With the acceleration of world economic integration and globalization, e-commerce has gradually become a new mode for people to conduct business activities. While e-commerce is developing rapidly, it also faces many problems. Among them, the establishment of trust and credit system has become the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce in China. Taking the credit problem in e-commerce as the research object, this paper analyzes the credit risk of e-commerce, probes into the construction of e-commerce credit system, and advances some corresponding measures for establishing and perfecting the credit system.
Keywords: e-commerce credit problems, credit system construction, credit management
The vigorous development of e-commerce in the world has brought opportunities and challenges to enterprises in China. The development of e-commerce in China is quite different from that in Europe and America. Through MRP, ERP and CRM, enterprises in Europe and America have a high degree of informationization, a high network penetration rate and a good social credit system, paving the way for the development of e-commerce. The informatization level of Chinese enterprises is not as high as that of European and American enterprises, and their application awareness is not strong, and the overall level of social application is low. China's e-commerce has not yet formed a mature legal system and unified standards; Efficient logistics distribution system has not yet formed; The social credit system has not yet been established.
The problem of enterprise informatization will be gradually solved with the strong support of the state and the continuous efforts of enterprises themselves, and the establishment of logistics distribution system will be gradually improved. With the promulgation of "Electronic Signature Law" and other laws and regulations, China's e-commerce legal system will be more and more perfect. Technical problems are relatively easy to solve, while social environment and ideological problems are relatively difficult to develop. In other words, the hard environment of e-commerce is relatively easy to establish, but its soft environment is difficult to improve.
Because of the virtuality and fluidity of network information itself, its format and media can be separated, and the integrity of the subjects involved in e-commerce makes it difficult to guarantee the authenticity and security of e-commerce information. Compared with traditional transactions, e-commerce requires higher credit. To develop e-commerce, we must first strengthen credit construction. The construction of social credit system will eventually become the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce in China.
First, China e-commerce credit problems
At present, there is still a big gap between China's e-commerce credit environment and western developed countries, and there are still many constraints in establishing e-commerce credit guarantee system.
1. There is a general lack of credit awareness and credit ethics.
China's economy is born out of planned economy, social credit economy develops late, market credit transactions are underdeveloped, and society generally lacks credit awareness and credit ethics under the conditions of modern market economy. The credit guarantee system is not fully established, and the lack of social credit in turn affects e-commerce activities; China's e-commerce laws and regulations are not perfect, and there is a lack of clear laws and regulations to regulate e-commerce. Most of the transactions of domestic enterprises are limited to face-to-face transactions, and the awareness of online credit is poor. Many enterprises and individuals lack due understanding of the importance of credit. Enterprises can survive and develop without credit, and the lack of credit is very common in society. Faced with the real business environment of low credit, serious triangular debts and the proliferation of counterfeit and shoddy goods, this reality undoubtedly restricts the promotion of e-commerce credit status.
2. The internal e-commerce credit management system is not perfect.
Western enterprises have strong credit awareness, sound internal e-commerce credit management mechanism, advanced technology and developed personal data network. The credit departments of western enterprises evaluate customers' credit before e-commerce transactions, which lays a good foundation for the development of e-commerce. However, the configuration of electronic information technology equipment in Chinese enterprises is relatively backward, the level of informatization is relatively low, and the internal e-commerce credit management system is not perfect. Most enterprises have no credit management department at all, lack of investigation on customer information before trading, lack of due understanding of customer credit status, and wrong choice of trading object in e-commerce, which leads to the occurrence of default.
3. Credit intermediary services are backward.
At present, China lacks a perfect national credit management system, the development of social credit intermediary service industry lags behind, and the marketization of credit management industry is low. Many credit intermediaries do not have their own credit data databases, and even if they do, they are generally small and their credit information is incomplete. Some institutions provide credit services and credit products for e-commerce enterprises, such as credit spot check reports and credit rating reports. The market scale is also small and the operation is scattered, and the overall level of the industry is not high. At the same time, the market openness of credit data in China is low, and the information of enterprises and individuals lacks normal access and retrieval channels, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of solving the credit problem of e-commerce.
4. The country lacks effective legal guarantee and reward and punishment mechanism.
Market economy is a credit economy and an economy ruled by law. The solution of credit problem can not be separated from the protection of law. However, China's legal system construction is not perfect, especially the construction of credit legal system obviously lags behind the pace of social and economic development. The existing laws and regulations in our country are not enough to form strong legal norms and constraints on all kinds of dishonesty in society. At the same time, the problem of non-compliance with laws and lax enforcement is quite serious. In some cases of dishonesty and e-commerce fraud, there is still a serious tendency of local protectionism. The lack of strict punishment mechanism for dishonesty in society makes the credit problem of e-commerce more difficult to solve.
5. Publish false, unhealthy or even illegal business information on the Internet.
The uses of the Internet are various, so there are various forms of publishing business information in online marketing, such as advertisements, emails, newsgroups, BBS and so on. At the same time, due to the universality of the Internet and the concealment of the information publishers, it is difficult for online consumers to tell who published these commercial information and where, which provides an opportunity for unscrupulous marketers to publish immoral false commercial information.
