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The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival vividly reproduces the prosperity of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty by a detailed description of ordinary life in the city. It has become an immortal work in the art history of China, and it has also become the most copied work in the past dynasties with exquisite meticulous brushwork and rich connotations. Only Puyi stole the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival from the palace in the name of "appreciation", including the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival imitated by Qiu Ying in the Ming Dynasty, Suzhou Film and Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival imitated by other painters in the Ming Dynasty. From ancient times to the present, there have been endless arguments about the version of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival and the textual research of its author.
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival was written by Zhang Zeduan who was waiting to be summoned by the Painting Academy at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. The whole volume is magnificent, with rigorous composition and delicate brushwork. Nearly a thousand figures of various colors, such as horses, oxen, mules, donkeys, cars and boats, are concentrated in a picture with a length of 24.8 cm and a width of 528.7 cm. The figures and scenery are exquisitely arranged, patchwork and complicated, which shows that the author is of a very high level.
First, the version dispute This painting was originally dedicated to Song Huizong, and its earliest collector was Song Huizong (Evonne). His original painting "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" written in fine gold and Shuanglong Xiao Zhuan (an idle seal of the Emperor of Song Dynasty, used for appreciating or collecting artworks) can prove that it was originally collected in the palace after painting. 11After the fall of Bianjing in 26 years, all the precious cultural relics in the palace, including this famous painting, were taken away by the Jin people. In the 26th year of Jin Shizong's Dading, Zhang Zhu wrote the first postscript to The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival: "Hanlin Zhang Zeduan, with proper pronunciation, is a human being. He studied in the capital since childhood, and then studied painting. He is a painter, and he is particularly interested in boats, bridges, countries and homes. According to a painting review, "West Lake is made for plotting". The day after the Qingming Festival in Bingwu became an important reference for identifying the authenticity of the Riverside Map on Qingming Festival in the future.
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is famous all over the world. There were imitations in Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty, but the imitators couldn't see the original works, so they could only compile a volume according to legends and written records. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, various imitations emerged one after another, and as many as four imitations were intercepted from Puyi in 1945. For a time, the difference between the authenticity of the riverside map on Qingming Festival was rampant. It was not until the winter of 1950 that Mr. Yang dug up the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival and Zhang Zhu's autograph in the counterfeit banknotes in the warehouse of Northeast Museum. Appraised by many experts, the book was unanimously recognized as the original of Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, and the dispute over the edition came to an end.
Second, the author dispute has been a mystery for thousands of years, because there is no historical record in Zhang Zeduan's life history books. Some said it in the Northern Song Dynasty and some in the Southern Song Dynasty. I believe Zhang Zeduan is also a gold man.
Zhang Zeduan is regarded as an expert in the Southern Song Dynasty, mainly based on the speculation of Dong Qichang, a painter and painter in the late Ming Dynasty, about the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in Rong Tai Collection: "In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was thought of western beauty to describe the scenery of Bianjing." Sun Chengze in Qing Dynasty recorded in "Summer of Gengzi": "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is a memory of the prosperity of the capital of Southern Song Dynasty." Reading recommendation 20 15 The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is exhibited in the Forbidden City: Who is the author of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival?
It is believed that Zhang Zeduan was an expert in the Jin Dynasty. According to the earliest inscription "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival", it was written by Jin Dynasty, but there was no record of Zhang Zeduan in Song Dynasty Painting Academy.
However, more experts and scholars believe that Zhang Zeduan was born in the Northern Song Dynasty. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, now in the Palace Museum, is the Baodi trilogy of Shiqu. Later, Zhang Zhu's inscription in the Jin Dynasty showed that Zhang Zeduan was an "academician", and further pointed out that Zhang Zeduan, who was studying in the capital, was his "boundary painting" and especially loved Guo Jing, the bridge of the city. Zhang Zhu's inscription is the earliest and only record about Zhang Zeduan's life experience. Although it is impossible to prove who Xiang is, and Xiang's Painting Theory has never been recorded, there is no doubt that the theory of the Northern Song Dynasty is the most convincing and widely adopted.
Third, experts and scholars on the debate on Qingming have come to three views through textual research on Qingming: (1) "The meaning of Tomb-Sweeping Day"; (2) "The Significance of Qingming Square"; (3), that is, "the meaning of Qingming Shengshi."
According to the Ming Dynasty's Wei Shuixuan Diary, this painting not only has Song Huizong's thin gold inscription, Ssangyong seal, but also Song Huizong's inscription; There is a saying in the poem that "there is water by the riverside", which undoubtedly shows that the picture scroll depicts spring scenery, and modern art historians such as Zheng Zhenduo, Xu Bangda and Zhang Anzhi all hold the view of "Qingming".
The first person who was skeptical about the theory of spring scenery was Mr. Kong, a teacher in Kaifeng. In the second issue of 198 1 Fine Arts Magazine, Mr. Kong published the article "The Riverside Map on the Qingming Festival Questioned Qingming Festival". Through textual research on charcoal, stone scorpions, fans, watermelons and costumes, Mr. Kong thinks that Qiu Jingtu was painted by him. Qingming means "Qingming Square".
In the mid-1980s, Mr. Zou Shencheng submitted a paper "Historical Materials of Song Dynasty Images, Social Significance of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" at the Song History Research Society in China, and thought that the word "Qingming Festival" here was originally a eulogy made by the painter Zhang Zeduan when submitting this painting, that is, "Qingming Festival". There is also a famous expert, Shi Shuqing, who holds the view of "Qingming Shi Sheng". Mr. Shi Shuqing pointed out: "Qingming does not refer to the day of Tomb-Sweeping Day, but as a kind of morality to praise the peaceful and prosperous times. Qingming means political clarity. "
Mr. Zhou, a professor in the history department of Henan University, held a negative attitude towards Mr. Kong's "Qingming Square" in his book "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival". Professor Zhou believes that the role of fans in the Northern Song Dynasty was not only to paint poems and sell gifts, but also to blow away the summer heat, drive away flies and make noodles. "Instant noodles" means that scholars, dignitaries and ordinary people cover their faces with fans when they meet acquaintances in the street and don't want to say hello. Therefore, it is convenient for you to cover your face with a fan. . The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival has more than ten fans, which is one of the reasons why Mr. Kong created Qiu Jingtu.
Professor Zhou praised the theory of "political clarity" and further proved this possibility. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the national economy tended to be prosperous, and after the Tang Dynasty, there was another peaceful and prosperous time. During this period, literati and bureaucrats sang praises to the current emperor for their career development. The majestic momentum and prosperous scene shown in The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival can best cater to Song Huizong's political ideal. This seems reasonable, but after careful study, it is found that the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival not only depicts prosperity, but also depicts many small people, beggars and lazy soldiers at the entrance of the official yamen. These scenes seem to be contrary to the era of peace and prosperity.
No matter what "Qingming" means, it will not affect the position of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the history of China fine arts. With its huge picture scroll, rigorous structure and vivid character activities, it has won the favor of emperors and celebrities in past dynasties, and has also written its own page in the vast history book of China.