Mawangdui Western Han Tombs (Mawangdui)
Cultural relics protection unit of Mawangdui Han Tomb in Yuhua District, Changsha City. Mawangdui is located on the southwest bank of Liuyang River in the eastern suburb of Changsha, on the north side of Changliu Highway. It is about 4 kilometers away from the city center and belongs to Dongtundu Township, Furong District, Changsha City. It turned out to be a big mound raised on the flat ground of the river bend. This is the graveyard of Ma Yin, King of Chu in the Five Dynasties, and his family, hence the name Mawangdui. There are two graves on the pile, which are shaped like saddles, also called saddle piles. There are three tombs of the Western Han Dynasty on the pile. Tomb No.1 is located in the north of Dongzhu, and the owner is Xin Zhui, the wife of the owner of Tomb No.2; Tomb No.2 is located in Xi Zhong, and its owner is the prime minister of Changsha King in the Western Han Dynasty. Hou Licang died in Lv Hou for two years (former186); Tomb No.3 is located at the southern end of Tomb No.1 in Dongzhu. Who is the owner of the grave? Hou's son. Tomb No.1 was excavated from1972 65438+1October1June to April 28th by Hunan Provincial Museum in cooperation with the infrastructure project of Mawangdui Sanatorium. The excavation time of Tomb 2 and Tomb 3 is from June 1973 to 10/974. The three tombs are rectangular vertical holes in earth pits, which are composed of earth seals, tomb passages, tomb pits and burial chambers, and the direction is due north. The situation of closing the tomb and filling the pit is basically the same. The periphery and top of the coffin are filled with charcoal with a thickness of 30-50 cm, the bottom and outside of the charcoal layer are sealed with white paste, and finally filled with five-flower soil. All three tombs are coffins weighing several times. Tomb No.2 was stolen, the bones rotted, and only the skeleton was left in Tomb No.3. The body of Tomb No.1 was well preserved, with light brown skin, moist and elastic facial features, clear facial features, yellow and black hair, and 16 teeth left in the mouth. It was identified that the female was about 50 years old, with a height of1.54m and a weight of 34.3kg. After dissection, the deceased suffered from severe coronary heart disease and multiple gallstones, and there were 138 sweet melon seeds in her stomach. When unearthed, there was a colorless transparent liquid 20 cm deep in the coffin. Among the three tombs, tomb 1 and tomb 3 are well preserved, with more than 2,000 pieces unearthed from each tomb, which can be divided into 10 categories, including silk calligraphy and painting, bamboo slips, lacquerware, musical instruments, weapons, pottery, wooden figurines, silk scripts, bamboo slips and barnyard grass. There are five silk paintings, two of which are soul-taking pictures, two are travel etiquette pictures, and one is qigong pictures for strengthening the body, with bright colors and exquisite techniques. There are more than 20 kinds of silk books, including the Book of Changes, Laozi (A and B), and the Warring States Policy, as well as books on astronomy, calendars, five elements and miscellaneous trades. The total number of words exceeds 654.38+ million words. There are also two maps, namely the topographic map of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty and the southern garrison map. Some of these precious cultural relics are new materials that have never been seen before, and some are different from the handed down documents. There are 922 bamboo slips, including 90 medical bamboo slips 10 and 0 wooden slips10, which contain the contents of "eight benefits" and "seven grandchildren (loss)", involving Huangdi, Peng Zu and others, and probably related to the lost Huangdi Neijing. * * * 500 lacquerware, most of which are wooden tires with patterns and words on them. There are tripod, box, pot, plate, bowl, ear cup, ear cup box, spoon, dagger, screen and so on 10. Eight musical instruments * * *, including two pianos and two cymbals, 1 lyre, two flutes, 1 cymbals, and a set of *** 12 cymbals. Among them, Qin, Xiao, Fu and Fu law are the earliest musical instruments and music laws discovered in the Western Han Dynasty. There are 38 kinds of weapons, including swords, spears, bows, crossbows, arrows and quiver, weapon racks, etc. Pottery ***5 1 piece. 266 wooden figures. Silk fabrics are divided into two categories, one is finished clothing, and the other is unused fabrics, such as yarn, silk, silk and brocade. ***6 1. Silk fabrics have more than 20 colors. There are 98 pieces of "barnyard grass * * *" on bamboo slips, and the funerary objects include clothes, silks, food, Chinese herbal medicines and other plants, model funerary wares, etc. In addition, 1 two sets of toiletries such as stationery, bronze mirrors and horny combs, 1 Xin Zhui seal, and bamboo and wood miscellaneous utensils were unearthed in the tomb. Among the remains of Tomb No.2 after it was stolen, the most important is the tripartite seal: one is a private seal made of jade, the other is an official seal made of bronze, and the other is a bronze seal? Hou and the Prime Minister of Changsha. ?
