) (table 7.4). Among them, there are 4 landslides in Chongqing, 4 in Zhejiang, 7 in Yunnan, 3 in Xizang Autonomous Region, 5 in Sichuan, 3 in Shaanxi, 3 in Qinghai, 3 in Hunan 1, 4 in Hubei 1, 3 in Guizhou 1, and 3 in Guangdong and Gansu.
Table 7.4 Overview of Monitoring Points of Sudden Geological Disasters
sequential
(3) Geological disaster monitoring and early warning experimental area
In view of the regional, simultaneous, sudden, explosive and harmful characteristics of sudden geological disasters in China, combined with land consolidation planning and resource and energy development, geological disaster monitoring and early warning demonstration was carried out in representative areas. Establish an automatic telemetering rainfall observation station network in the experimental area, and gradually establish the rainfall critical values of landslides, collapses and mudslides in the experimental area, so as to provide a basis for regional early warning of sudden disasters. At the same time, the seepage observation of slope rock mass during rainfall period was carried out in the experimental area to study the mechanism of landslide, collapse and debris flow induced by rainfall.
Before 20 10, further improve and build the three-dimensional monitoring and early warning demonstration zone in the Three Gorges reservoir area. Complete the construction of three-dimensional monitoring network for landslide, collapse and debris flow disasters in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and realize the automatic collection, real-time transmission and automatic analysis of monitoring data of 60 geological disaster points in the reservoir area; Improve the construction of 20 county-level monitoring points in the reservoir area; Complete1:110,000 aerial flight; Establish a remote sensing (RS) monitoring system for the whole reservoir area, and complete the construction of global positioning system (GPS) control network and reference network.
Before 20 10, experimental research on monitoring and early warning of sudden geological disasters was carried out in Chongqing, Beijing, Lanzhou, Gansu, Ankang, Shaanxi, Sichuan Ya 'an, Yunnan Xinping, Dongchuan, Zhejiang Jinhua and Jiangxi Yichun.
(4) Ground subsidence and ground fissure monitoring network
1) principles of site selection for national land subsidence monitoring network: ① land subsidence disaster areas across provinces; (2) Having certain monitoring work and facilities; ③ Local governments actively provide matching funds; (4) It has relatively perfect laws, regulations and management systems.
2) Work deployment: Before 20 10, the monitoring network of land subsidence and ground fissures in Yangtze River Delta, North China Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Huaibei Plain and Songnen Plain will be mainly built; After 20 10, the investigation and monitoring network of land subsidence and ground fissures in major cities in China, such as Fenhe River Basin, Liaohe River Basin and Pearl River Delta, will be gradually established.
The monitoring network of land subsidence and ground fissures in the Yangtze River Delta includes Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Nantong in Jiangsu, three counties (cities) south of Yancheng and Hangjiahu Plain in Zhejiang, with a control area of nearly 50,000 km2.
The monitoring network of land subsidence and ground fissures in North China Plain includes Beijing-Tianjin Plain, Hebei Bohai Plain and Northwest Shandong Plain, with a control area of more than 50,000 square kilometers.
The monitoring network of land subsidence and ground fissures in Guanzhong Plain and Fenhe River Basin covers from Baoji at the southern foot of Liupanshan Mountain, along Weihe River to the east, from Xi 'an to the northeast of fenglingdu, and from Linfen and Taiyuan to Datong along Fenhe River, with a width of 100km and a length of 1000km, including Weihe Basin, Yuncheng Basin, Linfen Basin, Taiyuan Basin and Datong Basin, involving nearly 50%.
7.3.3 Construction of Group Monitoring and Prevention System
The network of group monitoring and prevention of sudden geological disasters is mainly aimed at mountainous rural areas with serious geological disasters. Under the guidance of professional teams, a three-level prevention and treatment system under the leadership of local governments will be established. Under the organization and leadership of local governments at all levels, give full play to the technical advantages of monitoring stations at all levels, improve people's awareness and participation in disaster prevention, improve the monitoring and forecasting system, and build a network system of group monitoring and prevention in100 counties (cities) prone to sudden geological disasters by 20 100.
(1) Group Monitoring and Prevention Network Construction
1) monitoring point selection principle: ① geological disasters with high risk, poor stability and high disaster probability, which will cause serious disasters; (two) geological disasters that threaten the lives of people in towns, villages, industrial and mining areas and important residential areas; (3) Once it happens, it will cause serious economic losses; (4) Geological disasters that threaten important lifeline projects such as highways, railways and waterways; ⑤ Potential geological disasters that threaten major infrastructure projects.
