(Jilin University)
This paper expounds the connotation of "prospecting" through examples, and explains how to treat the problem of crisis mines from the perspective of "prospecting".
Keywords: the connotation of prospecting in crisis mines
First, deepen the understanding of the connotation of "prospecting"
"On-site prospecting" is a dialectical guiding ideology for prospecting, which has been recognized by geological circles as one of the effective and important prospecting methods.
From the philosophical point of view, "prospecting based on ore" is the concrete application and embodiment of "prospecting philosophy"
In the production practice of more than 50 years, the idea of "prospecting by ore" has been developing continuously. In the future, in the process of in-depth implementation of "prospecting by ore", the content will be richer, the connotation will be deeper and the results will be more fruitful.
The relationship between "prospecting by ore" and "prospecting philosophy" is very clear, and the theory of "prospecting by ore" is one of the core contents of the theory of "prospecting philosophy"
"Ore-based prospecting" and "ore-seeking philosophy" are philosophical issues in the fields of prospecting, exploration and development. Based on the overall work of prospecting, exploration and development, this paper studies many problems (personality) and general laws (* * *) of mineral exploration activities. Therefore, "prospecting philosophy" is also called prospecting philosophy.
"Prospecting philosophy" is a science that reflects the essential relationship between nature and society, and prospecting philosophy is the link and bridge between Marxist philosophy and mineral exploration theory and method and exploration practice.
"Prospecting theory" and "prospecting philosophy" are embodied in prospecting practice through geological science theory and comprehensive information prospecting method, and also guide prospecting and exploration practice through theoretical summary of prospecting practice.
The role of theoretical research on "prospecting philosophy" and "prospecting based on ore" is not only to understand the laws of geological prospecting and exploration, but more importantly, to apply these laws to find more mineral resources for human beings, implement Scientific Outlook on Development under the condition of protecting the environment, and rationally apply and develop mineral resources to serve the people.
Secondly, the practice of "ore-based prospecting" enriches the content of "prospecting philosophy"
"Ore-based prospecting" is a common saying in geological circles, which is well known by geological circles and all walks of life and is easy to popularize and apply. For decades, geologists have applied "prospecting" to prospecting practice, which has proved to be an effective prospecting method. On the basis of the practical results of prospecting by geologists, it is necessary to rise to the theoretical level of "prospecting philosophy" to summarize and understand. Now summarize and think from the following four aspects.
(a) Experience in using "on-site prospecting" at different stages of prospecting, exploration and development.
1. Experience summary of applying "field investigation" in exploration stage
First, evaluate the known events by checking all kinds of anomalies. According to the place name and county annals of "Copper Factory", the copper mine of Dexing Copper Factory was recorded in ancient times. After a period of twists and turns, the copper factory was found, and then the ancient mining pit was found, and the copper mine outcrop was found. Comparing the types of copper deposits at home and abroad, it is considered to be a veinlet disseminated copper deposit. Dexing copper mine is a super-large copper deposit with proven reserves of nearly 100,000 tons in 1979 after the general survey and exploration in10.
Second, around the known metallogenic prospect (belt) or known mineral deposits with industrial value, we are looking for "sister" new deposits of the same type. Jiangxi Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources sent Jiangxi Copper Mine Geological Brigade to explore nearby when exploring Dexing Copper Mine. Geologists have successfully discovered a large copper deposit rich in gallium and tungsten in the southeast of Tongchang mining area and a vermilion copper deposit in the northwest by analogy and geochemical methods. Together with Tongchang Copper Mine, they form a copper ore field and a copper mine concentrated area.
Third, by tracking the spatial extension of known ore bodies in old mining areas, the prospect of mineral resources will be expanded. For example, the copper deposit in Dexing Copper Factory was only controlled to an altitude of-165 meters in the 1950s, and the second exploration space was pursued in the mid-1970s, and it was controlled to an altitude of -650 meters, which expanded the resource prospect.
Fourthly, look for hidden new ore bodies, new ore-bearing beds and new mineralization types in known ore deposits and ore fields. In 1950s, the geological brigade of northwest Jiangxi discovered layered copper mine for the first time in Chengmenshan Copper Mine, reaching a medium-sized copper mine. In 1960s, through further research, skarn copper deposits in the contact zone between igneous rocks and carbonate rocks were discovered, forming an enrichment area composed of different types of deposits and forming a large copper concentration area.
