Introduction to ERP
A preliminary understanding of the principle of ERP is the basis for us to understand ERP. Next, in order to let everyone have a perceptual understanding of ERP products, we will make a further introduction from its functions.
In the past, we always introduced ERP system with a certain product as the background. However, due to the different styles and emphases of products from different manufacturers, the modular structure of their ERP products is also quite different. For readers who know ERP for the first time, sometimes they may be confused about which is the real ERP system. Therefore, here, we want to put aside the actual products and briefly describe the functional structure of ERP system from the perspective of enterprises, that is, what ERP can do for enterprises. What is the content of its module function? This is the focus of our narrative.
ERP is a management information system for integrated management of all resources of an enterprise. Simply put, it is a comprehensive management of the three major streams of logistics, capital flow and information flow of an enterprise. Its function module is different from the previous MRP or MRPII module. It can be used not only for the management of productive enterprises, but also for many other types of enterprises, such as some non-productive and public welfare enterprises, and can also introduce ERP system for resource planning and management. Here we will take a typical production enterprise as an example to introduce the functional modules of ERP.
In enterprises, general management mainly includes three aspects: production control (planning and manufacturing), logistics management (distribution, procurement and inventory management) and financial management (accounting and financial management). These three systems are integrated in themselves, and there are corresponding interfaces between them, which can be well integrated to manage enterprises. In addition, it should be specially mentioned that with the strengthening of enterprises' emphasis on human resource management, more and more ERP manufacturers have incorporated human resource management into an important part of ERP system, and we will also briefly introduce this function.
In financial management module enterprises, clear financial management is extremely important. Therefore, it is an indispensable part of the whole ERP scheme. The financial module in ERP is different from the general financial software. As a part of ERP system, it has corresponding interfaces with other modules of the system and can be integrated with each other. For example, it can automatically count the information input to the financial module from production activities and procurement activities to generate general ledger and accounting statements, eliminating the tedious process of inputting vouchers and almost completely replacing the traditional manual operation. The financial part of general ERP software is divided into accounting and financial management.
First, accounting is mainly to record, calculate, reflect and analyze the process and results of capital changes in enterprise economic activities. It consists of general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash, fixed assets and multi-currency system.
1. The function of the general ledger module is to process the input and registration of accounting vouchers, output journals, general ledger and general ledger, and prepare major accounting statements. It is the core of the whole accounting, and accounts receivable, accounts payable, fixed assets accounting, cash management, salary accounting, multi-currency system and other modules all transmit information around it.
2. Accounts receivable module refers to the accounts receivable generated by normal customers due to selling goods on credit. It includes invoice management, customer management, payment management, aging analysis and other functions. Associated with customer order and invoice processing business, accounting vouchers for various matters are automatically generated and imported into the general ledger.
3. Accounts payable accounted by accounts payable module refers to the accounts payable of enterprises for payment, including invoice management, supplier management, check management and aging analysis. It can be fully integrated with purchasing module and inventory module to replace the tedious manual operation in the past.
4. Cash management module, which mainly controls the inflow and outflow of cash and accounts petty cash and bank deposits. It includes the management of coins, banknotes, checks, drafts and bank deposits. ERP provides cash-related functions, such as bill maintenance, bill printing, payment maintenance, bank list printing, payment inquiry, bank inquiry and check inquiry. In addition, it also integrates accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger and other modules to automatically generate vouchers and post them to the general ledger.
5. Fixed assets accounting module is used to complete the accounting of the increase and decrease of fixed assets and the provision and distribution of depreciation-related funds. It can help managers understand the current situation of fixed assets, manage assets through various methods provided by this module, and carry out corresponding accounting treatment. Its specific functions include: logging in fixed assets cards and sub-ledgers, calculating depreciation, compiling reports, automatically compiling transfer vouchers and transmitting them to the general ledger. It is combined with accounts payable, cost and general ledger modules.
