Another German company found the same problem. They frequently visited their partners in China, hoping to establish a good relationship, but later found that as long as half a year, almost all employees in a factory were replaced. The staff turnover rate is so high that German enterprises find it incredible and unacceptable.
The key problems encountered by these two China factories are: first, lack of skills; second, high mobility of personnel. This is difficult for German companies to understand, because as a manufacturing power, Germany has an "apprenticeship system" that has lasted for decades. This makes their workers well-trained from the day they officially step into their jobs.
A 18-year-old youth, who has completed his apprenticeship, is equivalent to getting a formal work contract, unless he misbehaves; Employers have obtained qualified high-quality workers at a relatively low cost. They not only taught them all the basic skills during the work-study program, but also effectively conveyed corporate values, corporate culture and even professional ethics and sense of responsibility. These young people can clearly understand whether they are willing to engage in a certain industry and serve a certain company, or choose to go back to university for further study. For German or Swiss society, apprenticeship not only ensures a low youth unemployment rate, but also controls the turnover rate of employees.
German mechanics and engineers from generation to generation have excellent skills, rigorous work and "artisan spirit". These hard-to-copy soft powers are also taught by apprenticeship.
There is hard-to-copy soft power in the European craftsman spirit, which is practiced through apprenticeship and "heartfelt teaching"
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Apprenticeship is written into German federal law.
In Europe, where the youth unemployment rate remains high, the unemployment rate in Germany is the lowest in the EU. Germany, from the government to enterprises, all think that this is due to Germany's unique dual-track dual-track system, which is also commonly known as the "apprenticeship system."
Although the specific implementation varies from state to state, between the ages of 15 and 16, about two-thirds of German teenagers have entered the vocational learning system, and they are still studying in vocational training schools and working in enterprises. We say the 365 line is the best. The German apprenticeship involves 350 different fields, not all technicians or engineers, but also ophthalmologists, bankers, traders, craftsmen, plumbers and even construction workers. In 2003, one out of every three German enterprises provided apprenticeship training. In 2004, the German government required all German enterprises to accept apprenticeships, except some very small companies. In Germany, the monthly salary of apprentices generally starts from 650 euros.
Generally, I study theoretical knowledge for one or two days a week in a technical school (Berufsschule), and I study practical skills in the company for another three to four days. This process will last two to three and a half years, depending on the major and company. Among them, the level control of theoretical teaching is strictly regulated and protected by the supervision of the Ministry of Commerce and the national training regulations.
This system was first introduced by the Vocational Training Law of 1969, which has stood the test of time and even been written into the federal law. In Germany, it is almost impossible for skilled talents to find jobs without completing apprenticeship training. For example, the recruitment of marine engineering must complete the apprenticeship system.
Switzerland also has the same "dual-track system" and the implementation method is similar, so both countries have benefited a lot.
As one of the key units of the apprenticeship system of the Swiss government, CarlElsener Na IV, CEO of Vichy Group, said in an exclusive interview with Sina Finance that Vichy keeps 50 apprentices all the year round and accepts 10 to 12 new apprentices every year. In Switzerland, from the age of 16, students can choose whether to continue their senior high school for four years or to be apprentices. Apprentices have two days a week to study theory in technical schools, learn knowledge related to apprentices, and also have liberal arts subjects; The other three to four days are studying in a company or factory. In Victoria, the general arrangement of apprentices is to learn basic skills in the apprenticeship department in the first year, starting with drilling; In the second year, we will be assigned to different departments and then have more detailed technical training. The apprenticeship in Switzerland used to be that apprenticeship and university education could not coexist, but the new policy stipulates that you can still go to university after completing the apprenticeship.
In Europe, where the youth unemployment rate remains high, the unemployment rate in Germany is the lowest in the EU. Germany, from the government to enterprises, all believe that this is due to Germany's unique apprenticeship system.
RaphaelGubelin, the president and board member of Gubyrin Group and the sixth generation descendant of the family, talked about Swiss competitiveness in an exclusive interview with Sina Finance. He first mentioned the "two-track education" in Switzerland, where he studied theory at school and practiced in factories. Then we can combine theory with practice. This dual-track education is an important support for the Swiss economy, and the craftsman spirit has been passed down from generation to generation.
"Through apprenticeship, we train our workers to be patient and passionate' artisans' and feel proud of their work. They learn the concept of "accuracy" at school and train how to achieve "accuracy" at work. This is very important, which is why Swiss manufacturing can be the embodiment of craftsmanship. " Raphael Gubaolin told Sina Finance frankly.
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Why do you need an apprentice?
WernerStruth, director of Bosch Group, made no secret of his admiration for apprenticeship. He told Sina Finance: "German technicians are the strong competitiveness of German manufacturing industry, and this competitiveness comes from Germany's unique education system' dual track system'. This is also unique in the world. Universities in many countries in the world have elite education, and study while working after graduation; The same is true in Germany, but when it comes to a qualified skilled worker, they have begun to receive vocational training while receiving education. They will learn the basics in the technical school: mathematics and related natural sciences, as well as labor law, geography and history.