Changsha Western Han Mausoleum
Hunan Provincial Cultural Relics Protection Unit Western Han Dynasty Changsha Mausoleum. 1993, one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China. Located in Wangchengpo ancient tombs in Changsha. Covering an area of more than 65,438+00,000 square meters, it consists of the main tomb and three zigzag ring arch burial pits. The owner of the tomb was a Changsha empress in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. 1From February to July, 1993, the office of Changsha Cultural Relics Protection Management Committee and Changsha Cultural Relics Task Force cooperated with the capital construction project of Hunan University of Finance and Economics to excavate the tomb. The main tomb is a wooden tomb with a vertical hole in a rock pit with a sloping mound, with a total length of 37m, a width of nearly16m and a depth of about10m. It is divided into inner and outer burial chambers, and the outer burial chamber is surrounded by more than 400 thick and short wooden layers. It is huge in scale, rigorous in structure and magnificent, just like an "underground palace" in the Han Dynasty. The tomb consists of Zigong (coffin), toilet (coffin), yellow intestine puzzle (short wooden Fang) and hidden coffin (cloister). This whole burial system is the "emperor system" mentioned in Historical Records and Hanshu. Its tomb owner's position and burial system are above Mawangdui Han Tomb. Although the tomb was stolen many times, more than 2,000 pieces of cultural relics such as gold, jade, lacquer and pottery were unearthed. Among them, a large number of lacquerware is of great value to the in-depth study of the early Western Han Dynasty, especially the three five-string lacquerware buildings unearthed, which are the first batch of Xianghe musical instruments discovered in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties in China, and are of great significance to the study of ancient Chinese music history. Another stationery unearthed in the tomb, lacquer box inkstone, is also called a rare treasure. The inkstone box is about 20cm wide and 12cm high. The inkstone is round, embedded in the inkstone box, with ink blocks on the side. This is very rare and beautifully decorated. It can be called a leader in Han inkstone. ?
Lushan temple
Lushan Temple is a cultural relic protection unit in Hunan Province. Located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain in Changsha. It is one of the oldest temples in Hunan. It was founded in the fourth year of Taishi in the Western Jin Dynasty (268), originally named Huiguang Temple, and renamed Lushan Temple in the early Tang Dynasty. Ming Shenzong was named Wanshou Zen Forest in Wanli period and renamed Wanshou Palace in Qing Dynasty. In the early years of the Republic of China, the name of Lushan Temple was restored. After several repairs, the ancient temple is still intact, maintaining the original pattern in the early years of the Republic of China. 1944, most temples were bombed by the Japanese, leaving only Guanyin pavilion. Today, the temple has been rebuilt and basically restored to its original appearance. Sitting west facing east, the central axis is the mountain gate, Maitreya Hall, Daxiong Hall and Guanyin Pavilion in turn. The north and south sides are supplemented by meditation halls and houses. Among them, Daxiong Hall is the core building of the whole temple, with 7 rooms wide, double eaves resting on the top of the mountain, two steps and turning points, and its shape and column network are similar to those of the Tang Dynasty. Sakyamuni Buddha, pharmacist, glazed Buddha and Amitabha Buddha were rebuilt in the temple. Since the Western Jin Dynasty, the temple has lasted for 1700 years. It is not only a place for religious activities, but also a place for leisure and entertainment of literati and poets in past dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu once said that "the temple gate is wide open and the foot of the temple is inserted into Chisha Lake". In the 18th year of Tang Kaiyuan (730), Li Yong wrote the Lushan Temple Monument, which still exists today. Guanyin Pavilion has a couplet of "1000000000 fragrant sea water, moonlit sky", which was inscribed by Zen master Fachong, the founder of Lushan Temple. 1983, the State Council announced Lushan Temple as one of the key open temples. There is a special religious management institution in the temple to receive Chinese and foreign tourists and religious figures. ?
