China's computer application has a history of more than 40 years, while e-commerce is only 10 years. 1September 20th, 987, China's first e-mail crossed the Great Wall and opened to the world, which opened the curtain for China to use the Internet.
The development process of e-commerce in China can be divided into three stages:
1.1990-1993, start the e-commerce application stage of EDI.
In 1990s, China began to apply EDI in e-commerce. Since 1990, the State Planning Commission and the Science and Technology Commission have included EDI in the national key scientific and technological projects during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, such as the EDI system of the national foreign trade license of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the EDI system of shipping/air transportation managed by China Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation, the EDI system of Sinochem Finance, Petroleum and Rubber Trade of China Chemical Import and Export Corporation, and the application of EDI in export trade of Shandong Embroidery Company. 1991September, the State Council electronic information system popularization and application office initiated the establishment of "Promoting China EDI" together with the State Planning Commission, Science and Technology Commission, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Domestic Trade, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Electronics, State Bureau of Technical Supervision, Commodity Inspection Bureau, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, General Administration of Customs, Bank of China, People's Bank of China, People's Insurance Company of China, Tax Bureau and CCPIT. In the same year, "China EDIFACT Committee" was established in June 5438+10, and participated in the Asian EDIFACT Council. At present, there are 18 members of state departments and 10 members of local committees. EDI is used in domestic and foreign trade, transportation, banking and other departments.
2. 1993- 1997 The "Three Gold Projects" organized by the government laid the foundation for the development of e-commerce.
1993 set up the national economic informatization joint conference and its office presided over by the State Council's Premier Fu, and successively organized and implemented the "three gold projects" such as Golden Pass, Gold Card and Golden Tax, and made great progress. 1994 In May, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of Electronics Industry and the Global Information Infrastructure Committee (GIIC) jointly held the "Beijing International Forum on Electronic Commerce", with 700 participants from the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Egypt and Canada. 1994 10 "Asia-Pacific e-commerce seminar held in Beijing" made the concept of e-commerce spread in China. From 65438 to 0995, the Internet in China began to be commercialized. Internet. Company (ISP,. Com) began to rise.
1996 1 national leading group, the State Council was established, headed by the vice premier and attended by more than 20 ministries and commissions, to lead and organize China's informatization construction in a unified way. 1996, the whole bridge network and internet were officially opened.
During the period of 1997, the Information Office organized relevant departments to draft and compile the informatization plan of China, and held a national informatization work conference in Shenzhen in April of 1997. The leading groups and offices of informatization have been set up in various provinces and cities, and the provinces have begun to formulate their own informatization construction plans, including e-commerce. From 65438 to 0997, advertisers began to use online advertising. Since April 1997, China Commodity Order System (CGOS) has been in operation.
3. 1998 began to enter the development stage of internet e-commerce.
In March, 1998, the first online transaction in China was successful. 1In July, 1998, China Commodity Exchange Market was formally established, which was called "the never-ending Canton Fair". China commodity spot trading market is the first spot electronic trading market in China, and the electronic transaction volume in the spot electronic market reached 200 billion RMB in 1999. China Bank cooperated with Telecom Data Information Bureau to launch the pilot project of China Bank's e-commerce in Hunan, and launched the first SET of domestic e-commerce system based on SET. 1998 10 The State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Information Industry jointly announced the launch of the "Golden Trade Project", which is a large-scale pilot project to promote network applications and develop e-commerce in the field of economic and trade circulation. From 65438 to 0998, the capital, Shanghai and other cities started e-commerce projects, launched e-malls, e-malls, launched online shopping and online transactions, established financial and non-financial demonstration centers, and related standards and regulations, which laid the foundation for the future development of e-commerce. At present, e-commerce in China is still in its infancy or primary stage. The medical e-commerce network was put into operation in 1998, and the medical and health industry 1000 enterprises and institutions were networked, which can provide thousands of Chinese and western medical information. The national inventory commodity adjustment network, national construction online and real estate online promotion have all been officially opened.
1999 March 8848 and other B2C websites were officially opened, and online shopping entered the practical application stage.
1999, generalized e-commerce such as government online, enterprise online, e-government (government online project), online tax payment, online education (online university of Hunan University and Zhejiang University), and remote diagnosis (big hospitals in Beijing and Shanghai) was launched, and it has been piloted into the actual trial stage. 4. In 2000, e-commerce in China entered the stage of pragmatic development.