6. Multi-currency module This is because the demand for foreign currency settlement business is increasing in order to adapt to the international operation of today's enterprises. Multi-currency system can express and settle all the functions of the whole financial system in various currencies, and customer orders, inventory management and procurement management can also be managed by multi-currency system. The multi-currency system has interfaces with accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger, customer orders, procurement and other modules, and can automatically generate the required data.
7. The salary accounting module automatically carries out salary settlement, payment, accounting and various related funds provision for enterprise employees. It can log in salary, print payroll and various summary reports, calculate and extract various salary-related expenses, automatically make vouchers and import them into the general ledger. This module is integrated with general ledger and cost module.
8. Cost module: According to the product structure, work center, working procedure, procurement and other information, calculate various costs of products, and make cost analysis and planning. You can also use the standard cost or average cost method to maintain costs by location.
Second, financial management The function of financial management is mainly based on accounting data, and then analysis, so as to make corresponding prediction, management and control activities. It focuses on financial planning, control, analysis and forecasting:
Financial plan: according to the previous financial analysis, make the next financial plan and budget.
Financial Analysis: provides query function, and carries out financial performance evaluation and account analysis by graphically displaying user-defined variance data.
Financial decision-making: the core part of financial management, the central content is about the decision-making of funds, including fund raising, investment and fund management.
This part of the production control management module is the core of ERP system, which organically combines the whole production process of enterprises, so that enterprises can effectively reduce inventory and improve efficiency. At the same time, the automatic connection of the original scattered production process also enables the production process to be carried out coherently, and there will be no production disconnection and delay in production delivery time.
Production control management is a plan-oriented advanced production management method. First, the enterprise determines a general production plan, and then after the system is subdivided layer by layer, it reaches all departments to implement it. That is, the production department produces accordingly, the purchasing department purchases accordingly, and so on.
1. The master production plan is to arrange the types and quantities of products to be provided in the future cycle according to the production plan, forecast and the input of customer orders. It transforms the production plan into the product plan, which is a detailed schedule accurate to time and quantity after balancing the material and capacity requirements. It is the arrangement of all the activities of the enterprise in a period of time, and it is a stable plan, which is generated by the production plan, the actual order and the forecast obtained from the analysis of historical sales.
2. Material demand planning After the master production plan determines how many final products to produce, according to the bill of materials, the number of products to be produced by the whole enterprise is converted into the number of spare parts to be produced, and compared with the existing inventory, the final number of processed and purchased products can be obtained. This is the plan that the whole department really follows.
3. Capacity requirement plan is a detailed work plan generated by balancing the total workload of all work centers with the capacity of work centers after obtaining the initial material requirement plan, so as to determine whether the generated material requirement plan is a feasible demand plan for enterprise production capacity. Capacity requirement planning is a short-term and practical plan.
4. Workshop control This is a dynamic operation plan that changes with time. It is to assign jobs to specific workshops, and then carry out job sequencing, job management and job monitoring.
5. Manufacturing standards need a lot of basic production information in the plan. These basic information are manufacturing standards, including parts, product structure, process and work center, which are all identified by unique codes in the computer.
Logistics management, distribution management and sales management start with the sales plan of products, manage and count all kinds of information about products, sales areas and sales customers, and comprehensively analyze sales quantity, amount, profit, performance and customer service. There are three functions in the distribution management module.
1. For the management and service of customer information, you can establish customer information files, classify them, and then provide targeted customer service to retain old customers and win new customers with the highest efficiency. Here, we should pay special attention to the newly emerging CRM software, namely customer relationship management. The combination of ERP and it will greatly increase the benefits of enterprises.
2. Management of Sales Orders Sales orders are the entrance of ERP, and all production plans are issued and arranged according to sales orders. The management of sales orders runs through the whole process of product production. It includes:
A. Customer credit review and inquiry (review customer credit rating of order transactions).
B product inventory inquiry (decide whether to delay delivery, deliver in batches or deliver with substitutes, etc.). ).
C. product quotation (providing customers with quotations for different products).
Order entry, change and tracking (after order entry, change correction and order tracking analysis).
