Kiwifruit is the name of the cultivated fruit of Kiwifruit in China. Also known as fox peach, rattan pear, sheep peach, Mu Zi, bitter gourd, kiwi fruit, mulberry branch, etc. They are widely distributed between hills and mountains in southern China.
cultivation techniques
Kiwifruit is a positive tree species, which is tolerant to semi-shade. I like cool and humid environment, and I am afraid of drought, waterlogging and wind. Cold-resistant, not resistant to early spring and late frost, kiwifruit orchard is selected in sunny hillside or open space with deep, moist, loose soil layer, good drainage, high organic matter content and slightly acidic sandy loam with pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5. Avoid low-lying water environment. The planting time is from the end of autumn to the beginning of spring, from the end of autumn 10 to the end of February in spring, before the bamboo shoot drawing period. The fruit was harvested from mid-September to mid-10. At this time, the fruit is fully ripe and can be picked. Handle with care to avoid squeezing and bumping. It takes 8 ~ 10 days to ripen and eat after harvesting.
First, water and fertilizer management
1, fertilization
The annual fertilizer requirement of kiwifruit is as follows: the demand for N and K is large in the early stage, and it is best to apply it in the form of base fertilizer after fruit picking in autumn, with 5000kg/667 square meters of fertilizer and 243 kg/667 square meters of mixed calcium superphosphate.
From germination to flowering and fruiting, appropriate topdressing, mainly calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, manganese and other elements. This top dressing accounts for 2/3 of the whole year. In August, available phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were mainly used, and the application rates were N 15 ~ 20kg//667m2, P5 ~ 7kg/667m2 and K6 ~ 8kg/667m2. Top dressing accounts for 1/3 of the whole year.
water
Water management kiwifruit has dense branches and leaves and shallow root distribution, which is neither drought-tolerant nor waterlogging-tolerant. Therefore, kiwifruit garden needs irrigation and drainage equipment, such as irrigation canals, drainage ditches, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation equipment. Economic water is drip irrigation, and the water supply is uniform; Sprinkler irrigation needs a lot of water, but it also plays a great role. In summer, sprinkler irrigation can not only supply water for roots, but also increase air humidity and reduce the temperature of trees. Sprinkler irrigation has antifreeze effect in early spring and autumn and winter.
Sprinkler irrigation is suitable for large fruit trees. The distance between nozzles shall be subject to the mutual contact of water spraying energy, such as 24×2 1m in France, which is arranged in a triangle, and each nozzle has 4-6 atmospheres.
The flowering period needs a slightly dry climate, which is conducive to bee pollination. Therefore, 7- 10 days of flowering is not suitable for irrigation, but should be fully irrigated before flowering, generally combined with fertilization. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season, and control irrigation in autumn after rainy season, so as not to affect the ripening of fruits and vines. Irrigation is required 1-2 times before winter in late autumn. In the northeast, water should be frozen.
Second, artificial pollination.
Under natural conditions, kiwifruit is mainly pollinated by insects. Artificial pollination is also one of the important agricultural measures in orchards with abundant labor resources and fine management. A large number of artificial pollination practices show that the better pollination, the more seeds, the bigger fruits and the better quality.
1, pollen collection:
2 ~ 3 days before pollination, male plants with early flowering, more pollen, strong affinity with female varieties, high pollen germination rate and long flowering period were selected, and the male flowers with initial buds or flowers were collected, and the anthers were removed with tweezers, toothbrushes and scissors. , and then remove pollen by the following methods:
(1) spread the flower medicine on paper and leave it at 25 ~ 28℃ for 20 ~ 24 h to make the flower powder loose;
(2) spread the flower medicine on the table top, hang a 100 w light bulb above the table top for irradiation, and take out the pollen when the anther cracks;
(3) Cover the anther with a layer of newspaper, and remove the powder in the sun or on a hot kang with a low temperature. After the anther is cracked, the pollen is screened out with a fine reed, put into a clean glass bottle, and stored in a low-temperature dry place for later use. Pure pollen can be stored for 1 ~ 2 years in a sealed container at -20℃ and for more than 10 d in a domestic refrigerator at 5℃. The fruit setting rate of pollination can reach 100% when stored at dry room temperature for 5 days, but with the extension of storage time, the weight of pollinated fruit gradually decreases, and the pollen stored for 24 ~ 48 h has the best pollination effect.