2) Construction of monitoring points: After the hidden danger points of geological disasters that need to be monitored are determined according to the above principles, the professional investigation team will promptly propose a monitoring plan to the local government and assist in the construction of monitoring points. ① Determination of monitoring scope: In addition to monitoring the hidden danger points of geological disasters and the deformation signs of unstable slopes themselves, the objects threatened by disaster points and possible disaster areas should also be included in the monitoring scope. (2) Monitoring methods and requirements: For hidden danger points that are not suitable for treatment at present or cannot be treated temporarily, simple monitoring points should be established for those that are harmful, and at the same time, macroscopic ground deformation, microscopic landforms in the landslide, surface plants, building signs and so on should be observed. It is carried out by combining regular patrol investigation with intensive monitoring in flood season. The regular patrol survey is generally conducted once every half month or once a month, and the intensive monitoring in flood season will be monitored on duty every day or 24 hours according to the rainfall intensity. ③ Setting of monitoring points: Simple monitoring points generally use piles, mortar patches and fixed rulers to monitor the relative displacement of landslide ground fissures. For hidden danger points with great harm, the displacement of monitoring points can also be measured by line-of-sight method if conditions permit.
3) Management and operation of monitoring outlets: ① Monitoring responsibility is implemented to specific units and individuals. The township (town), village and relevant units where the hidden dangers of geological disasters are monitored are responsible for monitoring, and a monitoring group is established under its leadership, which is composed of group investigators from endangered or threatened residential areas or relevant units. The establishment of post responsibility system, county, township (town), the village should sign a letter of responsibility step by step. During the investigation, publicity and training were conducted in various ways to teach the personnel in charge of monitoring, members of the monitoring team and the masses how to monitor and judge possible signs of disasters, rapid reports of disasters and emergency prevention and rescue methods. ③ Information feedback and processing. The county (city) administrative department of land and resources is responsible for collecting and summarizing monitoring data and information feedback, reporting to the municipal (prefecture) administrative department of land and resources (or geological environment monitoring station) for comprehensive sorting and analysis, and the geological environment department of the Provincial Department of Land and Resources (or provincial geological environment station) will input the reported data and information into the spatial database of geological disasters in the province, conduct trend analysis, and put forward guidance for the next monitoring work. (4) When a major danger is predicted, the local government and relevant units should immediately take emergency disaster prevention and mitigation measures, report to the provincial, municipal and county governments and the competent departments of land and resources immediately, and send professionals to the scene to assist in monitoring and guiding disaster prevention and relief. ⑤ Establish a quick report system for geological disasters, and implement it according to the annex of the document of 19991February 15. Ministry of Land and Resources [1998] 15.
4) Data collection and monitoring data collation: ① Monitoring data include basic data of geological disaster points, dynamic change data and disaster situation. ② All monitoring data should be stored in the information system in digital form, and must be backed up and stored in paper media. (3) Monitoring points must be simple and quantitative monitoring, and must be arranged into relevant curves, charts, etc. Relevant monthly, quarterly and annual reports should be compiled, and the development trend of future disasters should be predicted. (4) Monitoring data should be reported step by step according to relevant procedures.
(2) Build a forecasting and early warning system combining group and specialty.
1) The county (city) administrative department of land and resources manages and guides the mass monitoring network under centralized management, and is responsible for the collection, summary and information feedback of monitoring data.
2) The geological environment functional department of the administrative department of land and resources of the county (city) should make a comprehensive analysis based on meteorological and hydrological forecast and monitoring data, predict the danger points of geological disasters, and timely issue an early warning notice to the relevant townships (towns), villages, mines and relevant departments responsible for the management of important facilities.
3) The administrative department of land and resources of the county (city) is responsible for organizing the departments in charge of townships (towns), mines and important facilities to prepare disaster prevention plans for geological disasters in flood season. Prepare the county (city) flood season geological disaster prevention plan, and be responsible for organizing the implementation.
4) The administrative department of land and resources of the county (city) is responsible for organizing popular science propaganda activities for prevention and control of geological disasters and training of grassroots cadres.
7.3.4 Construction of Geological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning Information Network
The data of monitoring, early warning and prevention of geological disasters are important information for national and local geological disaster prevention and social and economic construction, which has the characteristics of large quantity, quick update and wide use. Through the construction of information network, data collection, storage, analysis and release can be realized, which can provide the government, researchers and society with the required geological disaster information and provide basic scientific basis for macro-decision-making of national economic construction.