E-commerce is gradually taking traditional industry B2B as the main body. E-commerce service provider (dotcom) is shifting from illusory and venture capital market to the change of real market demand, and integrating with traditional enterprises. At the same time, some more successful and profitable e-commerce applications have begun to appear. Due to the external environment such as infrastructure and the further improvement of e-commerce application mode, the demand for e-commerce in the real market is becoming more and more mature, and the trend of "localization" of e-commerce software and solutions is accelerating. E-commerce software and solutions developed by domestic enterprises or aimed at domestic applications gradually occupy a dominant position in the market. E-commerce in China started in an all-round way and achieved initial results. The advantages of e-commerce based on network will be further developed.
2. The development status of e-commerce in China
2. 1 In recent years, the number of computers, Internet users and websites in China has increased rapidly.
The number of computer Internet users, websites and domain names in China has increased rapidly. According to the statistics of relevant departments:
2000200 12002.62002。 12
The number of computers installed is 22 million, 28 million, 35 million and 39 million respectively.
The number of networked computers is 8.92 million12.54 million161320.83 million.
Internet users are 22.5 million 33.7 million 45.8 million 5965438+ 10,000.
The number of domain names is 2200012700012600017. 90000
The number of websites is 265,000,277,000,293,000 37. 1 ten thousand
The rapid development of Internet in China has promoted the networking of e-commerce and computer applications.
2.2 E-government project started in an all-round way and achieved initial results.
In 2002, e-government entered the stage of full implementation, and the national government procurement investment was 35 billion yuan (25 billion yuan for hardware, 4.5 billion yuan for software and 5.5 billion yuan for information services), up 25% year-on-year. In July, 2002, the State Information Office issued the Guiding Opinions on the Construction of E-government in China, including three major measures: 1) establishing two unified e-government network platforms, an internal network office and an external network office. 2) Promote the construction of 12 gold-lettered signboard project (golden tax, golden customs, golden finance, golden audit, etc.). 3) Accelerate the construction of important strategic databases (population and agricultural information databases, etc.). ). All levels of government in China are implementing it. The number of gov.com domain names applied by governments at all levels is 200 1 1 46 15. In 2002, there were more than 7796 65438+2. In some provinces, township governments have all gone online, and government information has been published on government websites at all levels, opening up channels for communication and service with the public. Many local governments have established information dissemination and inquiry systems for the masses, and set up "mayor's mailbox" and "government mailbox" to facilitate the public to participate in and discuss state affairs. Beijing Capital Public Information Platform has established 142 government websites, carried out more than 80 online office projects, and provided 565 forms for downloading office announcements. Shanghai has established 143 government website to realize cross-departmental online parallel approval. It used to take more than 30 days to run 18 department, but now it only takes 5 days to run 1 department. Guangzhou has established 76 government websites and 93 application systems, such as the online examination and approval of 43 departments in the "Parallel Examination and Approval System for Enterprise Registration and Annual Inspection". Qingdao e-government project was rated as one of the national e-government demonstration projects by the General Office of the State Council and the Ministry of Science and Technology, which set a number of records for the construction of government websites with the most advanced technical performance, the richest information resources and the largest number of visits. It also took the lead in e-government strategy, technical research and e-government planning and construction, and established an e-port system in customs and other departments. There are more than 4,000 computer wide area networks in the national tax system, and the national tax computer network has been basically completed. More than 20 million taxpayers in China are managed by computers, and 75% of the country's taxes are collected by computers. The anti-counterfeiting tax control system has been implemented nationwide, and tax authorities have launched online tax declaration in some areas. Some provinces and cities such as Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong and Guangdong have realized online tax collection, and some provinces and cities have implemented online government bidding procurement, such as Shenzhen 600 million. The full implementation of e-government has effectively promoted the development of e-commerce.
