Only when the charge or current moves can a magnetic field be generated. So the earth's magnetic field should be related to the charged structure inside the earth. However, there is still a small range of low-speed motion between the north and south poles of the earth's magnetic field, which shows that the earth's magnetic field is not only generated by the rotating motion of the charged part inside the earth, but also has a relatively stable internal current inside the earth. Then, why is there a relatively stable internal current when the earth is charged for a long time?
According to the analysis, the inner mantle of the earth has a radius of about 2,900 kilometers, a temperature of about1.500 ~ 3,000℃, a pressure of about 500,000 ~1.5000 atmospheres, a core radius of about 3,500 kilometers, a temperature of about 5,540℃ and a pressure of about 3.5 million atmospheres. In general, the positive charge and negative charge of each atom constituting a macroscopic object are equivalent, so that the neutralized macroscopic object is uncharged. However, because the substances in the core and lower mantle are under great pressure and high temperature, the author believes that the viewpoint that macroscopic objects can not be stably and spontaneously charged at room temperature and low pressure will no longer hold, that is, under the high pressure inside celestial bodies, all substances are ions with different charges, and the "equality" between high-temperature plasma and low-temperature plasma is impossible.
The experiment of magnetic fluid power generation shows that at the temperature above several thousand degrees, the electrons in a few atoms in a substance can overcome the constraint of nuclear gravity and become free electrons, while the atoms become positively charged ions because they lose electrons. This state is called low temperature plasma state. The temperature of the core is about 5540℃. Such a high temperature will inevitably make a few atoms in the earth's core overcome the bondage of nuclear gravity and become free electrons. At the same time, a small number of atoms that make up the core lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Under the condition of low pressure, atoms that have lost electrons and free electrons that have overcome the constraint of nuclear gravity usually exist in the state of plasma. Due to the nuclear gravity and thermal motion, free electrons cannot be separated from atoms that have lost electrons for a long time. However, when the matter exists in a very dense state under the action of ultra-high pressure, the electrons that have overcome the gravitational binding of the nucleus will tend to float to the junction of the core and the mantle under the action of the huge squeezing force generated by the pressure of the core, resulting in the long-term separation of the free electrons that have overcome the gravitational binding of the nucleus from the atoms that have lost their electrons. This phenomenon is called thermoelectric effect. Because the total number of atoms in the core is very large, a large number of separated charges can be generated.
The distribution probability of the outermost electron cloud of an atom will be repelled by the electrons in the neighboring atoms. Due to the great pressure on the substance in the nucleus, the density of the substance is high, and the electrostatic repulsion of electrons in adjacent atoms is also strong, the electron cloud in the outermost layer of the atom will partially lose the space to move around the nucleus, so that the distribution of electrons in the outermost layer of the atom will expand to the outside of the atom. Unlike free electrons in metals, which can move freely under normal pressure, electrons that lose the motion space around the nucleus under ultra-high pressure cannot move freely between other adjacent atoms in the core. Because the pressure of the whole core is high, the distribution probability of the outermost electron cloud of a few atoms in the core will extend to the junction of the core and the mantle, even to the middle and upper mantle with low pressure. Under the pressure, some electrons in the free electron state in the core tend to be distributed near the interface between the core and the mantle, even in the upper mantle, which makes the macro core in a normal state, and the interface between the core and the mantle and the upper mantle in a negative state, that is, thermoelectric effect occurs.
The ground state of an atom is usually in a deep negative energy level state, and weak pressure cannot excite or ionize it, but strong pressure will change the distribution probability of the outermost electron cloud of the atom by reducing the motion space of the outermost electron cloud of the atom. Because the lower energy state has been occupied by other electrons, the outermost electron cloud of the atom can only expand outward, so the distribution probability of the outermost electron cloud of the atom can be extended to the junction between the core and the mantle or even the middle and upper part of the mantle, and the electron shell can be formed outside the junction between the core and the mantle.
Thermo-piezoelectric effect in celestial bodies is mainly to squeeze electrons separated from atoms out of the high-pressure region inside celestial bodies. If electrons are not separated from atoms, it is difficult to be squeezed out of the high-pressure region inside the celestial body.
