The motion of matter in the microscopic world cannot be described by Newtonian mechanics. After de Broglie gave the concept of matter wave, Debye said to Schrodinger, "Since it is a wave, how can there be no wave equation?" I didn't expect that Schrodinger really gave the wave equation a few months later. This is the famous Schrodinger equation. This equation can well describe the motion of particles in the microscopic world, and its position in quantum mechanics is comparable to Newton's second law in classical mechanics. Schrodinger also won the Nobel Prize in physics for this equation.
Schrodinger equation is not derived, but pieced together. Although the Schrodinger equation solves the motion of microscopic particles beautifully, there are still basic problems that plague the physics community behind this equation. Schrodinger gave the equation, but he didn't know what it meant. Later, Bonn gave a statistical explanation. The square of the wave function module represents the probability of finding particles in a certain position in space. Bonn's explanation is very consistent with the experiment, so Bonn won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
However, some physicists are dissatisfied with Bonn's explanation. Einstein's sentence "I don't believe that God is throwing dice" is a dissatisfaction with the explanation of probability. Schrodinger himself was not satisfied with Bonn's explanation. In order to refute Bonn, Schrodinger designed an ideal experiment of "Schrodinger's cat" that still puzzles the physics circle.
The experiment is basically like this. Put a cat in an airtight box, which also contains a radioactive atom, a particle detection device, a bottle of highly toxic substances and a hammer. If the radioactive material decays, the particle detector can receive the particles emitted by the decay, and then send a signal to let the hammer break the bottle containing the highly toxic material, so that the cat dies. If the particles do not decay, the cat will live. In other words, the state of the cat is determined by whether the particles decay or not. Cats have two states, a living state and a dead state. According to the superposition principle of states in quantum mechanics, a cat is in a superposition state of living state and dead state before physicists measure its state. Only when the cat is measured out of the box will it collapse to an intrinsic state, and only one of the living state and the dead state can be measured. This is against common sense. Schrodinger used the cat experiment to connect the micro and macro, and extended the quantum behavior to the macro world.
With the deepening of the discussion, some people use the multiverse to explain Schrodinger's cat, while others compare Schrodinger's cat to hesitation in love. Schrodinger's cat has also gained a bigger market. However, people keep trying to do experiments on Schrodinger's cat, but they can't see how to detect whether there are multiple universes. The randomness of quantum mechanics is not determinism, which is why people can only enjoy the surprise of struggle and struggle if they are alive.
Schrodinger's cat is a thought experiment put forward by Austrian physicist Erwin Schr?dinger in 1935. Through this thought experiment, Schrodinger pointed out the problems brought by Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the contradiction between this problem and physical common sense.
Schrodinger himself described Schrodinger's cat experiment like this:
Keep a cat in a closed iron container and install the following instruments (note that this instrument must not be directly interfered by the cat in the container): put a very small amount of radioactive material into a Geiger counter, and the probability that at least one atom of this radioactive material decays within an hour is 50%, and the probability that it will not decay is 50%; If a decay event occurs, the Geiger counter tube will discharge, and a hammer will be started through the relay to break the flask containing hydrogen cyanide. An hour later, if there is no decay, the cat is still alive; Otherwise, the cat will decay, trigger the mechanism and volatilize hydrogen cyanide, resulting in the immediate death of the cat. The wave function used to describe the whole event actually expresses the state that the live cat and the dead cat are half-corrected together.
Schrodinger's cat is a very famous physical thought experiment. Its significance is also very significant. You know, in the history of the development of quantum mechanics, it is difficult for many physicists to accept and adapt to the strangeness of quantum mechanics. The position and momentum of microscopic particles cannot be accurately measured at the same time, and particles can be in different States at the same time. Quantum entanglement between two particles far apart can propagate instantaneously. Faced with these counterintuitive conclusions, physicists at that time generally adopted a "pragmatic" attitude. That is to say, everything is based on experimental data, and quantum phenomena are regarded as existing conclusions that can only appear in the microscopic world, and they are forced to accept, avoid or even refuse to think about the material essence and theoretical basis behind quantum physics.
After Schrodinger's cat appeared, the strange superposition state in quantum mechanics unexpectedly ran from the micro world to the macro world, leaving the cat in the superposition state of life and death! This is the significance of this thought experiment: it forces physicists into a dead end and forces them to think about and improve the problems existing in quantum theory.