2.3 China's e-commerce environment continued to improve.
China e-commerce development environment (operating environment such as network infrastructure, legal environment, market environment, online payment, information security, certification center construction, etc. ) has been gradually improved, and the national policies and regulations on e-commerce will be promulgated soon, laying the foundation for the development of e-commerce. With the increase of network bandwidth, the total international export bandwidth reached 8880M in 2002, an increase of 23% over 200 1. 5%; The total interconnection bandwidth between 9 Internet units and China National Internet Exchange Center (NAP) reached 265,438+0,465,438+02m, and the broadband access increased greatly, reaching 465,438+07,000 users, including 654,380+08,700 ADSL users and 654,380+07,000 LAN users. Substantial progress has been made in the construction of a modern payment system nationwide. On June 8, 2002, the real-time payment system for large sum of money was successfully put into operation in Beijing and Wuhan. By the end of February 2003, it had been popularized in Shanghai, Tianjin, Jinan, Shenyang, Chengdu, Xi, Shenzhen, Haikou and other major cities with developed economies 1 1, and initially formed a national inter-bank and inter-regional bank card. Some progress has been made in logistics distribution. China Post, which has the largest delivery network in China, has joined the field of e-commerce, and some professional distribution enterprises specializing in e-commerce projects have also appeared.
2.4 The rapid development of e-commerce in the industry
In 2002, the operating environment of foreign trade e-commerce was greatly improved, and the national online application and certification system for import and export licenses was fully put into operation, and enterprises could apply for import and export licenses online; MOFTEC has established online websites such as Canton Fair, China Commodity Exchange Market, China Technology Export Fair and China Investment Promotion Association, including China Commodity Exchange Market (Chinamarket.com.cn). This virtual market displays nearly 30,000 kinds of commodities of more than 8,000 enterprises all the year round, and this year it has also opened an online negotiation platform. By June 2002, igo5.com's monthly sales had exceeded 4 million yuan. In September, 2002, Shi Huakai made a single transnational online purchase of over RMB10,000,000, setting a new record for online open pure e-commerce procurement in Asia. This transaction opened four bidding markets and auctioned four different special plastics. The total turnover exceeded10000000, saving the buyer more than RMB10000000, and the saving ratio reached 65,438+00.72%. So far, Swarovski has successfully held more than a dozen online bidding and ordering meetings for China's export commodities, including the largest office stationery chain in the United States and the largest German retailer. Netease 200 1 Early this year, Yi Bei cooperated in online auction. On July 5, 2002, the contract expired and the auction cooperation between the two parties officially expired. On July 9, 2002, Netease Auction appeared on the homepage and launched its own auction service. On March 6th, 2002, American Yi Bei Company invested 30 million dollars in Yi Bei. Yi Bei cooperated with American Yi Bei Company to acquire 33% equity of Yi Bei, making Yi Bei the largest CtoC online auction website in China. In 2002, the sales of mobile phones on the Internet in China increased by nearly 150%. At present, there are 264 mobile phone models of various brands at home and abroad, all of which can be sold through the Internet. The online sales price of the same mobile phone is 1% to 2% lower than that of traditional stores, and the online sales of mobile phone accessories can be 40% to 50% cheaper than that of traditional stores. The community e-commerce project in Beijing has achieved remarkable results in the past year: relying on the public information platform of the capital, 18 districts and counties and 149 streets are connected to realize interconnection, 169 community service centers have established 169 websites, forming a number of community service information networks covering the whole city and installing/kloc-0. 1200 communities have installed management software, developed community e-commerce support platforms, and 2,400 communities have achieved network access, using 96 156 hotlines and information kiosks. Shanghai social security card project has achieved results in recent years, with 8 million cards issued and 6 million people used for medical insurance settlement.
Over the past year, Jinan e-commerce and modern logistics application demonstration project, with Sanlian Group as the leader, has established e-commerce alliances with 22 home appliance manufacturers and more than 20 manufacturers, transformed 34 chain stores, and implemented the tight dealer management system in 24, and 10 implemented the core dealer management system (that is, unified management by ERP). The distribution efficiency between headquarters and chain stores has been greatly improved, and the order processing time has been shortened from 1.5 days to 5 minutes, realizing the comprehensive integration of business flow, information flow and logistics and resource sharing. Hainan has carried out pilot projects of tourism e-commerce and online marketing of agricultural products, Chongqing has carried out online agriculture, commercial supermarkets and online light industry markets, and Xuzhou Huaihai Food Mall and Tianjin have carried out pilot projects, which have accumulated useful experience. China Telecom's Hunan E-commerce Center has established a portal website 179, which provides online security services such as secure transaction, secure payment, securities, banking, shopping, CA demonstration, etc.