The core is regarded as a huge positively charged nucleus, and the negatively charged electron shell covering the whole core outside the junction between the core and the mantle is regarded as a huge negatively charged electron gas sea. The positive charge of the earth's core is equivalent to the negative charge of the electron layer around the earth's core, thus making the neutralized macroscopic appearance of the earth uncharged. The specific gravity of electron gas is very small. Under the strong buoyancy produced by the interaction of ultra-high pressure and high temperature, the electrons in ionic state in the core overcome the Coulomb effect of the core and tend to float outside the core, forming an electron shell covering the core at the position where the buoyancy effect is balanced with the Coulomb effect of all atoms in the core that have lost electrons, that is, near the interface between the core and the mantle. The core and electron layer of the earth are regarded as a huge "atom", and the generation of the earth's magnetic field is related to the existence of this huge "atom".
It must be emphasized that due to the fluctuation of electrons, the distribution position of each electron floating outside the nucleus is not fixed, but has a certain range, and its floating range may even extend all the way to the earth's surface, which means that the earth's surface may be negatively charged, and there should be a measurable potential gradient around us, but somehow it has not been measured.
Because of the existence of electron gas ocean, the boundary layer between the core and mantle is produced. American scientists found through experimental observation that the rotation of the earth's core is not synchronous with the crust and mantle. The contact area between the core and the mantle is very large. According to "common sense", the friction generated on the contact surface between the core and the mantle filled with liquid magma should be very large, which is enough to make the relative motion between the core and the mantle with huge mass tend to be synchronous within a few hours or minutes, and the kinetic energy of their relative motion is converted into heat energy and shock waves, and at the same time, huge vibrations are generated inside the earth. Because the thickness of the earth's crust is only a few tens of kilometers, the kinetic energy of the core and mantle is enough to break through the earth's crust and produce a huge wave of magma that goes straight into the atmosphere, but the rotation of the core can be out of sync with the mantle for hundreds of millions of years. Why?
As we all know, when atoms interact to form ions or molecules, there is a tendency to obtain special stable configurations, the most important of which is the inert gas structure. In general, elements with non-inert gas structure can only form inert gas structure by combining atoms into molecules, but in the electron layer where a large number of electrons exist in a free state, atoms often directly combine with electrons to form charged particles with inert gas structure, which makes the system in a relatively low energy state. Atoms directly combine with electrons in a free state to form charged particles with inert gas structure, resulting in a large number of atoms in the electron shell in a special stable configuration of negative ions. The electrostatic shielding effect of a large number of electrons in the electron shell will also make the atoms in the electron shell lose their interaction and cannot combine with each other to form molecules.
According to the theory of quantum mechanics, the arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbit of inert gas structure is not arbitrary, and electrons tend to be composed of free electrons with parallel and opposite spins. There are no metal anions with inert gas structure at normal temperature and pressure, but the interface between the core and the mantle is filled with anions with inert gas structure such as iron and nickel due to the existence of electron shell. Elements with electrons such as iron and nickel have very special properties. Because there is no interaction between components, the friction generated during relative motion is very small. Negative ion substances such as iron and nickel with inert gas structure are like superfluid liquid helium. Under the condition that the contact surface between the core and the mantle is filled with superfluid lubricant, even if the rotation movement of the core is not synchronized with the mantle, the friction generated on the contact surface between the core and the mantle can be ignored. Due to the superfluidity of negative ion substances with inert gas structure, the substances at the bottom of the electron layer do not rotate synchronously with the mantle or the core.
There is evidence that the rotational speed of the crust and mantle will change under the influence of many factors, but some factors that affect the rotational speed of the crust and mantle do not have the same influence on the rotational movement of the core. In addition, due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, and the inhomogeneity of the nuclear energy released when the stable allotrope in the iron core and the cobalt core in the earth core undergo the nuclear reaction of allotrope transformation under the action of high temperature and high pressure, there is a large temperature difference in different areas of the electronic layer covering the surface of the earth core, which makes the negative ion material at the bottom of the electronic shell move in a large scale, although the friction force of the huge negative ion material storm can be ignored for the earth core and mantle. However, due to the storm of metal negative ions such as iron and nickel in the ocean of electronic gas, a large number of substances in the core and mantle are constantly exchanged with the substances at the bottom of the electronic shell, which has different effects on the rotation of the core and mantle. After billions of years, the rotation between the mantle and the core will no longer be synchronized. Therefore, it is not surprising that the rotational movements of the mantle and the core are out of sync.