I believe that many people's theoretical understanding of Schrodinger's cat comes from the American drama The Big Bang Theory. In this play, Penny asks Sheldon if she wants to date Leonard, and Sheldon quotes this theory when answering her question. But Penny obviously looked confused.
This theory is an experiment about quantum theory in an ideal state. The scientist Schrodinger put a cat in an opaque and airtight box. There is an ideal device in the box, which consists of a glass bottle filled with toxic gas and a radioactive nucleus. Within an hour, there is a 50% chance that the nucleus will decay. Once it rots, the poison gas bottle will be opened and the cat will die. But if you don't open the box, you won't know whether the cat is dead or alive. So before opening the box, the cat may be dead or alive.
I want to quote Sheldon's theory. I think it's telling Penny that if you don't work hard with Leonard, you don't know if they are suitable.
But what is the real meaning of this theory? We should start with Schrodinger and quantum mechanics.
E. Schrodinger (1887- 196 1) is a famous Austrian physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics at 1933, and Schrodinger's cat at 1938. Over the years, many physicists have racked their brains to try to solve this paradox. Until recently, after a series of ingenious experiments, this problem gradually surfaced. In July 2000, Nature reported the latest experimental results.
Quantum mechanics is a theory about microscopic particles such as electrons and atoms, and the microscopic laws it reveals are quite different from the macroscopic world seen in daily life. The size of the atom is-10 to the 5th power meter, and the size of the nucleus is-10 to the 8th power meter. Everything we can usually see, even the smallest (shortest) thing, does not contain thousands. But hundreds of millions of atoms or molecules.
Schrodinger's cat is a hypothesis describing the superposition state of quantum mechanics.
Superposition states mean that a particle may be in two different states at the same time. In the macro world, this is impossible. For example, one can't be at home and out at the same time. But in the quantum world, an electron may be anywhere in this electron cloud. Like, where a person is at home is uncertain. When you look at him, he may be anywhere-living room, kitchen, dining room, bedroom or study; Before you saw him, he was everywhere.
This law is obviously difficult to understand, and some scientists even refuse to admit the truth of some laws, such as the famous scientist Einstein. Therefore, Schrodinger's virtual experiment is more like a metaphor of "a cat in a state of life and death at the same time" to explain this superposition. It is a description of a phenomenon, not a theory or principle.
This theory sounds a bit like China's sophistry. But this is a macro expression. Quantum mechanics is about the physics of the micro-world, and its principle may be completely different from what we are familiar with.
It should be noted that in this experiment, when the box is closed, I can think that it is not observed. From a macro point of view, unpacking may be just a "glance" action, and nothing will change. From a microscopic point of view, it is to measure it, which is equivalent to interfering with its state from the outside and its state has been changed.
From this theory, we can see that the state of anything is uncertain unless we observe it. That's why Sheldon told Penny this theory. Einstein believes that quantum mechanics is only a reasonable description of the behavior of atoms and subatomic particles. This is a phenomenological theory, not the ultimate truth in itself.
Schrodinger's cat is a metaphor to explain the superposition state of quantum mechanics.
Quantum mechanics is a law describing the micro-world. The microscopic world is surprisingly small. The size of the atom is-10 to the 5th power meter, and the size of the nucleus is-10 to the 8th power meter. Everything we can usually see, even the smallest (shortest) thing, does not contain thousands. But hundreds of millions of atoms or molecules.
Superposition states mean that a particle may be in two different states at the same time. It is obviously impossible in our macro world. For example, a marble is obviously either in the pit or outside the pit. Either here or there. It is impossible to be here and there at the same time. But in the quantum world, the position of an electron around the nucleus is a cloud, which may be anywhere in this electron cloud.
Of course, when you observe this electron, obviously there can only be one observation at a time. This doesn't mean that it only had this position before. Because of the observation at this time, it is necessary to hit him with a probe, such as photons. This photon also has some energy, so we have actually changed its properties when we observe it.