2.6 China B2B and B2C market development status According to CCID research and analysis data, in February 2002, there were 3,804 e-commerce websites in China, an increase of 12% and 438+0 compared with 339 1 in 2006. In 2006, there were 1 533 websites that could operate effectively. There are 2277 consumer e-commerce websites, including 285 comprehensive websites, 737 professional websites 1992, which can operate effectively; B2B websites 1527, including comprehensive websites 189 and professional websites 1338, of which 796 can operate effectively; The scale of e-commerce market, the transaction volume of e-commerce in 2002 was 65.438+80.9 million yuan, an increase of 66.6% compared with 2006.5438+65.4+08 million yuan. 2%; The B2C transaction volume of 200 1 is 13. 65.438+0.5 billion yuan, 2.5 billion yuan in 2002, with an annual growth rate of 90%; The B2B transaction volume of 200 1 year was107.5 billion yuan, and in 2002 it was178.4 billion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 65. 9%。
2.7 China's industrial and transportation enterprises have made remarkable progress in e-commerce.
In 2002, the pilot demonstration project of manufacturing informatization application was launched in an all-round way, and the pilot demonstration project of manufacturing informatization was carried out in 27 provinces and cities, 46 key cities and nearly 2000 enterprises across the country.
In August of 20001year, CCID conducted a survey on more than 600 enterprises in 13 industries in1year, and found that 22.3% enterprises participated in e-commerce, 9.3% enterprises conducted supply chain management, and 15.6% enterprises conducted distribution channel management. According to a survey by the State Economic and Trade Commission, 66.67% of six aviation enterprises have implemented e-commerce, 57. 14% of seven petrochemical enterprises and 46.67% of five foreign trade enterprises, and other industries such as electronics, railways, medicine, machinery, automobiles, chemicals, textiles and metallurgy have also implemented e-commerce. E-commerce in industries such as light industry, electric power, tobacco and transportation is underdeveloped, accounting for less than 20%, especially in coal, construction and non-ferrous metals industries, which are all below 10%. In 2002, about 26. 1% enterprises in China participated in e-commerce. Large enterprises take the most active part in e-commerce, accounting for 32. 1%, while small and medium-sized enterprises account for 27.8% and 2 1.4% respectively.
From the perspective of different enterprises, the proportion of wholly foreign-owned enterprises participating in e-commerce is the highest, reaching 4 1.3%, followed by Sino-foreign joint ventures, with a proportion of 33.5%. The proportion of state-owned and private/private enterprises is relatively low, both less than 25%, but compared with 200 1, they are all improved to varying degrees. Some large and medium-sized enterprise groups, such as Baosteel, China Petrochemical, Lenovo, Founder, Haier, etc., have carried out online marketing and online procurement on the basis of ERP management within enterprises, and have built or are building supply chain management and customer relationship management.
The transaction of China Oil and Gas Co., Ltd. (China Petroleum) on B2B website has been included in the master production plan. By June 5438+February, 2002, the transaction volume had exceeded193 million yuan, including electronic procurement106 million yuan and electronic sales of 8.7 billion yuan. Before 2002 10 month, the online transaction volume of China petroleum was1500 million yuan, including 9.2 billion yuan for electronic procurement and 5.8 billion yuan for electronic sales. The average purchase cost is saved by 5%. In the "West-to-East Gas Transmission Project", the online purchase of more than 600 million yuan was completed in just seven hours, saving 65.438+0.2 billion yuan. Petrochina can save 200 million yuan every year in the electronic procurement of special oil pipes.