Fifthly, the occurrence and associated minerals of * * * are searched for in known ore deposits, ore fields and ore-concentrated areas, and comprehensive evaluation is made. In the deposit, ore field and deposit-intensive areas, through the comprehensive information research on associated and * * * occurrence deposits, ore fields and deposit-intensive areas, associated and * * * occurrence deposits often appear, especially in polymetallic deposit-intensive areas and precious metal deposit-intensive areas. For example, in Dexing copper-intensive area, besides copper and molybdenum, there are gold, silver, sulfur, nickel and other 10 beneficial elements resources. The results show that the gold reserves in the copper mine area are 2 13.7 tons (C2 grade), and the average grade is 0. 195 g/ton, which is a super-large gold deposit. In addition, mineral resources such as silver, nickel and sulfur have also reached a large scale.
2. Experience summary of applying "on-the-spot investigation" in the exploration stage.
That is, the experience of using "on-site prospecting" in the exploration stage of deposits, ore fields and ore concentration areas is summarized.
Prospecting, exploration, re-prospecting and re-exploration is a process of repeatedly understanding mineral resources. The prospecting work should be carried out from beginning to end, and the exploration stage should not be completed at one time. This is the thinking that accords with the epistemology of prospecting philosophy.
Taking Shandong Province, the largest gold mining province in China, as an example, this paper probes into the exploration of gold deposits, ore fields and gold concentration areas. Shandong province is a famous gold-producing area in history, with a long history of gold mining and panning.
Since the Opium War, imperialism has sent many geologists to Jiaodong to investigate gold. In 1930s, senior geologists from China, such as Nie Zhengeng, Guo Benrong and Feng Jinglan, visited here. From 1949 to 1956, Guo, Wang Xianwen and Yan Kunyuan also made investigations. At that time, the understanding was based on the exquisite time pulse type, and the object of prospecting, exploration and development was the time pulse type gold deposit.
In the mid-1960s, "Sanshan Island" and "fractured zone altered rock type gold deposit" were discovered in Jiaodong, which is a large gold deposit, known as "Jiaojia type" gold deposit, expanding the prospecting field of gold deposits and greatly increasing the gold reserves in Shandong Province.
With the deepening of prospecting, exploration and development, gold exploration was carried out in western Shandong in 1980s, and "greenstone belt type" gold deposits were also found in sericite schist of Liuxing Formation in Taishan Group. Discovery of Ordovician layered gold deposits in Zhushadong Formation in western Shandong.
A "yunkuang" conglomerate gold deposit was found in Mesozoic strata above the Precambrian basement in the inner margin of Mesozoic Jiaolai basin in Jiaodong. This has brought new ideas to the search for gold deposits.
Firstly, it is proposed that the exposed basement metamorphic rock series and concealed basement of the pre-Sinian system are the source beds of gold deposits. The old basement is the basement, and the source bed of Shandong gold mine has mineralization specificity. Different types of gold deposits have been formed in different regions and different periods, which constitute the concentration area of gold deposits. For example, altered conglomerate gold deposits in Jiaolai basin and Guilaizhuang gold deposits in Jiaoxi belong to gold deposits related to concealed basement.
Secondly, gold deposits are distributed in the form of concentrated gold deposits, and the spatial distribution of super-large, large, medium and small gold deposits is an organic whole. It has the distribution form of "standing out from the crowd", in which "crane" refers to super-large and large deposits. The "chickens" here refer to small and medium-sized gold mines. From the geological evolution of gold deposits, they are gold metal areas composed of different types of gold deposits in different times; From the perspective of gold deposit prediction, it is the conversion relationship between the information of gold deposit concentration area and the information of gold anomaly concentration area; Statistically speaking, super-large, large, medium and small deposits are ascending variables; From the perspective of "gold prospecting", we should first look for the "chicken" discovered by exploration, and then we will know that there is more than one "crane" in the chicken.
As we all know, the periphery of large deposits is the best place to find and explore "sister" large deposits.
Through the exploration and exploration of gold deposits, the understanding of ore-controlling factors of gold deposits has been deepened. It is pointed out that the relationship between gold prospecting in intermediate-acid rock bodies is that gold deposits are mainly metasomatic rock bodies. The relationship between gold concentration area and structure is put forward. Gold concentration area is generally distributed at the intersection of Moho steep dip zone and ring and linear structure.