E. Confirmation of delivery date and delivery treatment (determining delivery date and arranging delivery).
3. Statistics and analysis of sales At this time, the system makes statistics according to the completion of sales orders and various indicators, such as customer classification statistics and sales agent classification statistics, and then evaluates the actual sales effect of the enterprise according to these statistical results:
Sales statistics (according to sales form, products, agents, regions, sales personnel, amount and quantity).
B. Sales analysis (including target comparison, period comparison and order delivery analysis, so as to make corresponding analysis in terms of quantity, amount, profit and performance).
C customer service (customer complaint record, cause analysis).
Secondly, inventory control is used to control the quantity of stored materials, so as to ensure stable logistics to support normal production, but at the same time occupy the least amount of money. It is a related, dynamic and real inventory control system. Can combine and meet the needs of relevant departments, dynamically adjust the inventory with time changes, and accurately reflect the inventory situation. The functions of the system include:
A. Establish inventory for all materials, decide when to order and purchase, and serve as the basis for delivery to the purchasing department and the production department for production planning.
B after receiving the ordered materials and passing the quality inspection, the produced products will also pass the inspection and be put into storage.
Daily business processing of sending and receiving materials.
Third, procurement management determines reasonable order quantity, excellent suppliers and maintains the best safety reserve. Be able to provide ordering and acceptance information at any time, track and supervise purchased or outsourced materials, and ensure the timely arrival of goods. Establish supplier files and adjust inventory costs with the latest cost information. Specifically:
Supplier information query (query supplier's ability and reputation, etc.). ).
Expedite goods (follow up purchasing or outsourcing materials).
C procurement and outsourcing statistics (statistics, filing and cost calculation).
D. price analysis (analyzing raw material prices and adjusting inventory costs).
Human resource management module In the past, ERP systems were basically centered on manufacturing and sales processes (supply chain). Therefore, for a long time, resources related to manufacturing resources have been managed as the core resources of enterprises. However, in recent years, more and more attention has been paid to human resources within enterprises, which are regarded as the resource sources of enterprises. In this case, human resource management, as an independent module, is added to the ERP system, forming an efficient and highly integrated enterprise resource system with the financial and production systems in ERP. It is fundamentally different from the traditional personnel management.
First, human resource planning aided decision-making: simulate, compare and analyze various schemes of enterprise personnel and organizational structure, supplemented by graphic visual evaluation, to assist managers in making final decisions.
Make a job model, including job requirements, promotion path and training plan. According to the qualifications and conditions of employees who hold this position, the system will put forward a series of training suggestions for employees. Once the organization is reorganized or the position changes, the system will put forward a series of position changes or promotion suggestions.
Personnel cost analysis can analyze and predict the past, present and future personnel costs, and provide a basis for enterprise cost analysis through ERP integrated environment.
Second, recruiting management talents is the most important resource for enterprises. Excellent talents are the guarantee of lasting competitiveness of enterprises. The recruitment system generally provides support from the following aspects:
A manage the recruitment process, optimize the recruitment process and reduce the business workload; B scientifically manage the recruitment cost, so as to reduce the recruitment cost; C provides auxiliary information for employees to choose positions and effectively helps enterprises to tap human resources.
Third, salary accounting A can formulate corresponding salary accounting methods according to the different salary structures and processing processes of the company across regions, departments and types of work.
A is directly integrated with time management, which can be updated in time to make the salary accounting of employees dynamic.
B back calculation function. Through the integration with other modules, the salary structure and data can be automatically adjusted according to the requirements.
Four, working time management:
A according to the national or local calendar, arrange the working time of the enterprise and the work and rest time of the labor force.
B. Using the remote attendance system, the actual attendance of employees can be recorded in the main system, and the time data related to employees' salaries and bonuses can be imported into the salary system and cost accounting.
5. The travel accounting system can automatically control the whole process from travel application, travel approval to travel reimbursement. And import accounting data into the financial cost accounting module through the integrated environment.