Language retardation means that children's language development does not reach the level corresponding to their age during their development, but it does not include other types of language disorders such as language retardation and dysarthria caused by hearing impairment. Most children with language disorders have mental retardation or abnormal reactions to people around them. Mainly manifested as language learning obstacles, such as not speaking, only speaking words, incoherent speech, parroting when answering questions and so on. Some children still have some behaviors such as lack of eye contact with others, irritability, hyperactivity and not playing with children.
Second, the causes of language development retardation
There are many reasons for language development retardation, such as mental retardation, other sensory disorders, communication disorders, abnormal sound organs, inappropriate language environment and so on.
mental retardation
1, mental retardation refers to the fact that the overall intellectual function is obviously lower than the average level during development, resulting in or accompanied by adaptive behavior disorder, also known as mental retardation or mental retardation. Mental retardation belongs to intellectual disability, which accounts for the largest proportion in language retardation.
2. Diagnostic criteria for mental retardation
(1) The average IQ of people is 100, and the IQ of people with mental retardation is lower than the normal level by more than two standard deviations, that is, the IQ value is less than 70.
(2) Impaired social adaptability: There are adaptive behavior obstacles at the level corresponding to their age.
(3) Occurred during development: development refers to the period before 18 years old.
3. Speech characteristics of people with mental retardation.
The development of children's language is closely related to their intelligence. The language development of children with mental retardation is also slow, and the development of understanding, expression and articulation is slower than their actual age. Generally speaking, most children with mental retardation have more difficulties in language expression than in understanding. At the age of 5-7, they can only express their ideas by gestures or nodding or shaking their heads. It is difficult for children with mental retardation to understand the connotation of words, so it is often difficult or takes a long time to transform words from names to concepts. In addition, children with mental retardation often have defects in the movement of speech organs, which affects the accuracy of pronunciation.
(2) Other sensory disorders
1, hearing impairment
Hearing impairment has the most obvious influence on children's language development. The influence of hearing impairment on language is mainly the input obstacle of auditory language information, which leads to language obstacle. Long-standing language information input obstacles, such as moderate or above hearing impairment, will affect the reception (understanding) of language information, and then affect the transmission (expression) of language information. The degree of language retardation caused by hearing impairment is often parallel to the degree of hearing impairment.
2. Visual impairment
Visual impairment mainly affects children's language ability in visual perception, visual association and visual memory, such as the use of nouns indicating orientation and adjectives indicating color in language.
communication disorders
1. Generalized developmental disorder, also known as loneliness-like disorder, is a group of developmental disorders characterized by communication, language disorder and abnormal behavior. The most common diseases are autism and Asperger's syndrome.
Due to the lack of attention to the existence of language communication objects and language stimulation itself, the language development of autistic children will inevitably be affected, and there are serious verbal and nonverbal communication obstacles in the process of children's language development. In terms of language symptoms, language development retardation, grammatical errors and special language usage often appear. Often taciturn, language is not used to communicate with people, language has the characteristics of echo, does not conform to the monologue of the occasion, the use of personal pronouns is chaotic, and the intonation is not cadenced.
2. General emotional communication disorder is also called emotional disorder sexual behavior problem. It is generally believed that it is a psychological problem caused by lack of emotion or a child's own psychological problem. In the process of growing up, due to various social and emotional factors, these children have psychological obstacles such as attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder, behavior disorder, reverse behavior problem, depression and silence disorder. , will cause obstacles to individual language development.
(D) inappropriate language environment
The lack of a suitable language environment will affect the normal language development process. Children's deprivation or separation from the language environment in early development will lead to language development obstacles. In the critical period of children's language development, especially at the age of 1 ~ 3, children are in a multilingual environment, which is not conducive to the acquisition of their mother tongue.
(5) Abnormal vocal organs
Abnormal pronunciation organs refer to dyskinesia and structural abnormality of pronunciation organs, such as cerebral palsy and cleft palate in children.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the occurrence of this disease is due to congenital deficiency and acquired malnutrition. And pointed out all the late waiting, "all fetuses are weak." The occurrence of speech delay is related to heart controlling speech, liver controlling and lung sound. If the three dirty organs are deficient, it can cause speech delay.
Second, the main manifestations of slow language development
Language delay is a state in which children can't show the language knowledge system equivalent to the expected normal standard. Clinically, children's language retardation can be divided into simple language retardation and mixed language retardation. Mixed language disorders often have other obstacles, such as hearing and mental retardation. Simple language retardation has no abnormality except language disorder, which is often ignored. Compared with normal children, children's language development is slow, with a late starting point, slow development speed and low development level. There may be slow development and behavioral obstacles in speech expression, understanding and communication.
lalopathy
Language-impaired children's speech and oral expression ability obviously lags behind that of normal children. Can't talk when you are old, or can't talk; After starting to speak, the development of language expression is slower or stagnant than that of normal children; Although he can speak, his language ability is low, and his vocabulary and grammar application are lower than those of his peers. The screening criteria for language retardation are: less than 30 words within 24 months, less than 3 boys and less than 5 girls within 30 months.
(B) language understanding barriers
Language understanding is delayed to varying degrees, especially for children with mental retardation. There may be difficulties in understanding the language and following the instructions.
(C) communication barriers and abnormal behavior
Children with language retardation, especially children with mental retardation, may have language learning and communication obstacles, such as speaking words instead of sentences, incoherent speech, vague pronunciation, parroting when answering questions and so on. Due to communication barriers and psychological factors, there may be abnormal behaviors such as reluctance to communicate with people, lack of eye contact with people, irritability, hyperactivity, unsociable, self-injury and injury.
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