3. Experience summary of the application of "on-site exploration" in the development stage of the deposit.
(1) The general development law of deposits. Mining is an enterprise established by human beings to develop mineral resources. The object of mine production is non-renewable. The exploitation of mineral resources will certainly be less. After a certain service life, mines with deposit as the unit will inevitably age into old mines and crisis mines. Generally, the geological exploration team is responsible for prospecting, exploration and submission of reserve reports for mines with deposit as the unit, and mineral resources are approved after examination. The design of mining enterprises is based on the report of exploration reserves, and mining enterprises can design and construct first before production. The design of mining enterprises has provisions on mine production and service life. According to the design, construction and production, mining enterprises will inevitably close their pits after reaching a certain service life. A large number of mines in China were built in the early days of the founding of New China, and most of them have been in service for half a century. Crisis mines and crisis cities will inevitably appear.
(2) Look at the ore with the dialectical thinking of "prospecting". Through repeated analysis, a large gold deposit was discovered in Maoling, Liaoning Province. Re-understanding of the time-pulse type gold deposits in Wulong and Sidaogou. Time-pulse type gold deposit is the easiest type to find. At the right time, various types of gold deposits related to vein gold deposits are often ignored. Deposits are often distributed in the form of ore fields and concentrated areas, which is not a concept in mine geological work and mine enterprise design. This is a common problem in mine geological work in China. Wulong and Sidaogou along the Yalu River in Liaoning Province have gold deposits with time veins. Wulong gold mine is relatively large, and Sidaogou gold mine is relatively small, with an exploration reserve of only 1 ton. It has been more than ten years since Sidaogou Gold Mine submitted the gold exploration report, but the gold resources are not tight, and I don't know why. It is suggested that the Sidaogou gold deposit should be further studied. Through research and re-understanding, the results show that Sidaogou gold deposit not only has time-pulse type gold deposit, but also has ductile shear zone type gold deposit. It is proposed that schist of Gaixian Formation in Liaoning Province may be an important source bed of gold deposits. It is suggested that Ma, the former director and chief engineer of Liaoning Geological Bureau, make a comprehensive study on the secondary halo of1:50,000 gold element in the schist distribution range of Gaixian Formation in Liaoning Province. Using comprehensive information theory and method to check gold anomalies has been strongly supported by Comrade Qi Yuxing, the Fifth Geological Brigade of the former Liaoning Geological Bureau. Comrade Feng Yiduo made an inspection of specific exploration anomalies. Through careful study, it is found that gold deposits exist in arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. Through the comprehensive analysis of magnetic, electrical and geochemical anomalies, a super-large gold deposit was discovered. Team 5 of Liaoning Bureau is one of the three red flags of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources. The former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources held a national promotion meeting in Maoling Gold Mine.
(2) From the different stages of deposit formation, prospecting, exploration and development, the comprehensive information prospecting models of different metallogenic series are established, and the transformation law between information is studied, which is popularized and applied by analogy.
1. General guiding principle of "prospecting philosophy"
Philosophical materialism of prospecting holds that minerals are the objective existence of nature, and their formation, distribution and changes have objective laws. Based on the objective geological conditions, the prospecting principles and methods are determined.
The epistemology of prospecting philosophy holds that it takes a long time to discover minerals and understand the whole picture of minerals, especially minerals, and it must be tested by various methods and projects. In this process, people know that the formation of mineral exploration and development movement is a step-by-step development.
Dialectics of prospecting philosophy holds that in the process of prospecting, exploration and development, prospecting, exploration and development should be arranged and guided with the viewpoint of system, coordination, connection and development.
The contradiction theory of prospecting philosophy holds that it is necessary to study various contradictions in mineral exploration, exploration and development. The contradiction of what mine to look for; Where to find contradictions; How to find the contradictory relationship; How can we find the contradiction between mines? Prospecting is the main contradiction that must be carried out throughout prospecting, exploration and development.
The subjective view of prospecting philosophy holds that how to give full play to the subjective initiative of prospecting exploration and development exists in the process of prospecting exploration and development. In other words, it is how to give full play to people's enthusiasm and creativity.
2. The role of metallogenic series from the perspective of "prospecting philosophy"
(1) 1979, a series of monographs on deposit mineralization was published. Academician Cheng pointed out the direction for studying mineral prediction. Academician Chen Yuchuan, under the leadership of Academician Cheng, has extensively carried out a series of studies on deposit metallogeny, and applied this theory to guide the national metallogenic planning. Published the "Evaluation of Major Mineral Exploration Areas in Major Metallogenic Zones in China", which pointed out the direction for prospecting in China.