This rule is obviously difficult to understand. So when scientists first discovered the quantum world, they were also puzzled by its laws. Some scientists even refuse to admit the truth of some laws, such as the famous scientists Planck and Einstein. Therefore, Schrodinger invented the metaphor of "a cat is in a state of life and death at the same time" to explain this superposition. Well, when the box is closed, it means that we haven't observed it yet and it is in an undisturbed state. This is that he is both alive and dead. The action of unpacking, that is, measuring, is equivalent to intervening in his state from the outside, and his state has been changed, thus collapsing to a state, either alive or dead.
Science has a great influence on our world, but I don't think it is so directly related to the attitude towards life. Everyone is using the products of science and technology, but there are still many people who refuse to admit the truth of scientific laws, and there are also many people who refuse to admit the value of science to world outlook, cosmology and outlook on life. The laws of science, in particular, only exist and operate silently, and do not directly disturb our personal views on the meaning of life. Scientists don't mean that they all have a view or the same way of life. The world is rich and colorful, and there are various views on the world and life. Knowing more about science will help us understand the nature of the world deeply, which is certainly helpful to life. But the world is very complicated and diverse, and learning science is not the only way, and learning science is not the only content of life. What is the meaning of life? The main reason is that everyone has his own opinion, and science has not made any provisions on it.
This is all my understanding and support for this sentence.
Schrodinger's cat was first proposed by Schrodinger. This is an experiment. The process is as follows: a cat is put in a closed and light-tight box. There is a bottle of poisonous gas in the box. There is a hammer on the poisonous gas. It's fixed by something, and it needs particle acceleration to loosen it. If this thing can't feel the acceleration of the particle, it won't loosen. If you feel it, it will be the other way around. And there happens to be a particle accelerator in the box, which may emit particles and the cat will die. If not, the cat will live.
Schrodinger means that you don't know whether the cat is dead or alive without looking at the box. So this cat is dead and alive, which sounds ridiculous, but it's true. So quantum entanglement is ridiculous. At this time, Copenhagen put forward the parallel universe. He said: "In this case, there will be two universes. One cosmic cat is alive and the other is dead. And the results we do will split into many universes, leading to different results, and these universes will increase because of things. This is the parallel universe. "
Give a macro example in reality, and you will know how incredible Schrodinger's cat is!
You stay at home in the living room and there is a computer in the bedroom. You know that computer must be there, because you have been using it before!
But according to the explanation of quantum theory, your computer is more likely than there, or it may not be there (for example, on the moon), and the probability is 50/50. You may ask: when it is still there, how can it not be there?
The answer of quantum mechanics is: how do you know where the table is without looking (not necessarily with your eyes, including monitoring and observation)?
And when you really look at the computer to confirm that it really exists, the computer collapses from the superposition state of "with and without", that is, it collapses to the state of "with"!
Of course, the above is just an image example of the macro world, which can let us understand the mystery of quantum theory!
Schrodinger's cat is telling a similar thought experiment. In this experiment, the cat's existence state is both dead and alive, but it is not dead or alive, but the superposition of "dead and alive". But when you observe whether the cat is dead or alive, your observation behavior makes the result collapse into death or life!
This shows the singularity, uncertainty and superposition state in the quantum world, and particles can appear in two places at the same time in the microscopic world. Of course, this strange phenomenon only appears in the micro-world, so this does not mean that our life is meaningless!
In fact, the real significance of Schrodinger's cat hypothesis is to explain quantum science that we can't understand and understand with realistic phenomena that we can all accept but can't understand.
Well, in layman's terms, this is just a popular metaphor made up to let us ignorant mentally retarded (as opposed to high-energy players like Schrodinger) understand what Schrodinger is playing.
For example, your grandfather in the countryside doesn't know what a computer is, but he knows an abacus. You tell your grandfather that a computer is equivalent to many abacus, but it is not dialed by people, it is made of electricity, so that your grandfather can understand.
This is the meaning of Schrodinger's cat, so that people who don't know quantum science at all can roughly know the meaning of quantum science, and that's all. It doesn't explain the superposition state of quantum at all. Explain the theory of relativity with Einstein's furnace theory (Einstein said I didn't say it), Hua explained statistics with barrel theory, Hawking explained a brief history of time with black holes, and Newton explained gravity with apples.
We have no choice. We don't understand the real theory. What can we do? We can only give an example that we think can be understood, otherwise we lower humans can't understand what high-end physicists are playing.