Attention should be paid to when collecting pollen:
① The best picking time is 9: 00- 1 1: 00 on sunny days and 17: 00- 19: 00 in the afternoon. Don't pick wet flowers or flowers with heavy dew on rainy days or rainy days.
② The collected flowers should be male kiwifruit flowers, and the collected flowers should not contain female flowers, pedicels, sand, branches, leaves and other impurities;
(3) If the main flower meets the harvesting standard, please be careful not to pick the bud of the spike flower when picking the main flower, and the spike flower can also produce pollen when it is mature;
(4) Don't pile flowers after picking them. Store them in small batches in breathable bags or cardboard trays in the shortest possible time, and keep them in a cool and dry place to avoid sunlight.
2. Pollen ratio:
In order to save the amount of pollen, pure pollen can be mixed with fillers such as talcum powder, starch and pine pollen at the ratio of 1: (5 ~ 10), and the crushed anther shell can also be directly used as a filler.
3. Pollination method:
It is best to pollinate the stigma of female flowers that open on the same day at 8: 00-1:00 every day, and it is better to pollinate continuously for three times. 1 flower must have at least 3 stigmas for pollination to significantly improve fruit quality. Female flowers can be pollinated within 5 days after opening, but with the extension of opening time, the number of seeds and fruits in pollination and fertilization will gradually decrease, and the pollination effect is the best on 1 ~ 2 days after opening, and the fruit setting rate will decrease obviously on the 4 th day. The specific method is as follows:
(1) flower pollination. Put away the male flowers that just opened in the morning, put the petals up on the plate, directly face the female flowers with the male flowers, and gently smear the stamens of the male flowers on the stigma of the female flowers. Each male flower can give 7 ~ 8 female flowers. Male flowers can be collected before sunny day 10: 00, and the pollen of male flowers will be scattered after 10: 00. Male flowers can be collected and pollinated all day on cloudy days. Late-picked male flowers can be lightly rubbed on their hands to check the pollen quantity. The pollination speed is slow, but the artificial pollination method has the best pollination effect.
(2) bee pollination. Kiwi flowers have no nectaries, so they are not very attractive to bees. So when pollinating with bees, the number of bees is relatively large. There should be 1 box of bees per 1.334 square meter in kiwifruit garden, and there should be no less than 30,000 energetic bees per box. Generally, when 10% female flowers are in full bloom, moving the hive into the garden will make bees get used to other nectar plants outside the garden prematurely and reduce the frequency of collecting kiwifruit pollen. It should be noted that there should be no plants with the same flowering period as kiwifruit in the garden and near the orchard (Robinia pseudoacacia, persimmon and kiwifruit have similar flowering periods) to avoid bee dispersal. In order to enhance the vitality of bees, each box of bees should be fed with 1 L 50% sugar water every two days, and the hive should also be placed in the sunny place in the garden.
(3) Loose pollination. Collect the anthers of male flowers that open at 6: 00-8: 00 am on the same day, and lightly sprinkle them on the stigma of female flowers between 9: 00- 1 1: 00 am with feathers or brushes.
(4) simple pollinator for pollination. Dilute the collected pollen with talcum powder by 5 ~ 10 times, put it into a plastic bottle, insert a vent pipe on the bottle cap, and blow the pollen to the stigma. You can also dip the pollen with a small brush or pencil rubber head and gently smear it on the stigma of the female flower.
(5) check the funding. Generally, the stigma color of pollinated female flowers changes from milky white to light yellow after 24 hours, while the stigma of unpollinated flowers is milky white, which needs to be replanted for 2 ~ 3 days.
Third, disease control.
The control of mulberry white scale can be sprayed with 1000 times cartap; Root-knot nematodes can be controlled by using1-4kg of 40% phosphorus solution per mu.
Flower rot: Use 3-5 Baume sulfur mixed solution or 500 times solution of 65% zineb wettable powder to control flower buds.
Leaf blight: 50% thiophanate wettable powder 800- 1000 times solution can be used for control.
Botrytis cinerea: It can be prevented and treated with Dijundan 1000 times solution or zineb 800 times solution.
Soft rot and rotten disease: carbendazim 800- 1000 times solution can be used for control.