(2) 1972 ~ 1976 Academician Zhai Yusheng, Academician Chen Yuchuan and Teacher Li Wenda jointly organized the scientific research project "Metallogenic regularity and prospecting direction of iron and copper deposits in volcanic rock areas of Ningwu". It will promote the study of volcanic mineralization in China. Academician Zhai Yusheng published a series of monographs on mineralization.
(3) In the early 1980s, academicians of the two academies often put forward the concept of "stratabound (or) skarn-type deposits". Three sub-categories are divided and skarn metallogenic series are put forward, which not only enriches skarn theory, but also achieves obvious practical prospecting effect.
(4) Combining the theory of metallogenic series with the theory of comprehensive information mineral prediction, the theory of metallogenic series is put forward, aiming at predicting concealed deposits, ore fields and deposit-intensive areas through the transformation law between information. Including: ① Study on metamorphic rock development area, metamorphic metallogenic series and metamorphic metallogenic series. Metamorphic rock development areas mainly refer to Archean and Yuanguyu regional metamorphic rock series. Metamorphic rock series and migmatite are widely developed. Generally speaking, on the premise of mineralization series, the specific gravity of metamorphic rocks is greater than that of sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and intrusive rocks. Metamorphic rock series is marked by iron-rich and iron-rich rock series, generally characterized by gravity residual anomaly and magnetic anomaly, and is rich in regional anomalies such as Ni, Cr, Co, V and Ti. Therefore, the comprehensive information can infer that the original bedding distribution trend direction of metamorphic rock series is near east-west direction. At present, the geological body distribution of metamorphic rock series is magnets cut by basement structure. The metamorphic rock series seen at present is the outcrop of metamorphic rock series, so it is necessary to infer its concealed basement and its distribution law by using gravity, magnetic and geochemical information. The basement of pre-Sinian metamorphic rock series has mineralization specificity. The spatial distribution of exposed basement and concealed basement combined with the geochemical model of Academician Xie confirmed a new theoretical problem of basement mineralization specificity. For example, the pre-Sinian basement in Shandong is gold-bearing, and with the evolution of mineralization, a series of gold deposits of different ages and origins have been formed. Another example is that the boron-bearing basement of Liaoning and Jilin before Sinian formed metamorphic boron ore, sedimentary boron ore and skarn boron ore. (2) Study on the development area of intrusive rocks, magmatic metallogenic series and magmatic metallogenic series. In general, due to the difference of geological, geophysical and geochemical information between surrounding rock and rock mass, the concealed rock mass and the concealed contact zone can be inferred through information transformation. The rock mass consists of ultrabasic peridotite, basic gabbro, intermediate diorite and acid granite. Magnetism decreases regularly; The specific gravity decreases regularly; Radioactivity will rise regularly. The comprehensive information can be used to infer the concealed rock mass and its contact zone. Rocks with different compositions have mineralization specificity of geochemical information, and concealed rocks and their contact zones can be inferred through information transformation. At present, the rock mass reflected in the geological map is an outcrop of exposed rock mass, not a concealed rock mass. Only after inferring the hidden rock mass, especially after inferring the heavy magnetic ring and linear structure of the information-guided rock structure, can the whole picture be reflected, which is very necessary for studying the distribution law of deposits, ore fields and deposit-intensive areas. This is a rock mass problem that needs to be explored and studied nationwide. ③ Study on volcanic rock development area, volcanic metallogenic series and volcanic metallogenic series. Academician Chen Yuchuan has developed a series of volcanic metallogenic models on the basis of studying Ningwu Iron Mine. Further understanding of volcanic metallogenic series by comprehensive information. The magnetic field characteristics of volcanic rock area are very typical, which is volcanic jumping magnetic field. Generally lower than the basement metamorphic rock series, it is a negative residual anomaly of gravity. According to the characteristics of magnetic field and gravity field, we can infer the hidden volcanic basin. Therefore, comprehensive information can be used to study volcanic basins through four dimensions (time and three-dimensional space are called four dimensions). The volcanic basin reflected by geological information is an exposed volcanic basin, and gravity and magnetism infer that it is a hidden volcanic basin, so that we can understand the whole picture. Like intrusive rocks, the strength of the jump field from basic volcanic rocks to acidic volcanic rocks decreases regularly. The mineralization specificity of different lithology is the same as that of intrusive rock mass. Volcanic metallogenic series mainly studies the