Second, the construction of e-commerce credit system
Market economy is a kind of credit commodity economy, and credit is the foundation and lifeline of market economy, capital and resources, and even productivity. Especially in the process of economic globalization, credit is a passport to enter the international market. As a commercial activity, credit is also the basis of its existence and development. Moreover, the characteristics of e-commerce, such as remoteness, variability of records and complexity of subjects, determine that its credit problem is more prominent. The methods and measures to establish a relatively perfect credit system in China are as follows:
1. Clarify the tasks and roles of government, enterprises and individuals.
In China, due to immature market cultivation and relatively weak corporate reputation, in the process of building e-commerce credit system, many aspects need the direct participation of the government, for example, electronic certification needs the supplement of government reputation. Judging from the situation in China, it may not be realistic to develop the electronic certification industry completely by market competition in the near future, and the government must become the strong backing of e-commerce credit construction. The government should solve the problem of anonymity of both parties to the transaction. Merchants and consumers are hidden in the network. If there is a dispute, it will be a great obstacle for both parties to solve the problem directly, which will directly affect the credit of both parties. In order to ensure the healthy development of China's e-commerce, it is necessary for the government to establish or authorize institutions as security certification institutions for electronic signatures.
The government should establish an incentive mechanism for credit evaluation with enterprises to encourage individuals and enterprises to participate in online credit evaluation. In the process of e-commerce, due to the lack of credit evaluation and incentive mechanism, both parties to the transaction will not actively evaluate each other's credit, whether they successfully complete the transaction or fail to complete the transaction for some reason. In order to solve this problem and improve the awareness of credit construction of individuals and enterprises, our government and enterprises should establish some incentive mechanisms to encourage both sides to actively participate in the construction of online credit environment.
As general enterprises and individuals, they must actively participate in the credit construction of e-commerce as masters. On the one hand, we should improve the credit awareness of online transactions, cooperate with the government and intermediaries, and build a good credit management information system and personal credit information system. On the other hand, we should actively participate in exposing transactions that violate credit, including participating in online credit evaluation and online credit forums.
2. Technology, legislation, ethics.
Technology is the foundation of e-commerce credit construction, and many untrustworthy behaviors can be prevented or even eliminated through technology. However, from the previous analysis, there are still many problems in the credit construction of e-commerce, which need to be solved by relevant laws and regulations, and laws and regulations have become the last binding mechanism and relief means for many acts of dishonesty. However, using technology and law to strengthen the construction of e-commerce is only a means to build a credit environment for e-commerce, and should not be our main purpose. Our main purpose is to create a good credit atmosphere for online trade. Therefore, China must further cultivate the credit awareness of online transactions of enterprises and consumers, that is, popularize e-commerce knowledge through various education and online forums, and strengthen the publicity and construction of online credit ethics.
3. Establish a credit management system
In order to solve the problem of fragmentation of credit information in China, a unified, efficient and convenient credit management system should be established nationwide and even globally.
(1) Establish a good faith alliance. Peer websites of trading platforms with similar functions can establish information exchange systems. Once the trading platform finds fraud and dishonesty, it can immediately notify other trading platforms to take preventive measures, and add malicious traders to the blacklist of dishonesty for publication, making the credit evaluation system more efficient.
(2) Realize the national interconnection of credit information of various credit reporting agencies, and then establish a management and inquiry system similar to personal identity cards and academic degree certificates. Whether it is personal credit information or enterprise credit information, the system should be a credit system covering all aspects of social and economic activities. So that people can check the credit status of enterprises and individuals at any time.
(3) We should not only establish a perfect personal credit system, but also directly link it with the credit of personal transactions. In this regard, we can learn from the practice of western countries and assign everyone a lifelong effective social security number, which cannot be forged and copied. At the same time, the credit company will give you a credit report. When trading online, both parties can check each other's credit status at any time. Once someone violates the credit in the transaction, it will be recorded in this person's credit report, which will have an impact on his future transactions.
(4) Government departments should establish information supervision institutions to strictly supervise enterprise websites and product information released by enterprises. The agency is mainly responsible for supervising the authenticity of product information published by the enterprise's own website; Supervise the authenticity of product information released by intermediary agencies for enterprises; Review the terms of various online transactions of enterprises. These regulatory measures can largely avoid the breach of trust before the transaction.
4. Play the role of third-party intermediary
In order to speed up the construction of e-commerce trade credit environment, we should learn from foreign practices and strengthen the role of third-party intermediaries in cultivating e-commerce trade credit environment. Although the involvement of the third-party intermediary may increase the transaction cost of both parties, and the authentication of information by the authentication intermediary still has legal effect, these cannot deny the intermediary's supervision and promotion of e-commerce trade credit construction. Many times, the law is powerless, and only the credibility can work. It is an indispensable part of e-commerce trade credit construction to establish a third-party online organization that relies on trust mechanism outside the legal framework. In this regard, China has already started. For example, the typical "Red Shield 3 15" website of domestic third-party online certification institutions is an online certification institution under the Beijing Municipal Administration of Industry and Commerce that requires the registration of industrial and commercial websites. In addition, Alibaba's "Cheng Xintong" already has the characteristics of a third-party certification body.
Three. abstract
The development of e-commerce needs the guarantee of credit. By establishing a perfect social credit guarantee mechanism and forming a business environment of "honesty-based, doing business with morality", the business risks of enterprises can be effectively reduced, the economic competitiveness of enterprises can be enhanced, the transaction reliability and security of e-commerce can be guaranteed, and the rapid development of e-commerce can be promoted.