By 20 10, a national geological disaster monitoring information system integrating geological disaster monitoring and groundwater environment monitoring will be built while improving China geological disaster information network, provincial geological disaster information network and some local (municipal) geological disaster information networks, so as to realize automatic collection, transmission, storage, data management, query, application and real-time information release system of geological disaster monitoring data.
By 2020, with science and technology as the guide, we will constantly improve the national geological disaster monitoring information system, and combine meteorological, hydrological, earthquake and other related factors to build an information system with multiple professional fields and information processing technologies; Comprehensively improve the informatization level of geological disaster monitoring in China, meet the needs of society and people for geological disaster information, and realize important decision-making functions such as remote consultation and emergency command.
The construction of geological disaster monitoring and early warning information system relies on geological disaster monitoring institutions at all levels, which has the characteristics of unified requirements, unified processes and hierarchical management, and is a systematic project closely integrated with modern computer technology. In chapter 1 1 (Study on the Construction Planning of National Geological Disaster Prevention Information System), this book comprehensively discusses the construction of the whole geological disaster prevention information system, including the geological disaster monitoring and early warning information system, which is not repeated in this section.
7.3.5 Construction of emergency mechanism and remote consultation emergency command system for sudden major geological disasters.
(1) Construction of emergency mechanism
From now on (2004), the state and provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) should establish an emergency system for monitoring and early warning of geological disasters, with the provincial administrative department of land and resources as the command center, the geological environment monitoring station (hospital, center) as the main body, and the administrative departments of land and resources at the prefecture (city, state), county (city, district) and local professional teams working together.
1) The emergency system is equipped with necessary emergency equipment. Before the flood season every year, the major counties (cities) with hidden points of geological disasters in the disaster prevention plan are inspected, with emphasis on checking whether the disaster prevention and mitigation measures, group monitoring and prevention network and monitoring responsibility system are in place, checking the major hidden points of disasters, strengthening monitoring during the flood season, and reviewing after the flood season.
2) Find the danger, receive the danger report, and get to the scene in the shortest time to identify the danger. At the same time, it can dynamically monitor and analyze the disaster situation in time, predict the development trend of the disaster situation, delimit the disaster danger zone according to the cause, type, scale, influence range and development trend of the disaster situation, set up warning signs in the danger zone, determine the early warning signal and evacuation route, organize the evacuation of people and important property in the danger zone, and organize the evacuation in case of emergency.
3) After receiving the report on the hidden dangers of extraordinarily serious geological disasters, the headquarters office, together with relevant departments, quickly organized an emergency investigation team to rush to the scene to investigate and verify the danger and put forward suggestions on emergency rescue measures.
(2) Construction of remote consultation and emergency command system for sudden major geological disasters.
With the expansion of the national economic construction scale and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the losses caused by geological disasters have become increasingly prominent. The prevention and control of geological disasters must respond to major geological disasters in time, put forward scientific decision-making opinions, and command emergency treatment in time.
The remote consultation and emergency command system for sudden major geological disasters is aimed at the prediction and emergency command of sudden major geological disasters. On the basis of establishing a comprehensive database of geological disasters, a networked multimedia environment for remote consultation and emergency command and an emergency data transmission environment for geological disasters are constructed, which connects the competent departments of land and resources in the State Council, the geological disaster data center and key geological disaster occurrence areas, forming a set of information-based remote consultation and emergency command workflow.
Its main work contents are as follows:
1) to extract, process, sort out, integrate and analyze the information related to the prediction and emergency command of major geological disasters, and establish a comprehensive database of geological disasters. The information content includes geographical and geological background data; Meteorological analysis data; Geological disaster investigation and monitoring data; Geological hazard information; Information such as disaster relief.
2) Establish a geological disaster information publishing platform. Development and construction of dynamic information publishing system, spatial information extraction and publishing system and multimedia information publishing system related to information prediction and emergency command of major geological disasters.
3) Build a network and multimedia operation environment for remote consultation and emergency command of geological disasters. Including multipoint and multilevel video conference systems, large screen display systems and related audio-visual and telephone systems; Network information transmission system between the state and key geological disaster areas; Constructing a rapid transmission environment for emergency investigation data in key areas of geological disasters.
4) Study and formulate a set of working specifications for remote consultation and emergency command system of geological disasters. This paper analyzes the characteristics of remote consultation and emergency command of geological disasters, puts forward the working mode of remote consultation and emergency command system of geological disasters, and establishes a set of relevant working norms.