distribution law of subvolcanic rocks. Generally speaking, large and super-large polymetallic deposits, ore fields and deposit-intensive areas are closely related to the same volcanic rock. It is particularly emphasized here that the pre-Sinian basement structural framework controls the distribution of volcanic basins, especially gravity and aeromagnetism, and it is the intersection of ring structures and linear structures, which controls the distribution of volcanic basins. The spatial distribution of volcanic basins is related to geochemical blocks, which are the key link to control the overall distribution of mineral resources. There is an inheritance relationship between basement mineralization specificity and volcanic mineralization specificity. ④ Study on sedimentary rock development area, sedimentary metallogenic series and sedimentary metallogenic series. The study of sedimentary deposit series in sedimentary rock development area mainly focuses on the ore-controlling effect of strata, paleogeographic environment and lithofacies, as well as the distribution law of different minerals and different types of deposits. Layered deposits and layered deposits have geochemical mineralization specificity and geophysical field characteristics. The distribution law of mineralization series and the influence of basement mineralization particularity on sedimentary mineralization series are studied. The basement structure controls the distribution of sedimentary basins. For example, the basin to the east of Shandong Mu Yi fault is mainly NE-trending, while the basin to the west of the fault is mainly NW-trending. There is an inheritance relationship between sedimentary metallogenic series and basement metallogenic specificity.
(3) Summarize the experience of dialectical materialism from the distribution law of mineral deposits, ore fields and concentrated areas of mineral deposits.
Mr. Zhu Xun believes that the epistemology of prospecting philosophy has the following five points:
1. Prospecting is a process of understanding objective minerals.
From ore body to ore deposit, from ore deposit to ore field, from ore field to ore deposit intensive area, from ore deposit intensive area to ore belt.
2. The target mineral (resource body) can be identified.
At present, new theories and technologies are constantly developing, which is completely understandable.
The combined anomaly of ore body, ore deposit, ore field and ore belt is established, and the comprehensive information prospecting model and its information conversion are established. According to the transformation law, mineral resources can be completely identified.
3. Understanding mineral resources should be guided by scientific thinking.
Such as Cheng, Chen Yuchuan, Zhai Yusheng, Li and Zhao's geological anomaly theory, Xie's geochemical block theory, Tu Guangchi's large and super-large deposit theory and Pei's large and super-large deposit theory.
4. Understanding minerals (mineral resources) requires a process of repeated practice and understanding.
Mr. Zhu Xun's practice of searching for Dexing copper mine in Jiangxi is a typical example.
5. The main form of cognitive movement is gradual development.
The practice of prospecting, exploration and development shows that the process of understanding an ore body, ore deposit, ore field, ore deposit intensive area and ore belt does not rise linearly, but develops gradually. Mineral exploration is generally divided into three stages: general survey, detailed investigation and exploration. Each stage is divided into two stages: field work, indoor arrangement and comprehensive information analysis. The comprehensive analysis and research in each stage is the sublimation and improvement of cognition, and as a cognitive process, it gradually rises and develops.
(4) From the perspective of technical and economic evaluation of mineral resources, we gradually realize that minerals are resources and non-renewable, but human understanding of mineral resources is infinite. With the progress of science and technology, the field of mineral resources will continue to expand, and the prospect of prospecting, exploration and development is infinitely bright.
Li Guixian, vice-chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, pointed out in the preface of the book "Four Mines" that the whole society should pay attention to: "Mining is the origin of the development of mining cities. Humans choose where they live. From an economic point of view, they either choose to be close to the main road of the market or choose to be close to resources. The so-called' mountains and water' is basically the truth. " "Talking about mining can't help but talk about geological work. Geological exploration in China has made great contributions to the economic construction of China, and the discovery of Daqing Oilfield is a great contribution to geological work. Geological work will be more important in the future. How many resources are there in Chinese mainland and the sea area? Who will find out? Through geological exploration. "
Taking Gejiu tin mine in Yunnan as an example to talk about ideas.
Gejiu is one of the earliest tin mining areas in the world with a history of more than 2,000 years. After the founding of New China, the state invested 65.438+0.75 billion yuan in geological exploration, with an input-output ratio of 65.438+0: 8. Make great contributions to the country.