"Porsche adopts a dual-track system to train future talents for the company. I personally like this mechanism, because many college graduates are good at quoting classics, but in fact they don't even know what reality is. The experience we need through practical operation. " AlbrechtReimold, a member of Porsche Global Executive Board (responsible for production and logistics), told Sina Finance frankly.
Photo AlbrechtReimold Porsche Global Executive Board members frankly told Sina Finance: Porsche adopts a dual-track system to train future talents for the company. I personally like this mechanism, because many college graduates are good at quoting classics, but in fact they don't even know what reality is.
Porsche Germany has 200 apprentices every year, including 150 skilled workers and 50 office workers, including sales and management personnel. Over the years, the number of applicants for these 200 places has remained at around 6,000, and the admission rate is only 3.3%. Compared with the average turnover rate of German car companies 10%, the turnover rate of Porsche Company is 0.6%.
AlbrechtReimold also said that in addition to 200 young apprentices who can enter the company directly after graduating from high school, Baden-Wü rttemberg also has a dual academic system of university study. The "apprentices" of such universities receive training in similar product development, quality control or production departments, spend three months in school, three months in the company, and so on, and get a bachelor's degree after three years. Porsche only gets 15 chance every year. Only after passing the final test three years later will it be possible to get a permanent job contract with Porsche.
"We need craftsmen, but more importantly, mechanical professionals with machines. Because in the market, when we are developing rapidly, it is difficult to find the right person. Therefore, we began to introduce apprenticeship. Apprenticeship is very expensive for a company, but it is definitely worth it. Make sure that you always have professional and high-quality talents. " Karl-Aelsson Na IV told Sina Finance.
In Vexcor, the company needs to provide apprentices with learning space and new machines to ensure that they can study on the most advanced machines. In addition, we must ensure that there are the best "masters" to train these new apprentices. The federal government subsidizes technical schools, so apprentices can learn theoretical knowledge almost for free. The company provides education and wages for apprentices. If you are an office apprentice, you can get a monthly salary of 700 Swiss francs in the first year; The monthly salary in the second year is 900 Swiss francs; Last year's monthly salary 1400 Swiss francs.
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The future of apprentices
After graduating from junior high school, do you want to be an apprentice, or continue to study in high school and go to college for further study. What different effects will these two educational trajectories have on the future of young people?
Whether as an apprentice or admitted to a university, it is possible to achieve ultimate success. Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is an example. /kloc-started working as a retail apprentice in a hardware store at the age of 0/4.
C. Bechstein, a German piano workshop founded in 1853, has an apprenticeship of three and a half years, including eight to nine months of learning manufacturing technology every year. These apprentices can meet the standards of master craftsmen and become national certified engineers. After that, they have a high choice. They can be the management of the company or start their own business.
Similarly, WernerStruth, director of Bosch Group, also told Sina Finance: "If you start working as an apprentice at the age of 16, you will be trained as a technician in the first three years. /kloc-after completing the apprenticeship at the age of 0/9, you can enter the technical college and get a bachelor's degree. In contrast, ordinary high school students finish high school in these three years and then go directly to college. From this point of view, whether to choose high school or to be an apprentice does not have much impact on young people's future career. If you enter the company as a college graduate, you may not necessarily start from the factory, but you may enter the engineering center, quality control or procurement from the beginning. "
Stosur said frankly: In the factory, the highest level on the assembly line is the "master", an experienced worker to manage the factory and hundreds of employees. This kind of talent may also enter the department manager level of the factory. Managers in similar departments generally have enough experience to start their own businesses.
"In Germany, apprentices can become technicians and have the opportunity to become doctoral graduates one day. Because they enter the technical school and complete their apprenticeship, they can enter the university. " Stosur told Sina Finance.
Many celebrities in German politics and business started as apprentices. Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is a famous example. The future German Chancellor/Kloc-began to work as a retail apprentice in a hardware store at the age of 0/4. In this interview with AlbrechtReimold, a member of Porsche's global executive board (responsible for production and logistics), he proudly introduced that he had been an apprentice since he was 16 years old, and the skill he learned was to make tools. Because of his good craftsmanship, he even won the title of "the best tool craftsman in Germany" for a time, and then he went back to university to study production technology and engineering technology. And his own career began with the Audi internship program.
Italy and Britain have been trying to copy the apprenticeship system, but there are many problems in the implementation process. In Britain, former British Prime Minister David Cameron once highly praised the apprenticeship system, encouraged on-the-job vocational training, and even gave the first apprentice in a small enterprise a subsidy of 1500. As a result, many apprentices have no skills to learn because of the thorough de-industrialization in the past few decades.
Michel Ge Lan Tivoski, Dean of the Institute of Advanced International Labor Relations in Modena, Italy, said that the Italian apprenticeship system has only one sigh: "The reality is far from the ideal apprenticeship system, and it has even become a simple tool to exploit those flexible and cheap labor". Apprenticeship has created a "dead end" on the career path of young people, and the result is endless temporary contracts. /zd/lx