China Petrochemical Company petrochemical products sales e-commerce network has the following benefits: 1. The cost of sales has been reduced. From August 2000 to February 2002, the turnover of petrochemical products was 30.2 billion yuan, saving hundreds of millions of yuan in sales expenses; 2. Serve customers more effectively. Customers can find information about products and order processing online, which can better provide customers with timely technical support and services and improve customer satisfaction; 3. It has increased business opportunities, publicized enterprises and introduced product performance on the Internet, expanded sales turnover, and increased more than 65,438+000 customers since its opening. The purchase transaction of petrochemical materials procurement e-commerce system is 1. 970,000 transactions, with a turnover of 20.9 billion yuan, saving about 500 million yuan in procurement funds. Haier Group has achieved business process reengineering centered on order information flow, and conducted centralized online bidding, procurement, service and marketing through B2B e-commerce platform, which has improved product quality, reduced costs and reduced storage area and funds. By the end of 200 1,12,31,the online transaction amount reached 188 billion yuan, with a turnover of 6548. Orders are distributed in more than 90 cities across the country, including rural areas, and nearly 10,000 pieces of information such as suggestions, consultation, cooperation and services have been received online, among which many product design suggestions have been adopted. By analyzing and mining the order information and all kinds of information received, it will serve the sales and production decision, improve the competitiveness of enterprises and lay a solid foundation for Haier's internationalization. In 200 1 year, Haier achieved a global turnover of 60.2 billion yuan, established an e-procurement platform in mySAP.com, and placed 10% purchase orders online, realizing a three-level network centered on order information flow, a global supply chain resource network, a user resource network and a computer information network, which shortened the procurement cycle from the original average 10 day to three days, and warehousing. By July 2002, Baoshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. had purchased more than 5 billion yuan through online bidding for bulk materials on Bsteel platform, and nearly 400 suppliers participated. At present, Baosteel Group sells tens of thousands of tons of steel and tens of billions of RMB online every year, including export. Lenovo Group standardized and optimized 77 business processes by implementing resource management plan (ERP), and strengthened the integration of subsystems such as finance, sales, manufacturing and procurement. At present, Lenovo Group has completed the informatization of supply chain and launched collaborative e-commerce. About 70% of large and medium-sized enterprises in China have gone online, established websites, owned websites and homepages, published product information online, conducted online negotiations, signed contracts and conducted online distribution.
Great progress has been made in the application of computers in railway, civil aviation and shipping departments. TMIS railway transportation management system has been basically completed, and the computer booking system of each railway bureau has been put into operation. Since 1996 was put into operation, more than 6,000 windows of 2 199 stations have realized computer ticketing, and the ticket centers of the Ministry of Railways and 24 regional ticket centers have been built. Realize the nationwide networked ticket sales in different places, and the ticket sales amount accounts for more than 90% of the total railway ticket sales in the country. The railway e-commerce system recently built includes government websites and e-commerce, the e-commerce pilot of railway materials corporation, namely China railway materials trading network and logistics network, online trade materials deployment, logistics distribution, warehouse management, goods tracking and container e-commerce pilot work. The civil aviation booking system provides flight seat control and sales services for 26 domestic airlines. Departure system, freight system, air traffic control system, aviation information system and civil aviation business data network have been further improved. At present, the civil aviation distribution system (GDS) has been completed, connecting with 386 foreign airlines and 2000 hotels, laying a foundation for the development of e-commerce. The information technology in highway, inland river and sea transportation system includes highway freight transaction information system, container transportation and sea transportation system.
2.8 The rapid development of distance education
About 65438+ ten thousand primary and secondary schools in China have popularized computer courses, and more than 65438+ ten thousand primary and secondary schools have built campus networks. Computer-aided teaching has been popularized in universities and middle schools, and many courseware has been developed, which has improved the teaching quality. In recent years, distance education has been carried out through the Internet, first in Tsinghua, Peking University and University of Posts and Telecommunications. At present, all key universities in China have carried out distance education, and the Ministry of Education has approved 67 universities to set up online universities. National Enrollment 20065438+0 September * * * 60. 80,000 people, including 460,000 from CCTV University; There are more than 200 regular online schools in middle schools nationwide, and more than 70,000 middle schools have registered more than 600,000 online school students. During the SARS period, Beijing Municipal Education Commission opened "Classroom Online" to let students study online at home. The national basic education resource network has also been opened. The wide application of modern network technology in teaching provides unprecedented development opportunities for the education system.
The 67 online universities approved by the Ministry of Education have achieved unprecedented development during this period. In an extraordinary period, ordinary students, school leavers and registered students of distance education experience distance education together. Colleges and universities in Beijing make full use of the existing distance education colleges so that students who leave school will not be "dismissed". Beijing has set a record of 80 thousand people attending classes at the same time. The online school affiliated to Peking University recently launched the "Learning Plan during the SARS Period".