Finally, I emphasize that Schrodinger's cat has no physical meaning. It's just a simple practical example of the great power of physics to let us primitive people know the meaning of our work, that's all!
Encyclopedia view!
I don't know if you have seen an extremely brain-burning movie "night of the comet", which perfectly explains Schrodinger's cat theory.
Schrodinger's cat is a thought experiment put forward by the famous Austrian physicist Schrodinger. It tries to explain the principle of quantum superposition on the micro-scale from the macro-scale, and skillfully links the existing form of particles or waves after observation with the macro-cat, thus verifying the existing form of quantum when it comes to observation. With the development of quantum physics, Schrodinger's cat has also extended physical problems and philosophical disputes such as parallel universe.
Schrodinger made a simple experiment. Put a cat in a closed windowless box. There are some radioactive substances in the box. Once the radioactive material decays, a device will let the hammer smash the poison bottle and poison the cat. On the contrary, cats can survive before decay occurs. Schrodinger designed this terrible experiment to satirize the absurd side of quantum theory. According to the explanation of the supporters of quantum theory, before opening the box and seeing the cat, the cat was either alive or dead, just in a typical quantum state, that is, a strange state of being alive or not.
Let's go back to night of the comet. This is a minimalist suspense movie. Every turn is based on the physical theory of Schrodinger's cat. This is a real horror movie, or a psychological horror movie. Although it contains violent elements, the real source of anxiety is its philosophy. The key point of this view is that the characters know that they are in parallel space, but they can't rationally judge the reliability of their identity and whether the related characters are related. In the middle of the film, the possibility of using Schrodinger's cat to verify whether it is parallel time and space is involved many times.
Friends who are interested in Schrodinger's cat theory strongly recommend you to read night of the comet. It is suggested to understand the theoretical meaning of Schrodinger's cat before watching the movie.
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Existence is the sensory information that people get, which is the famous saying "If you don't look at the moon, the moon really doesn't exist". The concept of existence is constantly evolving. The earliest existence must have been perceived by all animals. Then people have the thinking ability of "concept", and the concept of existence becomes "* * * knowledge information", which includes both inductive knowledge information and abstract knowledge information, that is, the information recognized by that group of people at that time will be regarded as existence. For example, in the religious era, God will be regarded as existence, and in the philosophical era, "matter" will be regarded as real existence; Since the early days of the scientific era, scientific concepts have been regarded as real. But with the development of science and the emergence of quantum theory, the definition of this existence conflicts:
Existence should be the collective recognition of inductive information except abstract information. That is, existence, one is inductive information, and the other is group recognition, which are indispensable.
I think, despite this summary, it may be related to the anthropic principle.
Schrodinger's cat is a thought experiment: a cat is sealed in a secret room with food and poison in it. There is a hammer on the poison bottle. The hammer is controlled by an electronic switch which is controlled by radioactive atoms. If the nucleus decays, it will release alpha particles, trigger the electronic switch, the hammer will fall, the poison bottle will be smashed, the cyanide gas inside will be released, and the cat will die. The decay of nuclear is a random event, and physicists can only know the half-life-the time required for semi-decay. If the half-life of a radioactive element is one day, one day later, the element will be half less, and the other day, the remaining half will be half less. Physicists can't know when it decays, morning or afternoon. Of course, physicists know the probability that it will decay in the morning or afternoon-that is, the probability that a cat will die in the morning or afternoon. If we don't open the lid of the secret room, according to our daily experience, we can conclude that the cat is either dead or alive. These are its two eigenstates.
If Schrodinger equation is used to describe Schrodinger cat, it can only be said that it is in a superposition state of life and death. Only by lifting the lid can we know for sure whether the cat is dead or alive. At this point, the wave function composed of cats immediately shrinks from the superposition state to an eigenstate. According to quantum theory, if you don't open the lid and observe, you will never know whether the cat is dead or alive, and it will always be in the superposition state of half-dead, but this makes the micro uncertainty principle become the macro uncertainty principle, and the objective law is not transferred by human will. The life and death of the cat violates logical thinking.
First of all, it needs to be clear that Schrodinger's cat is a thought experiment, which expresses microscopic properties by establishing a macro thing.