Where there is a garden, there must be water, and where there is water, there will often be a garden. People's preference for water also promotes the wide application of water in gardens. For example, the Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, surrounded by water, and the West Lake in Hangzhou are all famous gardens in China. In the whole country, almost every garden has the element of water to some extent. China's classical gardens enjoy a high reputation in the world, represented by Suzhou gardens, as well as Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden, Huanxiu Villa, Lotus Garden and Lion Forest. Revetment is an indispensable part of the garden, which can protect the stability of the land-water junction, the river bank and the structure of the ecological environment. The revetment is a kind of retaining wall, facing the water. It has three functions: (1) supporting the soil behind the wall; (2) Protect the river bank from water erosion; (3) Zigzag revetment makes the water body more diverse, improves the artistry of the garden, and is also an important element in the garden landscape.
According to modern understanding, gardens are not only used for recreation, but also have the function of protecting and improving the environment. Plants can absorb carbon dioxide, which has the protective effects of noise reduction, wind prevention and fire prevention. What is particularly important is the psychological and spiritual benefits of gardens. Activities such as culture, entertainment, sports and popular science education in gardens can enrich knowledge and spiritual life. In the hydrophilic landscape, revetment is the key part to be treated. The height difference between the revetment and the water surface, the type of revetment and the choice of materials determine whether the continuous landscape line formed by the revetment and the waterline can be coordinated with the environment. At the same time, other facilities in the hydrophilic environment (such as water platforms, pavilions, trestles, fence ropes, etc.). ) should also be designed according to the scale relationship between people and water. A building paved with stones or concrete on the slope of the river bank to protect the river bank is called slope protection. Slope protection can be divided into concrete, mortar block stone and dry block stone.
1 Problems existing in garden revetment
The revetment is a kind of retaining wall facing the water surface. It has three functions: (1) supporting the soil behind the wall; (2) Protect the river bank from water erosion; (3) The tortuous revetment makes the water body more colorful and improves the artistry of the garden.
With the improvement of living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for the quality of gardens. In contrast, it is a technical shock from abroad. In this case, the domestic garden industry was quickly squeezed into the "fast lane". Rural landscape types, which are composed of natural resources such as topography, hydrogeology and native plants, are the constituent elements of the spatial theme of China classical gardens. The exquisite craftsmanship of local materials and the artistic expression of garden landscape are one of the main features of my traditional gardens in China. China's classical gardens emphasize that "although it is made by people, it is natural", "it comes from nature and is higher than nature", and people's understanding and feelings about nature. The development and construction of scenic spots, forest parks, landscape communities and theme parks are inseparable from garden revetment. For small water bodies and a small part of large water bodies, as well as water bodies with stable water level in natural gardens, natural rocks or gentle slopes with vegetation are often used for slope protection. Take lotus as the scene and win with humanistic details; Lotus is still lingering, and some faint fragrance strikes. The ancient lotus pond is also the beauty of China's north and south gardens, with clear water and beautiful things. The scenery contains poetry and affection, and draws a quiet water garden on earth. Natural rock revetment can be made into diagenetic, stony, cliff, headland and other shapes, and it takes the form of upward extension and downward contraction and horizontal suspension. Landscape industry often pays attention to landscape and ecology, but not enough attention to the stability and safety factor of revetment, so it is impossible to calculate and check scientifically. Instead, it judges according to the designer's past experience, which makes the stability of landscape revetment lack credibility and scientificity, thus affecting the scientific and systematic development of the whole landscape industry system.
The problems existing in the traditional water conservancy revetment in China mainly lie in: paying attention to image: imitating the revetment form with better visual effect of landscape at home and abroad, paying attention to beauty and losing the original characteristics of water system; Go to extremes: First, put too much emphasis on flood control safety, solid materials and convenient construction; The second is to let it drift and no one manages it. Traditional hydraulic revetment, such as vertical revetment with masonry, mortar rubble revetment and concrete rubble revetment, has played an important role in the sudden flood in summer, but it also has negative effects: First, it broadens the river, solidifies the river bank, speeds up the river flow, and leads to a large amount of sediment deposition in the downstream. The second is to destroy the living environment of riparian organisms, hinder the water and gas circulation of river courses and riparian vegetation, worsen the living space of terrestrial vegetation, and make some aquatic animals lose their good life and habitat.
Modern theme gardens take quietness as the scene, stone as the thought, rich and progressive, as quiet as possible. It combines the essence of classical gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and is famous for its collection of strange stones. In the miniature garden bonsai, a dream today is telling the human history of tomorrow. Clear and practical; Centered on the waterside pavilion, there is no trivial and primitive, and the elegance of carved buildings and painted buildings is full of quiet and simple elegance everywhere. Layered depth of field, deliberately revealing nature. In the luxurious garden, art is rampant. People look up to the profound cultural heritage and architectural ingenuity. The breeze within a wall is spontaneous, and the overture of the East and the aftertaste of the West are all due to the length of the Royal Garden in China and the Secret Garden in Jiangnan Private House. Shi Shui's overlapping scenery and winding corridors are exquisitely designed, comfortable and elegant.