Juzhou
Cultural relics protection units in Changsha, Juzhou. Also known as Orange Island. Located on the Xiangjiang River in Changsha. It is one of the key scenic spots in Changsha. The whole continent is 3 kilometers long from north to south, and the narrowest part is only 40 meters, covering an area of 5 1 hectare. According to legend, this continent was formed in the second year of Yongxing in the Western Jin Dynasty (305), and it was named after producing excellent oranges. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were land and water temples on the mainland, so it was also called land and water. This temple has long since disappeared. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has been famous for its beautiful scenery, and "Xiaoxiang Rain" is one of the eight scenic spots in Xiaoxiang. After 1904, Changsha became a commercial port open to the outside world, and the British Consulate and Changsha New Customs were built on the mainland. 1962 Orange Island was turned into an amphibious park, and 1967 was renamed Orange Island Park. The park covers an area of 14. 15 hectares, where beautiful oranges are planted, making it an orange orchard with 37 varieties and 2359 citrus plants. In the autumn season, red oranges are covered with branches and tourists are weaving. Surrounded by bamboos, pavilions on both sides of the strait are opposite, green grass is flourishing, and rattan stands are like umbrellas. On the site of the ancient Dongting Palace at the southernmost tip of Linjiang, there is a Wangjiang Pavilion, leaning against the railing and overlooking, and the river is surging, such as on a huge ship. There is a poem tablet beside the pavilion, which is 4.8 meters high. Mao Zedong's Orange Island is carved in the north, and Mao Zedong's Qinyuanchun Changsha is carved in the south? ?
Yuelu academy
Yuelu Academy is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Located at the mouth of Qingfeng Canyon at the eastern foot of Yuelu Mountain in Changsha. In the ninth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (976), it was founded by Zhu Dong, the governor of Tanzhou (now Changsha), and expanded by Li Yun, the governor of Xianping in the second year (999), forming the basic regulations of giving lectures, collecting books and offering sacrifices. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), Song Zhenzong summoned the Zhou family in Shanchang and awarded the plaque "Yuelu Academy", which made it famous all over the world. In the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 165), Hunan Anfu was rebuilt and invited Zhang? NC 12B？ The bishop incident pushed the college to its peak. Zhang? NC 12B？ Opposing the learning of taking advantage of the imperial examination and taking the cultivation of talents who preach and give lessons to solve doubts as the guiding ideology of running a school, its teaching methods such as "step by step", "learning and thinking", "integration of knowledge and practice", "thorough thinking and careful selection" still have reference significance. After three years in the main road, Zhu's visit to Fujian for academic exchange became a major event for a while. In the fifth year of Shao Xi (1 194), Zhu went to Tanzhou after being appointed as the ambassador of Hunan Anfu, where he expanded the academy, invited scholars, and awarded the Bailudong Academy Regulations to Yuelu Academy, which was new and spread to three places. Yuelu Academy is compared to "Zhu Si" and "Zou Lu" in the pre-Qin period, with Songyang Academy (Henan), Bailudong Academy (Lushan) and Yingtian Academy (Henan), and it is also called the four major academies in the Song Dynasty. During their lectures, Zhang and Zhu trained a large number of talents, such as Wu Lie, Peng Guinian, You Jiuyan and You Jiuhong. , known as the "Yuelu Giant". At the end of the Song Dynasty, Yuan soldiers went south, and all beings in the academy resisted Yuan Shoucheng. "He was Gordon, and the deceased was nine years old." After the Yuan Dynasty, the academy was destroyed and built repeatedly, old and fashionable. After vicissitudes of life, a large number of academic pillars have been cultivated, which can be described as "only Chu has material and prospers in Sri Lanka". Tao Shu, Wei Yuan, Zuo, Zeng Guofan, Guo Songtao, Li, Tang and Shen Zhou. It's all for this. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the governor Zhao Erxun abandoned the academy and changed it to a higher school in Hunan, then to a higher normal school. 19 18 Hunan polytechnic college moved here, 1926 Hunan university was established. 1953 to 1959, Hunan Normal University and Zhongnan College of Architecture and Engineering successively used the college premises, and 1960 to 19 1 were handed over to Hunan University for use. The existing buildings were built in the Qing Dynasty. 1980 Hunan provincial people's government decided to allocate funds to repair Yuelu Academy,10.5 officially opened to the public. The restored academy covers an area of 25,000 square meters with a building area of 7,030 square meters. On the main axis, there are Qianmen, Hexi Terrace, Gate, Gate No.2, Lecture Hall, Imperial Bookstore, Main Building, Confucian Temple and Baiquanxuan in turn, and there are zhaishe on both sides of the gate. In addition, there are Taoist Temple, Sizhen Pavilion, Lianxi Temple and Chuanshan Temple, which are dedicated to Zhang Zhu, Er Cheng, Zhou Dunyi and Wang Chuanshan respectively.