It is not difficult to imagine that the gravity of the sun and the moon, as well as the inhomogeneity of nuclear energy released by the stable allotrope in the iron core and the cobalt core in the earth core during the nuclear reaction of allotrope transformation under the action of high temperature and high pressure, will cause great fluctuations in the density and distribution of superfluid materials in the electron layer, and the resulting storm of negative ion materials at the bottom of the electron layer between the earth core and the mantle will be very strong, and the strong storm of negative ion materials will produce a powerful alternating electromagnetic field.
Excess electrons in the electron shell are considered to be super-free electrons. Because there are a large number of ultra-free electrons and free electrons, according to the classical electronic theory of metal conduction, the resistance of the electron layer is connected by the inherent Coulomb interaction between atoms in the electron layer and ultra-free electrons. When ultra-free electrons and free electrons move directionally under the action of external electric field, the ultra-free electrons will not transfer the energy of directional movement to the atomic matter in the electronic layer through electromagnetic interaction, and the irregular thermal movement of the atomic matter that constitutes the electronic layer will not affect the directional movement of the ultra-free electrons under the action of external electric field. So the electron layer between the earth's core and the mantle is a high-temperature superconducting layer without resistance.
According to the theory of quantum mechanics, electrons fluctuate. When ultra-free electrons with fluctuations propagate in the electron layer, their wavelength is much longer than that of free electrons in the electron layer, and they will not be scattered (or segregated) by atomic substances in the electron layer, so the propagation of ultra-free electrons in the electron layer will not be hindered. Therefore, the wavelength of the "inherent" resistance in the electron layer is very different from its own free electrons.
According to the theory of quantum mechanics, the arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbit of inert gas structure is not arbitrary, and ultra-free electrons tend to be composed of electron pairs with parallel and opposite spins. The nucleus and the electron shell are regarded as a huge "atom", and a large number of ultra-free electrons in the electron shell will form a large number of electron pairs, which can reduce the energy of the system and form a stable combination. Therefore, a large number of ultra-free electrons in the electron shell will tend to form electron pair configurations. Because the inertial mass of the electron pair is very small, its thermal motion will not exchange heat energy with the atoms in the electron layer. In other words, the thermal motion of electron pairs formed by ultra-free electrons is not affected by the thermal motion of electrons. Therefore, if a large number of ultra-free electrons and/or ultra-free electron pairs in the electron layer are used to transmit electromagnetic field energy, the resistivity of the electron layer will be inversely proportional to the density of electron pairs formed by ultra-free electrons in the electron layer. Due to the huge volume of the earth's core, the temperature and pressure are relatively high, and the ultra-free electron pair composed of ultra-free electrons in the electron gas ocean is extremely high because of the high density of thermopiezoelectric effect and the extremely high conductivity of the electron shell, which can be called a high-temperature superconducting stratum, so that the current existing in it can flow in it forever like the current existing in the superconducting coil, and the north and south magnetic poles with relatively stable magnetic field strength are also formed on the earth. As mentioned above, the gravity of the sun and the moon and the uneven release of nuclear energy in the earth's core will cause great fluctuations in the density and distribution of superfluid substances in the electron layer, and the resulting storm of negative ion substances between the earth's core and mantle will be very strong, and the strong storm of negative ion substances will also produce a powerful alternating electromagnetic field, which will change the current distribution in the electron layer and cause the low-speed movement of the north and south magnetic poles of the earth's magnetic field, which has caused the north and south magnetic poles of the earth many times in history.
Astronomical observation shows that both the sun and Jupiter have strong magnetic fields, and Jupiter's magnetic field strength is about 20-40 times that of the earth. The elements on the sun and Jupiter are mainly hydrogen and a small amount of light elements such as helium and oxygen, but there are not many ferromagnetic elements in them, while the earth contains a large number of ferromagnetic elements such as iron, cobalt and nickel. So, why are the magnetic fields of the sun and Jupiter stronger than those of the earth?
As we all know, the radius of the core is about 3,500 kilometers, the temperature is about 5,540℃, and the pressure is about 3.5 million atmospheres. The temperature inside Jupiter is about 30000℃, and the pressure is much higher than that inside the earth, and the pressure and temperature inside the sun are higher. Thermo-piezoelectric effect can produce a wider electron layer inside the sun and Jupiter, and the charge in the electron layer inside the sun and Jupiter is much greater than that inside the earth. In addition, Jupiter rotates fast, with a rotation time of 9 hours, 56 minutes and 30 seconds. The linear velocity of the electron layer inside Jupiter is also much higher than that inside the earth, and its magnetic field strength is naturally much higher than that of the earth.