2 potential threats of garden revetment
The basic form of traditional gardens in China is landscape gardens. "One pool with three mountains" and "mountains and rivers depend on each other" have become the basic principles of landscape architecture in China. For this kind of garden revetment, the garden revetment needs to rely on its own gravity or other means to resist the outward trend of earth pressure behind it, especially when the bank slope angle exceeds the natural angle of repose of soil, the thrust effect of earth pressure on the revetment is more obvious, and the water-resistant garden revetment should not only resist the earth pressure behind it, but also resist the erosion and erosion of the revetment by running water. To study the environmental threats faced by garden revetment, the author divides it into "water erosion resistant garden revetment" and "earth pressure resistant garden revetment". This classification method is mainly for the convenience of resisting earth pressure, and the degree of water scouring the revetment is small. Therefore, this kind of revetment basically considers the threat of earth pressure to the revetment. This is the most common type of garden revetment in gardens at present. Among the elements of landscape architecture, mountains, rocks, water and water are the most closely related. Rebuild Gankun within an inch, integrate the construction techniques of gardens around the country, and integrate the gentleness of the south into the domineering of the north. Out of manpower, it looks natural, and the scenery is dense and suitable, showing the royal style. The situation of this kind of garden revetment is complicated, so it is necessary to fully consider the threat of various potential factors to this kind of garden revetment. To treat this kind of revetment, landscape designers must integrate water conservancy experts, plant ecologists and many related engineers to brainstorm and carry out scientific structural design. Philosophy permeates the compactness, and the rockery is a mystery, like a mountain forest, like a lion, like a handsome man, showing its elegance.
3 Design theory suitable for garden revetment structure
The revetment in the garden is an integral part of the garden project, and it must be beautiful in appearance under the condition of meeting the technical requirements. The design of scale, revetment height and water depth should meet the requirements of human hydrophilicity. The revetment (pool bank) should be as close to the water surface as possible, and it is best to touch the water surface by hand. Other facilities in the hydrophilic environment (such as platforms, pavilions, trestles, fences, etc.). ) The water in the protected park should also be designed based on the scale relationship between people and water. Modern theme gardens take quietness as the scene, stone as the thought, rich and progressive, as quiet as possible. It combines the essence of classical gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and is famous for its collection of strange stones. In the miniature garden bonsai, a dream today is telling the human history of tomorrow. Clear and practical; Centered on the waterside pavilion, there is no trivial and primitive, and the elegance of carved buildings and painted buildings is full of quiet and simple elegance everywhere. Layered depth of field, deliberately revealing nature. In the luxurious garden, art is rampant. People look up to the profound cultural heritage and architectural ingenuity. The breeze within a wall is spontaneous, and the overture of the East and the aftertaste of the West are all due to the length of the Royal Garden in China and the Secret Garden in Jiangnan Private House. Shi Shui's overlapping scenery and winding corridors are exquisitely designed, comfortable and elegant.
Revetment is usually based on block stone, strip stone, concrete or reinforced concrete; Use rocks, slats, concrete blocks and vegetation as roofs; Jointing with grouting stone and grouting block stone, plastering waterproof mortar with brick, and making walls with reinforced concrete and rockfill. Its structure and caulking materials should be economical, durable and convenient for construction. The water surface after bank protection in cold areas needs frost heaving treatment. The revetment shall be provided with expansion joints at regular intervals. The method includes: filling graded sand, coke residue and other porous materials that are easy to filter water; Masonry with large masonry structure size shall be compacted with solid, pressure-resistant and impervious materials such as lime soil. This kind of garden, represented by Humble Administrator's Garden, is full of rich historical and cultural atmosphere in the long and quiet picture. In the ingenious division and layout of the garden, there is affection everywhere, and the poetry is unfamiliar.
4 Typical garden revetment structure
Garden revetment is a kind of protective engineering structure, which consists of foundation, wall and roof. , and it is required to be firm and stable during construction. Piling or sinking firewood rafts are often used as measures to strengthen the foundation of revetment. Choose a solid boulder as a block, or use a lime soil layer with a widened cross section as a foundation to build a revetment on it. Rafts, rocks, concrete blocks and vegetation are often used as roofs for revetment. The garden space is skillfully used, and I am well versed in China's profound lighting, architectural aesthetics and Jiangnan geomantic art. It is rugged, tortuous, freely retractable, and intertwined with rocks, which is full of three-dimensional sense and rhythmic beauty. In places rich in bamboo and wood, bamboo, wood, round strips, bamboo chips and wooden boards are also used as bamboo piles for revetment after anticorrosion treatment. The revetment shall be provided with expansion joints at regular intervals. Its structure and caulking materials should be economical, durable and convenient for construction. The water surface after bank protection in cold areas needs frost heaving treatment. The method includes: filling graded sand, coke residue and other porous materials that are easy to filter water; Masonry with large masonry structure size shall be compacted with solid, pressure-resistant and impervious materials such as lime soil.
5 abstract
China's classical gardens enjoy a high reputation in the world, represented by Suzhou gardens, as well as Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden, Huanxiu Mountain Villa, Lotus Garden and Lion Forest. Revetment is an indispensable part of the garden, which can protect the stability of the land-water junction, the river bank and the structure of the ecological environment. The revetment is a kind of retaining wall, facing the water. Only with the participation and cooperation of more researchers can the research results of garden revetment structure be deepened and matured, and can it complement each other with "water" and glow more beautiful gardens. Ecology, landscape and environment are an inseparable whole, which together create the external space for human survival.
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