More than 200 years of mining are mainly vein deposits and skarn contact zone deposits. There are many mining areas left on the surface. According to 1992 detailed land survey calculation, tens of thousands of acres of mined-out areas are left by open-pit mining. The long-term production of "three wastes" in mining and metallurgy has caused serious pollution, which has brought about problems such as forest, vegetation, water source, ecology and environment, and needs comprehensive treatment.
In recent years, the application of "prospecting philosophy" in Yunnan tin mine has been studied. On the premise of protecting the environment, research and find, explore and develop tin mines.
First, the climatic conditions in Yunnan province are easy to form a large area of weathering crust, up to 200 meters. This is a very important geographical environment.
Secondly, granite bodies containing tin ore are widely distributed. There are cassiterite and magnetite minerals in the rock mass, tungsten ore and tin vein in the structural zone of the rock mass, and the contact between the rock mass and the skarn tin deposit also forms a weathering crust.
Third, niobium, tantalum and bismuth veins occur in some granite tectonic zones, and they also form weathering crust.
Due to the above three natural geographical and geological conditions, the artificial sand deposit was formed by the mining method of open-pit mining of rock mass. Tin ore, tungsten ore, niobium ore, bismuth ore and iron ore with industrial value are selected by comprehensive beneficiation methods such as gravity separation, magnetic separation and chemical beneficiation. Tailings can be used as building materials.
Protecting humus soil can restore fertile land after harvest. Baoshan, Yunnan has formed a typical experimental base for prospecting, exploration and mining.
Third, observe the crisis mines from the perspective of "prospecting"
The study of "Four Mines" (mines, mines, miners and mining cities) has played a positive role in promoting the transformation of mining cities. In 2002, when Zhu Xun spoke at the CPPCC meeting, he pointed out that we should attach importance to the issue of "four mines" as much as the issue of "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Since 10, due to the attention of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, especially the Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Sustainable Development of Resource-based Cities (Guo Fa [2007] No.38) in 2007, it has provided guidelines and policies for the transformation of mining cities and accumulated experience.
Mr. Zhu Xun summed up the following six experiences about the transformation of mining cities.
1. Concept innovation principle
The integration of prospecting, exploration and development can prolong the life of mines. The disjunction between mineral investigation, evaluation, exploration and development is one of the reasons for the mine crisis.
Geological personnel complete the general survey, detailed investigation and exploration, and submit the exploration report even if the task is successfully completed; Mine design institute has successfully completed the design of mining enterprises; Mining enterprises are designed and developed according to mining enterprises, produced according to annual output and mined according to service life. The mine will be closed after its service expires. By changing this process, the integration of mineral survey, detailed investigation, exploration and development will form a new process reform. The innovations are as follows: ① Mining enterprises are closely combined with geological exploration teams, and the status quo of mining will not appear, and the mineral resources of mines will continue to expand. The achievements of the exploration team can also be further verified, improving the prospecting level and cultivating talents. (2) The exploration depth of the mine by mining enterprises is limited, so it is very beneficial to further carry out deep prospecting with the cooperation of the exploration team, so that the exploration team can fully understand the geological conditions of the mine.
2. The principle of overall planning
Experts in geology, mining, mineral processing and metallurgy of mining enterprises are all the same objects to study mineral resources and use them to serve the national economy. Their research results are analyzed through comprehensive information research.
It is necessary to provide scientific basis for the occurrence and symbiotic relationship of mineral deposits and the utilization of mineral resources of different minerals, which will inevitably form the function of changing one mine into more mines.
3. The principle of tailor-made
There are different levels of mineral resources, such as ore bodies, ore deposits, ore fields, ore deposit intensive areas and ore belts.
Mining enterprises should not only study ore bodies and ore deposits, but also study ore fields, ore deposit intensive areas and ore belts, and expand the research objects and functions of mining enterprises from the actual situation of mineral resources.
4. Project promotion principles
The establishment of crisis mines is the reason for forming a good situation. Mr. Ye Tianzhu has done a lot of work in this field and achieved great results, and will continue to establish the project.
5. The principle of vigorous development
From 2007 to 20 10, Baiyin city, Gansu province introduced more than 500 investment projects, and completed the benefit declaration of 1 189 billion yuan.
6. Take preventive measures.
Daqing Petroleum is "one industry leading", based on petroleum, petrochemical leading, new materials, new energy and modern agriculture as pillar industries, and "diversified" transformation.
The transformation of China's mining cities has gained experience, but it is still preliminary and phased.