In fact, if the internal temperature of a celestial body exceeds the Curie point of iron, cobalt and nickel, the magnetic field strength of this celestial body has nothing to do with whether it contains ferromagnetic elements such as iron, cobalt and nickel, because above the Curie point temperature, their ferromagnetism will suddenly change and then become paramagnetic elements.
It is precisely because the pressure and temperature inside the sun and Jupiter are much higher than those on the earth that the magnetic fields on the sun and Jupiter are much stronger than those on the earth. The magnetic field of Mars and Mercury is weaker than that of the Earth, which means that the pressure and temperature inside Mars and Mercury are much lower than that of the Earth.
In addition, because neutrinos have magnetic moments, the magnetic field of celestial bodies may also be related to the number of cold neutrinos captured by their gravity. As we all know, there are a large number of neutrinos in the universe, some of which move at a relatively low speed and may be captured by the gravity of celestial bodies and accumulated inside them. For celestial bodies with strong gravity, more cold neutrinos will be captured inside. If the cold neutrinos are combined into dark matter with stable structure in the celestial body under weak interaction, they can be arranged in a certain ordered direction in the celestial body because they are not affected by the thermal motion of "bright" matter, and a magnetic field with a certain intensity will also be generated.
References:
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The generation of geomagnetic field The main magnetic field of the earth is different because of the photon information energy absorbed and emitted around the earth, that is, there are problems of photon information energy flow direction and electric field. Because of the rotation and revolution of the earth, the energy density of photon information in the same place changes with time, so people say that a magnetic field is generated, usually called geomagnetic field; The generation of geomagnetic field is diverse and complicated, but the main factor is the rotation and revolution of the earth, which is the main magnetic field.
The geomagnetic declination in the direction of geomagnetic field is the result of the interaction between the rotation and revolution of the earth. The connection between the two poles of the geomagnetic field is neither the direction of the earth's rotation axis nor the direction of the earth's revolution axis. Because the main magnetic field of the earth is caused by rotation and revolution, the connection line between the two poles of the geomagnetic field should point to a certain direction between the earth's rotation axis and the male rotation axis. Because the ratio of rotation to revolution is different, the deflection angle will also change.
At present, the whole earth is negatively charged, mainly absorbing photon information around the earth. However, due to different surface temperatures, the ability to radiate photon information is also different. In some places, the energy of photons emitted and absorbed per unit time is different, that is, the value of electric field intensity is different, and there is geomagnetic anomaly. In some places, there is even a lot of energy to emit photon information, which is macroscopically expressed as unit time. The emitted photon information energy is greater than the absorbed photon information energy, and the local performance is the electric field strength of positive charge. The time gradient of photon information energy caused by the rotation and revolution of the earth is different, even contrary to the routine, that is to say, the abnormal direction of some geomagnetic fields will be opposite to the usual direction.
It is easier for us to understand the variation of geomagnetic poles. Due to some factors, the ratio of photon information absorbed by the earth to photon information emitted suddenly changes, that is, the energy of photon information emitted by the earth is more than that absorbed. The photon information energy flow around the earth points out of the earth, just like the earth is positively charged. Due to the rotation and revolution of the earth, the geomagnetic field has changed its polarity, and now the S pole has become the N pole, and now the N pole has become the S pole, the earth. If the energy of photon information emitted by the earth for a long time is greater than the energy of photon information absorbed, then the energy of the earth will continue to decrease, and the macro performance is that the environmental temperature of the earth is very low.
Both the sun and the moon will affect the intensity and direction of photon flow from the ground. Due to the rotation of the earth, the photon flow brought by the sun and the moon changes the intensity of the geomagnetic field, and the direction of the geomagnetic field changes slightly, which does not affect the normal life of human beings and does not attract people's attention. That is to say, due to the influence of the sun and the moon, the magnitude of the geomagnetic field will change more or less, thus affecting the movement of the two magnetic poles.
Similarly, the influence of photon flow from the universe will also change the size of the geomagnetic field and affect the movement of the two magnetic poles;